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SELECCIÓN NATURAL

SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

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Page 1: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

SELECCIÓN NATURAL

Page 2: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some feno(geno)types.

Michael Bulmer 1994. Theoretical Evolutionary Ecology.

Selección Natural

Natural Selection

Page 3: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Diferencia consistente en fitness entre entidades biológicas fenotípicamente diferentes

Definición de Selección Natural

D.J. Futuyma 1997. Evolutionary Biology

Page 4: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Tres condiciones:

1) Existe variabilidad entre individuos en algún atributo o rasgo2) Existe relación directa entre ese atributo y el fitness relativo3) El atributo es heredable.

Entonces la frecuencia de ese atributo cambiará

i) Dentro de generación más de los esperado exclusivamente por procesos ontogenéticos

ii) Entre generaciones de forma predecible hasta que se alcance un equilibrio.

Definición de Selección Natural

J.A. Endler 1986. Natural selection in the wild

Page 5: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Ambiente y Presión selectiva

Ambiente selectivo: Aquellos factores del ambiente ecológico que determinan el resultado reproductivo relativo de los individuos de la población.

Presión selectiva: El factor ambiental que provoca la relación observada entre rasgo y fitness.

R. N. Brandon 1990. Adaptation and Environment

Page 6: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Ambiente y Presión selectiva

Page 7: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Ambiente y Presión selectiva

Page 8: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Ambiente y Presión selectiva

Page 9: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Respuesta a la selección frente a selección fenotípica

Page 10: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Definición de selección fenotípica

M. Ridley 2003. Evolution 3rd

Valor del rasgo

Val

or d

el r

asgo

Valor del rasgo

Tiempo

Frec

uenc

iaFi

tnes

s

Variación en el valor del rasgo

Selección fenotípica

Respuesta a la selección

Funcionamiento de la selección natural (modificado de Ridley 1996).

Relacion que existe entre el valor de un rasgo y el fitness del individuo portador

Page 11: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Función de fitness, Superficie de fitness (Fitness landscape)

Una función que relaciona el fenotipo de los organismos y su eficacia biológica

Page 12: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

An example of the fitness landscape is given with only two phenotypic traits determining fitness and two mutations i and j (both beneficial here). Fitness W(z) decreases as a multivariate Gaussian function of the distance to the optimum on both traits, with arbitrary interactions between traits (assumption (i)). From an arbitrary initial phenotype (zo), distinct mutations (at different loci) produce random perturbations of phenotypic traits (dzi,dzj), which act additively on phenotype when combined together (dzij) (assumption (ii)). Although mutation effects on z are additive, epistasis measured on log relative fitness (eij) is naturally generated by the nonlinear mapping from phenotype z to fitness W(z). With stabilizing selection, the curvature of W(z) produces a diminishing return of fitness on phenotype so that two mutations whose effects 'add up' for phenotype do not 'add up' for fitness (here, the outcome is negative eij). The more precise quantitative predictions regarding eij distributions depend on the type of distribution chosen for the dzi (in our model, a multivariate Gaussian with arbitrary mutational covariances (assumption (iii)).

Función de fitness

Las funciones de fitness se pueden construir con más de un rasgo afectando al fitness individuals

Page 13: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Función de fitness

La consideración de más de un rasgo nos puede modificar nuestras conclusiones sobre qué fenotípo se asocia con el fitness mayor.

Construir un paisaje de fitness no es equivalente a determinar la selección que ocurre sobre un rasgo

fenotípico, porque no podemos determinar si el pico óptimo está o dentro del rango de valores

observados

Page 14: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Función de fitness

Las funciones de fitness pueden adoptar formas más complejas que las simples curvas gaussianas

1.000 3.400 5.800 8.200 10.600 13.000Tra it (X)

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

Fit

ne

ss (

Yh

at)

Fitness function with da ta points

dotted lines a re +/- 1 s tandard e rror of prediction

Page 15: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

M. Ridley 2003. Evolution 3rd

Tipos de selección

Definidas en función del paisaje de fitness que describan

Page 16: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Tipos de selección

Selección Natural

Page 17: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Tipos de selección

R.A. Fisher 1930. The genetical theory of natural selection

Selección Natural

Page 18: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Page 19: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Tipos de selección

Selección Natural

M. Lynch y B. Walsh 1997. Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits

Page 20: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección indirecta

Selección Natural

Cuando el fenotipo es multivariante…

Page 21: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección indirecta

Selección Natural

Cuando el fenotipo es multivariante…

Arnold et al 2008. Understanding the evolution and stability of G-matrix. Evolution 62:2451-2461

Page 22: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección indirecta

Selección Natural

M. Lynch y B. Walsh 1997. Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits

Page 23: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Selección correlacional

Arnold et al 2008. Understanding the evolution and stability of G-matrix. Evolution 62:2451-2461

Page 24: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Primer teorema de la selección natural (Fisher 1930)

The rate of increase in the mean fitness of any organism at any time ascribable to natural selection acting through changes in gene frequencies is exactly equal to its genic variance in fitness at that time

dependence-frequency todue fitness genotypicin change average )(

)()(

wE

wEw

wVw A

R.A. Fisher 1930. The genetical theory of natural selection

Page 25: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

La razón de cambio por selección del valor medio de un rasgo cuantitativo es proporcional a la covarianza genética entre rasgo y fitness

Segundo teorema de la selección natural (Robertson1968)

)(),cov(1

valuephenotypicmean theand of phenotypebetween differencemean

population in the phenotypemean

iiii

i

WEWW

i

Cambios debido a diferencias en fitness relativo

Cambios debido a procesos relacionados con

recombinación, selección a otros niveles de

organización, etc.

Page 26: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Cov (w,z)= 1/n ∑(wi-w)(zi-z)

Cov (w,z)= bwz Vz

Selección Natural

Algunos recuerdos algebráicos

)var(1

),cov(1

, wii WW

WS

Derivando un diferencial de selección (S)

Gradiente de selección

Page 27: SELECCIÓN NATURAL. It is a process of interaction between phenotypes and the environment that produce the differential reproduction and survival of some

Selección Natural

Cómo de frecuente es la selección natural