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Use of all senses (visual, auditory, kinaesthetic,Olfactory) to re-create or create experience inthe mind.

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WHAT DO THINK THE BENEFITS ARE?

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Imagery should involve as many senses as possible

Sport psychologists have looked at 3 different kinds ofevidence to see if imagery enhances performance.

Anecdotal reports, case studies and scientificexperiments.

Athletes usually take either an internal or externalperspective for viewing their imagery

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Athletes that use imagery can use imagery inmany ways to improve both physical andpsychological skills. Uses include improving

concentration, building confidence, controllingemotional responses, acquiring and practisingsport skills and strategies, and coping withpain or injury.

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Before andafter

practice

Duringpersonal

time

Whenrecoveringfrom injury

Duringbreaks in

action

During offseason

Before andafter

competition

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Motor imagery as a force generating image of self in action

from first person (internal) perspective (Jeannerod, (197)

Required =

Motor imagery must involve sequential organization of actions.

Recalling information from past experiences and shaping

meaningful images, this includes senses, moods and emotions

experienced.

Seeing success

Physical Mental

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Start simple and progress (simple but stableenvironment skill, i.e. a free throw in basketball)

If athlete performs the skill well, encourage them

to form a mental image of the skill being executedand how it felt at the moment of release

Encourage the athlete to visualise excelling inareas before they compete or practice

Haphazard use is no good needs to be regularand systematic

Imagery uses more than just visualization needto use all the senses to create or re-createexperiences

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Certain situations can cause stress imagineyourself in a place that makes you happy andcalm inside and controls the stress you feel.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXrRivLdueE

If your still distracted it can lead to poor

performance http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWKijJ9

n-VQ&feature=related

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Developed by Holmes and Collins (2001),

Initial research shows PETTLEP model is highly effective in producingperformance gains

Involves a 7 point check-list

P PhysicalE EnvironmentT TaskT- Timing

L Learning -E Emotion P Perspective

o Explored the effect of short term PETTLEP imagery involvement, incomparison to the traditional theory in a cognitive task.

o PETTLEP produces a realistic and more functionally equal imagery

Knackstedt,paul, M.S ( 2011)

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MotorImagery

Physical

Environment

Task

TimingLearning

Emotion

Perspective

Reflects the physical nature of actual

situation

Physicalsurroundings

similarity of task isimaged to actual taskbeing performed

image performed at thesame pace

include all emotions andarousal chartacaitlaclly.

way image is viewed internal/external

Imagery should beadapted in response tolearning.

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Psychoneuromu-scluar Theory

(Jacobson, 1931)

Speaks to themechanisminside the brainthat triggermuscularresponse andability of MI totrigger the

same responseas doesphysicalactivity.

SymbolicLearning theory( Sackett,1934)

Follows thecognitiveframework ofinformationmental blueprint andlearning

Bioinformationaltheory

(lang, 1979)

Behaviouralview ofactivatingstoredenvironmentaland stimulusresponses inorder to better

perform a task.

PETTLEP(Holmes and

Collins (2011)

Providesfunctionalequivalencebetweenimaged actionand the actualexecution ofthe task.

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Importance of PETTLEP

Emotion component = encourages the individual

to experience arousal linked with the performance,this therefore is beneficial effect as it can help toimprove self-efficacy

Having high self efficiency induces the belief oftheir own ability to exercise regularly, hence, whyfrequent exercisers use of imagery more.

commonly used the frequent exerciser than the lessfrequent.

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8jBkIT3wTA Split in three groups

Come up with one sport and one skill, using sheets provided

developed a PETTLEP model you as a coach can develop an

athletes performance in your choose skill.

Each group should have different sports i.e.

- Group 1 - Gymnastics,- Group 2 - football,

- Group 3 - badminton,

10 MINS to develop a PETTLEP imagery scene

As a group you are going to briefly present to the class.

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Hockey penalty flicks

Two separate six week imagery interventions

Physical and environmental components ofPETTLEP were manipulated.

Involved three intervention groups performing imagery of 10 penalty kicks daily

for 6 weeks.

Group 1

Wearing hockey clothes whist stood on a hockey pitch

i.ephysical & Environment

Group 2

Wearing hockey clothes whist stood at home

Physical only

Group 3

Wearing hockey clothes whist sat down at home.

i.e. No PETTLEP elements

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What is your thoughts on seeing is believing.

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As of the 1988 Olympic games in Seoul, Korea, 86% of sport psychologyconsultants use imagery with their athletes. Gould, et al.. (1989)

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Wright, Caroline J. And Smith, Dave K. (2007) The effect of a short-term PETTLEP

imagery intervention on a cognative task, Journal of imagery research in sport

and physcial activity: Vol. 2:Iss. 1, Article 1

Knackstedt, paul, m.s, optimal timing of a pettlep mental imagery intervention on a

Dart throwing task ( 2011)

Driskell,Cooper, & Moran, 1994). Examining the emotion aspect ofPETTLEP Basedimagery with penalty taking in soccer. 01-SEP-10 Journal of sport behavoiur

www.goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-13294940/Examining-the-emotion-

aspect- of.html last accessed:- 10/11/2011