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Abstract— In this project, an attempt is made to analyse the structure when the infill wall is modelled using interlocking blocks. In this
study building frame, wall, foundation, soil is modelled using ANSYS CIVIL FEM software. In analysing the building different conditions
considered are (a) Single storey with single bay frame without considering the interlocking infill on well graded soil with earthquake load
along x direction; (b) Single bay frame with interlocking infill walls built along x direction; (c) Single bay frame with brick infill walls
built along x direction; (d) Single storey with single bay frame without considering the interlocking infill with earthquake load along z
direction;(e) Single storey single bay frame with interlocking infill walls built along z direction; (f) ) Single storey single bay frame with
brick infill walls built along z direction on gravel well graded soil. The static nonlinear analysis is used to analyse the model. The
displacement and stress results obtained along different co -ordinates are studied and compared. Comparison of results obtained is done
between interlocking infill wall, brick infill walls and single storey single bay frame without any infill.
.
Index Terms— interlocking blocks,
I. INTRODUCTION
In most of the developing countries with the increase in population the housing facility is inadequate. Due to high rate of
urbanization the cost of land and materials of construction are increasing rapidly. Hence the poor class of society cannot afford for
proper housing. The new structural component desired to be developed in masonry buildings construction is new interlocking
mortar concrete masonry blocks. Based on previous studies it was found that because of the use of interlocking blocks the cost and
time required for construction gets reduced. Mortar less load bearing wall built using interlocking block is dissimilar from usual
mortared brickwork systems in which there is no mortar layer and instead of that each block are connected to each other by groves
and protrusion. Interlocking blocks produced from compressed stabilized soil will have good fire resistant and insulation properties
[1]. When the climate condition is dry, wall constructed using stabilized soil gave good compressive strength. Expansion of
interlocking earth block is one of the best technologies for the production of low cost building material. In load bearing system of
the building wall will also act considerably in resisting the lateral loads acting on building. Hence walling material is very essential
in construction. It was found that it constitute about 22% total cost of the building. Hence it is necessary to find the material which
is cost effective. Interlocking stabilized earth blocks have satisfactorily reduced the cost of construction by reducing the mortar
joints. If the interlocking blocks are well stabilized they will serve the aesthetic property also. Different types of interlocking blocks
are being developed worldwide. The aim of this project is to check how effectively a wall built using interlocking block will resist
the lateral loading like earthquake load. Interlocking blocks are developed with various shapes, dimension and also with various
interlocking mechanism.
Objectives of project:
1. To study the problems occurs with the normal brick walls during the earth quake.
2. To design the structure using conventional brick walls and interlocking blocks.
3. To calculate analytically the boundary loading conditions on frequency of earthquake to apply on the model.
4. To analyse the model using FEM analysis (ansys)
5. To compare the two structure results.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF INTERLOCKING
BLOCKS OF WALL
S. S. Deshmukh1, Prof. G. H. Kumbhar2, Prof. M. N. Shirsath3.
M. E. structural engineering, G. H. raisoni college of Engg.& management, Ahmednagar,
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Yutaka Fukumoto et al., 2014, The shape effect of the blocks comprising a dry-stone masonry retaining wall under seismic
loading was investigated through centrifuge model tests and numerical simulations using the three-dimensional discrete element
method. Variations in block shape, namely, cubic-shaped and wedge-shaped, were compared. For both the physical
experiments and then numerical simulations, seismic resistivity was higher in the wall of wedge-shaped blocks than in the wall
of cuboid blocks, although the total mass was larger for the wall of cuboid blocks. Therefore, a detailed investigation was per
formed by the discrete element model to explore the mechanism of the shape effect. We found that the surface area, which
contributes to the frictional resistance between each stone block and the back fill, is the key parameter to mobilizing the anti-
seismic strength of a dry-stone masonry retaining wall.
Hussein Okail et al., 2012, this paper investigate the behaviour of confined masonry walls subjected to lateral loads. Six full-
scale wall assembles, consisting of a clay masonry panel, two confining columns and a tie beam, were tested under a
combination of vertical load and monotonic pushover up to failure. Wall panels had various configurations, namely, solid and
perforated walls with window and door openings, variable longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratios for the confining
elements and different brick types, namely, cored clay and solid concrete masonry units. Key experimental results showed that
the walls in general experienced a shear failure at the end of the lightly reinforced confining elements after the failure of the
diagonal struts formed in the brick wall due to transversal diagonal tension. Stepped bed joint cracks formed in the masonry
panel either diagonally or around the perforations.
Dhaval H. Joravia et al., 2015, Here the particular meaning of alternative type of bricks means the non-conventional type of
bricks with new idea of using waste polymer materials. This bricks can be become translucent, insulating, light, strong and
mechanically recyclable building material. The polymers materials are used for make alternative types of bricks are PET,
HDPV, LDPE, PP, PVC, PC, PS, and ABS. these are widely available as waste material
Worldwide, the analysis of this bricks and brick modules analysed by SAP2000 and ANSYS workbench software.
Farzad Hejazi et al., 2015, various types of interlocking mortar less (dry-stacked) block masonry systems have been developed
worldwide. However, the characteristics of dry joints under compressive load, and their effect on the overall behaviour of the
interlocking mortar less system, are still not well understood. This paper presents an investigation into the dry-joint contact
behaviour of masonry and the behaviour of interlocking mortar less hollow blocks wall construction subjected to seismic
excitation. In the system developed, the blocks are stacked on one another and three-dimensional interlocking protrusions are
provided in the blocks to integrate the blocks into walls. The response of the mortar less hollow block wall with respect to
acceleration displacement and stress has been discussed.
Chukwudi Onyeakpa et al., 2014, Production of blocks used for wall construction have different techniques adopted which
could be in form of hollow or solid blocks produced in varying shapes laid with mortar. An improved form of mortar-less
blocks which is an innovative structural component for masonry building construction called interlocking block which can be
produced mechanically or manually using interlocking block production machine, particularly an improved interlocking block
machine with dual mould. This brings about economical production, reduced cost of labour and appreciation of available local
materials for construction of structures for both rural and urban development in the world today, thereby eliminating the use of
mortar in lying of blocks.
I. Jaswanth Reddy et al., 2017, Masonry walls constructed using Interlocking Blocks, where no mortar is used for bonding of
Blocks. The interface bonding of Interlocking blocks under lateral loads was studied in this paper, by modelling a 4’ × 4’
masonry wall. This masonry wall was analysed by assigning in-plane lateral load with varying magnitudes and compared the
results with a conventional brick masonry wall. The individual dimension of each block of both types is given detailed in
modelling. These models are analysed in Ansys 15.0 workbench module. Total Deformation, Equivalent stress (von- Mises),
Equivalent elastic strain (von – Mises) and strain Energy was observed for both conventional brick masonry wall and
Interlocking block masonry wall and hence Stress-Strain graphs and Load - Deformation graphs had been plotted. As a result,
percentage variations had observed in terms of deformation at a specific load when compared with a conventional brick
masonry wall.
Mubeena Salam et al., 2018, Generally RC framed structures are designed without regards to structural action of masonry infill
walls present. Masonry infill walls are widely used as partitions. These buildings are generally designed as framed structures
without regard to structural action of masonry infill walls. They are considered as non- structural elements. RC frame building
with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. Past earthquakes are
evident that collapses due to soft storeys are most often in RC buildings. In the soft storey, columns are severely stressed and
unable to provide adequate shear resistance during the earthquake.
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue VI, JUNE/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
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M. S. Jaafar et al., 2010, A structural component need to be developed in masonry buildings construction is new interlocking
mortar less concrete masonry blocks and a worldwide interest in the development of masonry of this type has taken place in
recent years. In this study an attempt has been made to analyse a special interlocking mortar less hollow concrete block system
which was developed by Housing Research Centre of University Putra Malaysia. The system was subjected to earthquake loads
using finite element method. This analysis is conducted by considering the hollow block wall, foundation and soil interaction.
For this purpose, a finite element code was developed to analyse the masonry system under earthquake excitation. In order to
account for the dry joint contact between the blocks and foundation and soil mass, an interface element was used. The response
of the mortar less block wall with respect to displacement, stress and acceleration subjected to earthquake have been discussed
and effect of applying dry interlocking joints for connection of the block on seismic response of the system is investigated.
