http://blog.nanovic.com.au/2006/11/23/nano-flowers/

Three-dimensional Silicon composite nanostructures, taken with a scanning electron microscope.

A Brief History

In the history of the human race, we have developed many instruments to help us see things which are invisible to the human eye.

First telescope - ~1600 developed by a Dutch spectacle maker named Hans Lippershey

First compound microscope - ~1590, developed by Dutch spectacle makers; Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans.

Lippershey

http://www.daviddarling.info/images/Lippershey.jpg

Janssen

http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200403/images/microscope_inventor.jpg

Optical MicroscopesOptical (light) microscopes

Scale of about 200 nm.3

Not small enough for nanotechnology

http://www.microscopeworld.com/MSWorld/images/scopeparts.jpg

Types of Microscopes4

• Scanning Electron Microscopeso Shoot a thin electron beam at surface and look at the reflection of

those electronso Map topography (surface) of sample

• Transmission Electron Microscopeso Pass electrons through sample whose interactions produce an image

on a screeno Require careful sample preparation

• Scanning Probe Microscopeso Use a physical probe to either touch or come close to touching the

sampleo Mostly give information about the topography of the sample

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rpi.edu/dept/materials/COURSES/NANO/shaw/BigSEM.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.rpi.edu/dept/materials/COURSES/NANO/shaw/Page5.html&h=675&w=621&sz=18&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=MEIi0w9m33rDjM:&tbnh=138&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSEM%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4SUNA_enUS222US254%26sa%3DN

SEM

TEM

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rpi.edu/dept/materials/COURSES/NANO/shaw/BigSEM.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.rpi.edu/dept/materials/COURSES/NANO/shaw/Page5.html&h=675&w=621&sz=18&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=MEIi0w9m33rDjM:&tbnh=138&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSEM%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4SUNA_enUS222US254%26sa%3DN

SPM

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~menunez/ResearchPage/AFM_mechanism.gif

SEM Fly Head

http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/labs/ebeam/images/sem8.jpg

TEM Fly Head

http://www.optics.rochester.edu/workgroups/cml/opt307/spr05/chris/fly_eye_anaglyph_great2.jpg

Electron Microscope

Images

Atomic Force Microscope

• A type of SPMo Resolution of fractions

of a nanometero Uses a cantilever

with a carbon nanotube

tip or similar object for

probeo Has three modes for

data collectionAFM

Cantilever and Tip

Three Modes of AFM5

• Static Modeo Drags tip of probe across surfaceo Friction causes deterioration of tip

• Dynamic or Tapping Modeo Cantilever is oscillated at a resonance frequencyo Amplitude of oscillation is used to determine

topography

• Force Spectroscopyo Measures the magnetic field within a sample

AFM Images

• Silicon

• 77 pm resolution

http://www.physik.uni-regensburg.de/forschung/giessibl/fjg/imagegallery/afmimages/AFM-image-silicon-111-tip-19052003053031.jpg

• Graphite

• 2 x 2 nm2

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.physik.uni-regensburg.de/forschung/giessibl/fjg/imagegallery/afmimages/afm-image-graphite.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.physik.uni-regensburg.de/forschung/giessibl/fjg/imagegallery/afmimages/afmimages_e.shtml&h=1765&w=1771&sz=2369&hl=en&start=18&um=1&tbnid=JphyWpgBLXnguM:&tbnh=149&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3DAFM%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GGIH_enUS270US285%26sa%3DN

• Chromosome

http://www.nanopicoftheday.org/images/ChromosomeAFM.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afm_cd-rom.jpg/753px-Afm_cd-rom.jpg

cd-rom

CD-ROM

• Bromine

atoms

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wired.com/images/slideshow/2008/02/nano_microscope/07_bromine_atoms.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/multimedia/2008/02/nano_gallery_jmm%3Fslide%3D7&h=580&w=580&sz=107&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=iuBVY9_hGCIZQM:&tbnh=134&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbromine%2Bnano%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GGIH_enUS270US285

Bibliography

• 1 http://www.omni-optical.com/telescope/ut104.htm• 2 http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/

microscope.htm• 3 http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/GeetikaKumar.shtml• 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope • 5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope