““Seeing is Knowing”Seeing is Knowing”

The iThe impact of technology on mpact of technology on visualization techniques used in visualization techniques used in

cartographycartographyPresenter: Jolanta SoltisPresenter: Jolanta Soltis

Class: CIS 679Class: CIS 679

Professor: Merry TuroffProfessor: Merry Turoff

““The nature of maps and of their use in science and The nature of maps and of their use in science and society is in the midst of remarkable change change society is in the midst of remarkable change change that is stimulated by a combination of new scientific that is stimulated by a combination of new scientific and societal needs for geo-referenced information and societal needs for geo-referenced information and rapidly evolving technologies that can provide and rapidly evolving technologies that can provide that information in innovative ways. A key issue at that information in innovative ways. A key issue at the heart of this change is the concept of the heart of this change is the concept of ‘visualization.’”‘visualization.’”

MacEachren (2002)MacEachren (2002)

OUTLINE OUTLINE 1.1. Introduction to visualizationIntroduction to visualization2.2. Introduction to scientific visualizationIntroduction to scientific visualization3.3. The past The past 4.4. Technological advancement in Technological advancement in

visualization techniquesvisualization techniques5.5. The role of visualization in cartographyThe role of visualization in cartography in in

today’s world today’s world 6.6. ExamplesExamples7.7. The evolution of GIS and VisualizationThe evolution of GIS and Visualization8.8. ChallengesChallenges9.9. The futureThe future

Introduction to Introduction to visualizationvisualization

Introduction to visualizationIntroduction to visualization

Visualization allows scientists to:Visualization allows scientists to:• understandunderstand the meaning of millions the meaning of millions

of pieces of information in a visual of pieces of information in a visual formform

• interpretinterpret the meaning of this the meaning of this information information

Through the use of multi-Through the use of multi-dimensional, animated depictions of dimensional, animated depictions of data, it is possible to extrude data, it is possible to extrude previously unvisible informationpreviously unvisible information

What is Visualization?What is Visualization?

Is Is visualizationvisualization an activity carried out an activity carried out by human beings?by human beings?

Is Is visualization an activity carried out visualization an activity carried out by by computer?computer?

VisualizeVisualize::• ““To form a mental image or vision of …To form a mental image or vision of …””• ““To imagine or remember as if actually To imagine or remember as if actually

seeing.seeing.””

The purpose of data The purpose of data visualizationvisualization

To cTo convey information to people quickeronvey information to people quicker Visualization is a term with many meaningsVisualization is a term with many meanings

(MacEachern, 1995).(MacEachern, 1995).

• "Visualization" may mean two things."Visualization" may mean two things. Use graphical element to display resultsUse graphical element to display results Use 2 or 3dimensional graphics to diaplay data.Use 2 or 3dimensional graphics to diaplay data.

More possibilitiesMore possibilities• InteractionInteraction• zoomingzooming

Visual VariablesVisual Variables

Position Size Value Color Texture Orientation Shape…

Static visual variablesStatic visual variables

Size (used to show changes in valueSize (used to show changes in value Value Value Texture/Grain and Color – used as a Texture/Grain and Color – used as a

accent or change in perspectiveaccent or change in perspective Orientation Orientation Form Form

Dynamic visual variablesDynamic visual variables

MomentMoment Duration (unit of time a frame is Duration (unit of time a frame is

displayed)displayed) Frequency (numbers of time forms Frequency (numbers of time forms

are displayed)are displayed) Order (time sequence)Order (time sequence) Rate of changeRate of change Synchronization (correspondence of Synchronization (correspondence of

series)series)

2D or 3D?2D or 3D?Cartographic Cartographic animationanimation

Two-dimensionalTwo-dimensional Three-Three-dimensionaldimensional

Spatially dynamicSpatially dynamic -re-expression-re-expression

-emphasizing location-emphasizing location

-emphasizing -emphasizing attributesattributes

-zoom and pan-zoom and pan

Same as 2D plus: Same as 2D plus: Fly=byFly=byWalk-throughWalk-throughRotationRotation

Temporally Temporally dynamicdynamic

Change in locationChange in location

Change in attributeChange in attributeSame as 2DSame as 2D

Spatially and Spatially and temporally dynamictemporally dynamic

2D spatio-temporal 2D spatio-temporal changechange

3D spatio-temporal 3D spatio-temporal changechange

PersonPerson

FeedbackFeedback

ComputerComputer

DisplayDisplay

InteractionInteraction

Collaboration Collaboration

Introduction to scientific Introduction to scientific visualizationvisualization

What is scientific visualization?What is scientific visualization?

"Visualization, is the process of "Visualization, is the process of transforming raw data into a transforming raw data into a displayable image.”displayable image.”

Visvalingam (1994 )Visvalingam (1994 )

To visualize is “to form a mental image To visualize is “to form a mental image or vision of…” or vision of…”

Spence (2001)Spence (2001)

Scientific visualization serves two Scientific visualization serves two purposes:purposes:

Help scientists and engineers solve Help scientists and engineers solve problems.problems.

Explain and promote a particular Explain and promote a particular science to a wide audience. science to a wide audience.

Visualization solutionsVisualization solutions

Mental model – visualization – global Mental model – visualization – global translationtranslation• Invisible could be seenInvisible could be seen• Error detectionError detection• Interactivity and engaging different Interactivity and engaging different

audiencesaudiences• ImmersionImmersion

Web map classificationWeb map classification

The pastThe past ……

A little history…A little history…

Development of motion - about 100 years

Mobile sculpture – 20 years Video art – 20 years Animated maps – begin in the

1930’s, but were not developed until 1959

Computer animated maps: 1990’s

Maps from the pastMaps from the past

The oldest known map: Konya town,6200 BC

Anaximader’s Map of the World

The Ptolemy world map, written circa 150 BCE.

Napoleon's 1812 March to MoscowNapoleon's 1812 March to Moscow

Multi-dimensional map shows size of the army, location, direction of movement, time and temperature.

Static but…dynamicStatic but…dynamic

Dynamic maps…Dynamic maps…

In 1959 Thrower mention the of In 1959 Thrower mention the of audio-visual communication audio-visual communication possibilities.possibilities.

Walter Tobler developed first Walter Tobler developed first animation by using 3-D computer animation by using 3-D computer generated mapgenerated map

Technological advancement in Technological advancement in visualization techniquesvisualization techniques

Technological advancement in Technological advancement in visualization techniquesvisualization techniques

Impact of computerImpact of computer Increased processing powerIncreased processing power InternetInternet High quality graphicsHigh quality graphics VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling

Language) Language) AnimationAnimation

ExamplesExamples

Visual geospatial data explorationVisual geospatial data exploration

An interactive map as index of An interactive map as index of other informationother information

Views from an electronic Views from an electronic multimedia atlasmultimedia atlas

Examples from Microsoft’s Encarta 2000

Overijssel in a VRML environmentOverijssel in a VRML environment

The role of visualization in The role of visualization in cartographycartography in today’s world in today’s world

The role of visualization in The role of visualization in cartographycartography

CommunicationCommunication ExplorationExploration ProcessingProcessing

CommunicationCommunication

Cartographic visualization relies on Cartographic visualization relies on the use of maps to communicate the use of maps to communicate cartographic ideas. cartographic ideas.

ExplorationExploration

Our dominate sense - sight allows us Our dominate sense - sight allows us to explore data sets.to explore data sets.• Use of cognitive process of the mindUse of cognitive process of the mind

ProcessingProcessing

The evolution of GIS and The evolution of GIS and VisualizationVisualization

GGIISS

Geographic Information System (GIS) Geographic Information System (GIS) is a combination of operation and is a combination of operation and tools for exploring and geospatial tools for exploring and geospatial analysis of data. analysis of data.

It is used to build maps in real timeIt is used to build maps in real time

Multicast Backbone Internet traffic using 3D globe to represent data.

Geovisualiztion Geovisualiztion

Representation of geospatial information

Integration of computational and visual methods

Effective interface designs for geovisualization tools

Usability of geovisualization

Levels of GIS and VisualizationLevels of GIS and Visualization

Rudimentary: minimal data sharingRudimentary: minimal data sharing Operational: consistencyOperational: consistency Functional: transparent Functional: transparent

communicationcommunication Merged: one environmentMerged: one environment

Automatic Derivation of Electronic Automatic Derivation of Electronic Maps from X3D/VRML WorldsMaps from X3D/VRML Worlds

Use of web-base tools like:Use of web-base tools like:• VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling

Language)Language)• High-end systems:High-end systems:

Mmersive workbenches, CAVEs, Power WallsMmersive workbenches, CAVEs, Power Walls

3D “worlds”3D “worlds”• Advantages: creating virtual “supper Advantages: creating virtual “supper

environments”environments”

Factors that contribute to the Factors that contribute to the virtuality of the “supper virtuality of the “supper

environments”environments”

Immersion (sensation of being in)Immersion (sensation of being in) Interactivity (virtual experience)Interactivity (virtual experience) Information intensity (details)Information intensity (details) Intelligence (realism)Intelligence (realism)

ChallengesChallenges How to show a mass of data How to show a mass of data How to show multiple information How to show multiple information Exploration of dataExploration of data Cumbersome productions of animationCumbersome productions of animation Data registration Data registration Development of virtual environment that could Development of virtual environment that could

lead to immersion on a geographic scalelead to immersion on a geographic scale Balancing abstraction and realismBalancing abstraction and realism Intelligence of objectsIntelligence of objects CollaborationCollaboration

The futureThe future

InternetInternet VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling

Language) and GeoVRM:Language) and GeoVRM: AnimationAnimation Personalized mapsPersonalized maps

Example of GeoVRML visualizationGeovisualization is use to solve traffic problems

ReferencesReferences

Spencer, R. Spencer, R. Information Visualization.Information Visualization. , (2001),, (2001), New York, NY: ACM Press New York, NY: ACM Press Books Books

Visvalingam M, (1995), “Visualization Visvalingam M, (1995), “Visualization in GIS, cartography and ViSC”, in GIS, cartography and ViSC”, Visualization in Geographical Visualization in Geographical Information Systems, Chapt 3, p18 Information Systems, Chapt 3, p18