Sergio Lagomarsino et al., 2016, The seismic analysis of masonry buildings requires reliable nonlinear models as effective tools
for both design of new buildings and assessment and retrofitting of existing ones. Performance based assessment is now mainly
oriented to the use of nonlinear analysis methods, thus their capability to simulate the nonlinear response is crucial, in particular
in case of masonry buildings. Among the different modelling strategies proposed in literature, the equivalent frame approach
seems particularly attractive since it allows the analysis of complete 3D buildings with a reasonable computational effort,
suitable also for practice engineering aims. Moreover, it is also expressly recommended in several national and international
codes. Within this context, the paper presents the solutions adopted for the implementation of the equivalent frame model in the
TREMURI program for the nonlinear seismic analysis of masonry buildings.
M. Ali, R. Briet et al., 2013, a new concept of construction, i.e. structures consisting of interlocking blocks with movability at
the interface, is considered to enable an efficient and cost-effective solution. To enhance the ductility and material damping, the
interlocking blocks are made with coconut fibre reinforced concrete (CFRC). As a pilot investigation, a mortar-free column
made of CFRC interlocking blocks was tested under harmonic and earthquake loadings to understand the structural seismic
behaviour. A mass of 150 kg is placed at the top of the columns to simulate the mass of diaphragm. The top relative
displacement, base shear, overturning moment and block uplift are investigated. The results confirm that the construction
technology proposed has the potential for earthquake prone regions, especially for developing countries. Since this work is the
first step towards exploring the behaviour of the technology, further directions are also highlighted. It is anticipated that the
mortar-free construction can reduce the impact of earthquake to a greater extent due to the relative movement of the
interlocking blocks.
B.J. Stirling et al., 2012, Interlocking Compressed Earth Blocks (ICEBs) are a form of dry stack masonry units, which can be
manufactured by inexperienced labourers using predominantly low cost materials. This paper presents results from a testing
program investigating flexure-dominated ICEB walls. Four 1.8-m high ICEB walls were constructed and tested under in-plane
cyclic loading. The specimens were varied to identify the effects of height to width aspect ratio, presence of a flange at one end
of the wall, and presence of an opening in the wall on performance of the system. Testing results show that flexure-dominated
ICEB walls can exhibit stable hysteretic behaviour until a ductile failure occurs. Furthermore, the strength of the wall can be
enhanced due to the presence of a flange at one end and will be reduced due to the presence of an opening. Ordinary plastic
analysis procedure is shown to provide reasonable predictions for in-plane resistance of flexure-dominated ICEB walls.
Anurag Upadhyay et al., 2011, analysing the behaviour of earth retaining structures under seismic conditions has been very
important issue due to their wide applications in several infrastructural applications and other structures. The problem of
instability of walls is mainly related to earth pressure distribution on the wall and the response of wall against the earth
pressure, especially, under dynamic loading condition. Soil – wall interaction is an important property which governs the
dynamic behaviour of the wall. Even after a large number of studies, the dynamic behaviour of soil-wall system is still not
completely elucidated. The current study will be helpful in improvising the design of retaining walls allowing them to perform
well. The objective of this paper is to study the dynamic behaviour of a retaining wall along with the earth pressure distribution
of soil in seismic conditions. Among various types of retaining structures, cantilever retaining wall was adopted for the present
study. Numerical model was developed using finite element method based package to simulate the dynamic behaviour of the
cantilever retaining wall. The developed numerical model was verified for validation with the available physical model studies
in the literature. The validated numerical model was then subjected to seismic records with different predominant frequency.
The methodology followed in developing the numerical model and results obtained from the parametric studies are discussed in
this paper.
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ISSN NO: 1076-5131
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Yijiang Ma, et al., 2017, Based on the transfer matrix method, an analytical method is proposed to conduct the modal analysis of
the simply supported steel Beam with multiple transverse open cracks under different temperatures. The open cracks are
replaced with torsion springs without mass, and local flexibility caused by each crack can be derived; the temperature module is
introduced by the mechanical properties variation of the structural material, and the temperature load is caused by the
temperature variation, which can be transformed to the axial force on the cross-section. The transfer matrix of the whole beam
with the temperature and geometric parameters of cracks can be obtained. According to boundary conditions of the simply
supported beam, natural frequencies of the beam can be calculated, which are compared with the finite element results. Results
indicate that the analytical method proposed has a high accuracy; the natural frequencies of the simply supported steel beam are
mostly affected by the temperature load, which cannot be ignored.
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Day by day as the population increases in the country like India, the building heights get increases and natural disasters like
earthquake can damage to the buildings to the huge extent. The bricks structure in the building or tower construction has a less
sustainability during the earthquake conditions; it results to the serious human and economic loss. It is important to improve the
constructability in civil engineering without increases the cost of construction. This project deals with the seismic analysis of
interlocking blocks to minimize the damages to the constructions.
4. METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT
In the present project study, ANSYS Civil FEM Software is used for Seismic Analysis of structure. Interlocking block is
modelled using CREO design software. Dimension of building is will be selected by the literature study and analysed in the ANSYS
software. The design parameters are building height, area, each floor height, thickness of slab, Soil layer depth is also considered in
this study. Material used for analysis is Fe 415 steel and M25 grade of concrete.
After defining all the parameters of analysis, apply self-weight and also live load to the structure. Then nonlinear static analysis is
conducted. After static analysis define all the parameters as mentioned in table 2 and seismic analysis is done.
In this study, six different models are created as mentioned below:
1. Model 1: Here only frame model is considered for study and load is applied on all beams.
The brick load calculated is applied on plinth beam. Earthquake load is applied in x direction.
2. Model 2: In this case wall using interlocking block is modelled only along longer length of building and earthquake load is
applied along x direction.
3. Model 3: In this wall is modelled using brick along x direction and earthquake load is applied along x direction.
4. Model 4: Here only frame model is considered for study and load is applied on all beams. Earthquake load is applied in z
direction.
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3.1 FLOWCHART
3.2 Design data collection
The data required for the project is collected from the internet mostly for this project, the required data is
Frequency of the earthquake,
Start and stop time of earthquake,
load on building considered
base of building
interlocking block structure
Some of the above data collected from the research paper given in literature review above and other data has to be calculated by
considering height of building. The types of interlocking blocks studied on the internet and research paper will select the modified
design and will make a design structure in the CREO software.
3.3 Modelling of project
In this chapter, the general description of how the finite element model is built is noted, and the calibration of the generated Finite
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Element Analysis (FEA) model is introduced. Finite element analysis proposes substantial benefits in accurateness over alternative
methods of analysis such as grillage analysis or analytical methods in many specific types of structures. (O'Brien 1999, p. 185) For
instance, FEA enables membrane forces to be modelled accurately in structures such as arch, box girder, folded plate or shell
structures. In addition, FEA modelling allows greater analytical flexibility enabling the model to be manipulated by material
characteristics, which can allow further study.
structure with Normal bricks
Isometric view
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Dimensions
Parts of bridge
Normal brick
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Interlocking brick structure
3.4 Modelling Method
Measuring displacement from the live load test can be utilized in understanding the structure displacement behaviour. In addition,
it can also become a good developmental tool of the accurate finite element model of the normal brick/ conventional brick structure.
In performing a comparison of in-field measured data and calculated data by a finite element analysis program, it is essential that
the created finite element model represents the identical displacement response as the actual behaviour.
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
1. Conventional bricks
2. Interlocking bricks
1. Conventional Bricks
Modeling Of Bridge
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Meshing
Analysis at 7 Hz
Deflection In X Direction:
Deflection In Y Direction
Deflection In Z Direction
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Stress (at 7 hz):
In x – direction
In y – direction
In z – direction
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Analysis at 9 Hz
Deflection In X Direction:
Deflection In Y Direction
Deflection In Z Direction
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Stress (at 9 hz):
In x – direction
In y – direction
In z – direction
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Analysis at 11 Hz
Deflection In X Direction:
Deflection In Y Direction
Deflection In Z Direction
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Stress (at 11 hz):
In x – direction
In y – direction
In z – direction
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ANSYS ANALYSIS WITH INTERLOCKING BRICKS
Modelling:
Meshing:
Analysis at 7 Hz
Deflection In X Direction:
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Deflection In Y Direction
Deflection In Z Direction
Stress (at 7 hz):
In x – direction
In y – direction
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In z – direction
Analysis at 9 Hz
Deflection In X Direction:
Deflection In Y Direction
Deflection In Z Direction
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Stress (at 9 hz):
In x – direction
In y – direction
In z – direction
Analysis at 11 Hz
Deflection In X Direction:
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Deflection In Y Direction
Deflection In Z Direction
Stress (at 11 hz):
In x – direction
In y – direction
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In z – direction
RESULT
Structure with Normal Bricks
Displacement & stress
Sr.
no.
x direction
values (mm)
y direction
displacement
values (mm)
z direction
displacement
values (mm)
displac
ement
stress displa
cemen
t
stress displa
cemen
t
stress
1) 0.000130 0.0392
8
0.00909 0.0087 0.00163 0.0665
2) 0.000284 0.0802
9
0.0229 0.015 0.00143 0.185
3) 0.000799 0.150 0.02779 0.0704 0.00150 0.2657
Structure with Interlocking Bricks
Sr.
no.
x direction
values (mm)
y direction
displacement
values (mm)
z direction
displacement
values (mm)
displac
ement
stress displa
cemen
t
stress displa
cemen
t
stress
4) 5.323e-
6
0.002
03
0.0003
583
0.000
3587
0.0001
527
0.0025
74
5) 1.147e-
5
0.003
6
0.0009
11
0.000
658
0.0001
21
0.0073
6) 3.169e-
5
0.006
927
0.0011
0
0.004
342
0.0001
191
0.0108
5
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Graphical analysis of results
Normal brick structure (displacement)
Normal brick structure (stress)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
7 Hz 9 Hz 11 Hz
stress in x-dir
stress in y-dir
stress in z-dir
interlocking brick structure (displacement)
0.00E+00
2.00E-04
4.00E-04
6.00E-04
8.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.20E-03
7 Hz 9 Hz 11 Hz
displacementin x-dir
displacementin y-dir
displacementin z-dire
interlocking brick structure (stress)
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CONCLUSION
The seismic analysis of single storey single bay frame with infill wall built using interlocking block and brick are conducted and
compared. In order to obtain more realistic value for stress and displacement results, we have conducted 3D analysis of structure.
When compared the displacement result of the frame with interlocking block wall, brick wall and frame without any infill wall (bare
frame) it has been observed
REFERENCES
1. Yutaka Fukumoto, The effects of block shape on the seismic behaviour of dry-stone masonry retaining walls: A numerical
investigation by discrete element modelling, Soils andFoundations2014; 54(6):1117–1126.
2. Hussein Okail, Experimental and analytical investigation of the lateral load response of confined masonry walls, HBRC Journal
(2016) 12, 33–46.
3. Dhaval H. Joravia, Study on Performance of Infill Wall Masonry RCC Frame Using Alternative Types of Bricks, IJETST-
Vol.||02||Issue||06||Pages 2747-2752||June||ISSN 2348-9480.
4. FarzadHejazi, Seismic analysis of interlocking mortar less hollow block, Challenge Journal Of Structural Mechanics 1 (1) (2015)
22–26.
5. ApurbaMondal, Performance-based evaluation of the response reduction factor for ductile RC frames, Engineering Structures 56
(2013) 1808–1819
6. ChukwudiOnyeakpa, Improvement on the Design and Construction of Interlocking Blocks and its Moulding Machine, e-ISSN:
2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 11, Issue 2 Ver. III (Mar- Apr. 2014), PP 49-66
7. I. Jaswanth Reddy, Lateral Load Behaviour Of Interlocking Block Masonry Wall, Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2017, pp. 831–841
Article ID: IJCIET_08_03_084
8. Mubeena Salam, Seismic Analysis of Interlocking Blocks in Walls, IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research &
Development| Vol. 6, Issue 05, 2018 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
9. Bhavani Shankar, Seismic Analysis of Interlocking Block as Infill Wall, Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct -20160.
10. Bhavani Shankar, Seismic Analysis of Interlocking Block as Infill Wall, International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET), Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct -2016.
11. M. S. Jaafar, Seismic analysis of interlocking block in wall – foundation – soil system, London, ISBN: 978-0-415-56809-8.
12. B. Qu, Interlocking Compressed Earth Block Walls: In-plane Structural Response of Flexure-dominated Walls.
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