ANATOMY of SEED PLANTS

l, Katheriic. l .in, L'//i L'i '/t TC i/// 12/2. IV).;i /.1.libook eornbilnes the c latv and cone selie'ss Whlichii lintlO-dlLI CtOry) wor1k ShoL1l pOSSCSS xW ith theC S-lholai ly tlr-eltmcntOf tle sLnb)eL t tlllt (1i.tinetelisheIdC(l Proifesso LsaIo'S taiMOll,trea.tise. P , in-2' /// (\Vilex I ' ? ased onl .a cartlex iex of tile lietCaltLIre in phlit anltomy land rclatCed ficlds,

it preseinits .I ti,ll examinatioll of the lIttest c Oll ep:ts of

plan[lt s>ti uLlto,al(a-ttentioln to Lonlltlo%\isil IaitltCls.lainpoinltS oLut ariabhilits ill Stl-LltLlltCnS ill ordlcr to increase thercader's cxpc:rienee x ith plant matc rial. 'Ihlc oik cotainsnuLmellCr-OLIaSCtoCflV hoSC,chs.xptil eC-LItCutd .11an cOplllrl-C-hensix e labled illustra.ItiOnsli (both dxw nets and photo-11cllutout-t LIh)axinostofc x erhavlppcared beftore.

I ., /;

MICROSCOPIC SEDIMENTARY PETROGRAPHY

Rj) Albeirt V. ( airjLLi, f fl/i I // itable for- aAdxvancd cOLlH Se in thlc stUdy of sedlimentalr rocks in thinsection, tilis bclok prcsents dt/i.i! clsriptiolls of seclimen-tarvrock-type. These ideal clc cription's sLIiriiiIa.riLe botll the iV0oStcoilnloi .appeart alln-ces of gixl l rock-txyp[X(1 tliosc vari L-

tions xw hichI 11lax e broad sienifilance. Ihcy haxve beenxolokel ocLit thlroLwlh the coiribinltiot Iand inMteetration of >i

iiiany p.xrt Clar,1 desc riptions of rock-types Is tile aLulthOr-xiS alble to 11fnd in botlh Ameri-can and Eli_opaCII liter.-torI-Ce. InI p)i-tadtiLe, tilC ixiVlulatl nixN Cstiator xxkivj 1ickic11d easily fideOg similaritics btw een tile ease he is

ItdLl\ e anLi tile Lea deCS riptioin to relate tlhe oneC to the

otherl-. I (0) 1/lI x ) / fiw Ih.15/s*i. OtP

NEUROCHEMISTRY OF NUCLEOTIDES and AMINO ACIDS

LEditcd /b) Roscoe 0. Br,ady .,,2 Donald B. Toxwerl /n /if1/he N\ a/jol'a! I of/1/i/Ij N ecir/olog i )1 4L JILI l/,/ h/in]-/c. IS. Tlli.s x IluImIIe contains the papers indi fLull cliScLisSiOnsof a s)mpllosimllll orga.n1iz.ed by the Section Ol Ncuro-chemnistry of the Amcrican Academv of N\euLI0olog(y) LiCelthe sponsorshlip ot the Council of the Nationall InstitutLlof NcLI ioluo1i ic.l Diseases antd Bllndness. It is desi,ntrdcl toprox i CereaLders xith an aeeCCUiltc .and cons enient referetLce

to the roles manl rnetabolis-in of n1ic leut ides 'i1 ci ai iilu taCIdSinl the entia-Vlnerx Ocis system, andci to aCCILcJillt tilelm x itlprobleCmIs LindleC Ix esti (tlon and stil iiisolx edC. Nelichrecently cliscoxVel-cilmaterial lhas been summarized, notablythe bliosyntlctic- roles of ciritline and Cy-XtidineC nluCICOticleS,characteristics of neir-ollnal polv nluecot idCs, anc1 dylnaMicaLspects of mtlabolsini of cerebral proteiuis. 1/9(0(,. 2(')1, iL a.;I/;y. I) s.

BIOCHEMICAL PREPARATIONSVolume 7

Eoi-or in ('1ic . Henry A. Lalrdy, Uuii cl ) of II i1,//2/.i.The x oluLmlcs in thi.s niotable serics painstakinglyI')trcpr,eredthrouIll the efforts of some of the most clistinteiislhc(lleaders in thle fieldc of biochenmistry- 1hl e receix eel x ilc-spreadi reco,eitn1if o as important conitribeLtions to the bio-

hemicali.l litera.turle. AceciLrate, hlighlyl detailed, aInd x ell-nnotaltecl fhey 11hax-e prox-ecl to bc xlcVX.iable timesavers

tor the reseCarch- offerin, him reliable methods for pire-pa.rin,t hlard-to-gct sibsttancecs of xValcie in biocllelilcal re-.seare Ii. I 900(. lIP) p i<c \. ks5.,

PHOTOCHEMISTRY in the LIQUID and SOLID STATES

E(1iJeLl bt ax rence ! Heidt, 1WIioh -7// I/Ill/e ofTeclc,mo/o'>. Robert S. Lixingston. UnicitcI fofi;znc 0/t.EuLcgene Rabinoxxwitch.-'o cr/I) of1/Knll .of11! 1"la-rrinettonDaniiels, l/i c ri! of 1iC1(11I/NW. Based onl a symposiuimhfeld at Entclic-ott HoLIse inI Dedlhiami, T\assaClhlisCttS. SpoIi-sored by the National Seience FoLinclationi. Presents thebasic principles of plhotochemical storage, sUrxeys the field

of photocehmical Irc tiOlsl cild sfates the r-cjLii-eiiemletstor reaction tN pcs xxhliih mih(llt prox e uLsefLil for storilltsolar leery iTlle book shoildl prox e a x alliablc acquisitiollfor photochemists aniid phy sical chemlicsts, as xxell as forthose primarily inlterIested in the problem of solar enerety19(t). Al/)/)l isv..S-i 1a, I. Prob. ).O5 .

JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc.440 Park Avenue South

688

New York 16, N.Y.SCIENCE. N'OL. 131

New Vol. 3 - Glasser's MEDICAL PHYSICSNothing in print parallels the scope and authority of Medical Physics. It covers every aspect of biophysics,each discussed by an exper,t in the field and all melded into a cohesive, smoothly balanced whole by Dr.Otto Glasser, edi,tor-in-chief. Now, through publication of Volume 111, latest progress becomes available.Where required, Volumes I and II are brought up to date. This great work is an essential reference toan almost unbelievable variety of biophysical knowledge: physical laws as related to living processes; de-velopment of physical methods and instruments; effects of physical agents on living tissues; latest applica-tion of physical theory and principles. Editor-in-Chief, OTTO GLASSER, Ph.D., Head, Dept. of Bio-physics, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Vol. I: 1744 pages; 1382 illus.; $20.00; Vol. II: 1227 pages;978 illus.; $25.00; Vol. III: approx. 750 pages and 900 illus.; approx. $20.00. Special for all 3 volumes pur-chased as a set, $55.00.

New Vol. 8- METHODS IN MEDICAL RESEARCHA New Volume 8 is now added to this tremendously valuable series.

CONTENTS: Life History of the Erythrocyte; Measurement of Responses of Involuntary Muscle; Periph-eral Blood Flow Measurement. Here are principles, techniques, results, future trends, new equipment andits sources of supply-to be had elsewhere, if at all, only in scattered and frequently incomplete form.Editor-in-Chief, H. DAVIS BRUNER, M.D., Chief, Medical Research Branch, Division of Biology &Medicine, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. 368 pages; 60 illus. $9.75. (Now Ready)

New 2nd Ed. - Hoffman's BIOCHEMISTRYOF CLINICAL MEDICINE

This already distinguished presentation is made even more so by extensive revision and addition of muchnew material. The book deals with the dynamics of disease processes and their clinical course. Descriptionof clinical findings useful in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment are given with the needs of the clinicianuppermost in mind. By WILLIAM S. HOFFMAN, M.D., Professorial Lecturer in Medicine, Universityof Illinois. 734 pages; illus. $12.00.

New 2nd Ed.- Fields & Seed's CLINICAL USEOF RADIOISOTOPES

Now in a New 2nd Edition, following extensive revision, this simplified, working manual presents in easilyunderstood fashion the essentials of nuclear medicine which every clinician must know, plus a sound,practical knowledge of clinical procedures and techniques currently available for use in daily medical andsurgical practice. By 18 Authorities: Edited by THEODORE FIELDS, M.S., Assistant Director Radio-isotope Laboratory, VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, and LINDON SEED, M.D., Clinical Associate Profes-sor of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois. Approx. 450 pages; illus. (Ready Soon)

Available from medical-technical book stores or the publisher

THE YEAR BOOK PUBLISHERS, INCt200 East Illinois St. . fX Chicago 11, 111.

I 1 MARCH 1960 693

WHAT KINDOFservceCAN I

EXPECT ON mi rnOUR mIIICI

This is a commonquestion asked bynew and prospectiveowners of anymicroscope.Owners, present andprospective, of anyWILD Microscope,are assured of fastservice and fast returnof the instrument. . . often overnight.Most important:Only WILD trainedselected technicians,with many years'experience inWILD Microscopeconstruction andassembly, are per-mitted to serviceyour instrument.FULL FACTORY SERVICES

*:The FIRST name inSurveying Instruments,Photogrammetric Equipmentand Microscopes

I N STR U M ENT S, I NC.

Main at Covert Street * Port Washington. New YorkPOrt Washington 7-4843

In CanadaWild of Canada Ltd., 157 Maclaren St., Ottawa, Ontario

694

LettersThe Moon Illusion

In the paper entitled "Magnitude ofthe moon illusion as a function of theage of the observer" [Science 130, 569(1959)], H. Leibowitz and T. Hartmanstated, "The diminution in the apparentsize of" )bject when viewed overheadas compared with its apparent size inthe horizontal plane is greater for chil-dren than for adults." They suggestedin explanation, "Since children haveless experience with distantly viewedobjects, especially when viewed directlyoverhead, the magnitude of the moonillusion is greater the younger the ob-server." One is not justified, I believe,in assuming that the horizontal "moon"is correctly perceived while the percep-tion of the overhead moon is in error.It is just as reasonable to assume thatthe size of the overhead "moon" is cor-rectly perceived but the horizontal"moon" is erroneously perceived asbeing larger than actual size. In this casethe explanation of more experience withhorizontal objects and therefore betteraccuracy in judging their size would becontradicted by the experiments ofLeibowitz and Hartman.

Furthermore, since some visual cuesoccurred in these experiments, even inthe darkened but not completely darktheater, the explanation of the moonillusion referred to by Thomas Reidseems more credible. "We frequentlyperceive the distance of objects bymeans of intervening or contiguous ob-jects, whose distance or magnitude isotherwise known.... An object placedupon the top of a high building, appearsmuch less than when placed upon theground, at the same distance. When itstands upon the ground, the interveningtract of ground serves as a sign of itsdistance; and the distance, together withthe visible magnitude, serves as a signof its real magnitude. But when the ob-ject is placed on high, this sign of itsdistance is taken away: the remainingsigns lead us to place it at a less dis-tance; and this less distance, togetherwith the visible magnitude, becomesthe sign of a less real magnitude. Dr.Smith hath observed, very justly, thatthe known distance of the terrestrial ob-jects which terminate our view, makesthat part of the sky which is towardsthe horizon appear more distant thanthat which is towards the zenith. Henceit comes to pass, that -the apparent figureof the sky is not that of a hemisphere,

but rather a less segment of a sphere.And, hence, likewise, it comes to pass,that the diameter of the sun or moon,or the distance between two fixed stars,seen contiguous to a hill, or to any dis-tant terrestrial object, appears muchgreater than when no such object strikesthe eye at the same time" [T. Reid,The Works of Thomas Reid, D.D., W.Hamilton, Ed. (Longmans, Brown,Green, and Longmans, London, newed., 1846), sec. 22].

Lastly, the increase of the illusionwith distance of the object from the eyemay be due to the loss of significant in-formation for depth perception whichmight ordinarily arise from the ciliarymuscles of accommodation. This is rea-sonable because the adjustments of theciliary muscles for objects at distancesgreater than about 30 feet appear tobe insignificant.

LEONARD A. COHENDepartment of Physiology andPharmacology, University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

The point raised by Cohen in the firstparagraph of his letter has previouslybeen discussed [Science, 131, 238(1960)].The point raised by Thomas Reid's

explanation is logical but was not sup-ported by the verbal reports of oursubjects. Most of them expressed sur-

prise when they were informed, aftercompletion of the testing, that the over-head and horizontal stimuli were infact at the same distance. Their opinionwas that the overhead disk was fartheraway than the horizontally viewedcomparison stimuli. Furthermore, thebuilding from which the overhead diskwas supported provided a number ofcues to distance-for example, perspec-tive and relative size-which were notpresent to the same degree for the hori-zontal stimuli. It would seem that thejudgment of distance does not influencesize judgments in a direct or simplemanner.

If the change in the magnitude of theillusion were directly dependent on lossof information from the ciliary muscle,one would expect no further increase atdistances beyond 20 or 30 feet. Thedata of Schur, referred to in our originalarticle, would argue against Cohen'sinterpretation, for she discovered thatthe magnitude of the effect was influ-enced by variation of distance beyondthis point.

H. LEIBOWITZT. HARTMAN

University of Wisconsin, Madison

SCIENCE, VOL. 131

Heart of B&L Monochromator is a Cer-tified Precision Grating, ultimate in lightdispersion. DIal the e a w v lengt

.K1 you needOptical competence serves cancer research- monochromator illuminates new BLLUV Photomicroscope. m X t0

Ye s cultr is ty icl su jc ofiirradia--- .,,,,-,, " '',;

B&L rating Monoc romatorsive you instant hoice of any wave engt

from ultra-vio et to in ar-red

Siongludes-wavlnth BLih MofocBroLtor

chromators aids research in missile gud- It's easy as tuning your radio! just turn the micrometer drum to setance and detection. the grating to the wavelength you want. You get full spectral

coverage (2000A to 14,OOOA), plus your choice of interchangeablegratings for maximum intensity in specific wavelength regions.Find out which of ten standard models fills your need.

WRITE for Catalog D-259. Demonstration on request.Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., 64203 Bausch St., Rochester 2, N. Y.

B&L Double Monochromators give youlight of purity you can't match at twicethe low price.

U-ISCIENCE. VOL. 131

I698

Kodak reports on:the question of whether or not instrumentation people really need ultra-fast film...a new gravimetric reagent for potassium ... a gimmick the committee needn't resist...new hope for those who can't get enough light for Kodachrome Film, Type A

1600-no waitingHow come after all those promises wehave made to innumerable instrumen-tation people over the years that someday there would be 16mm, 35mm, and70mm film as fast as Kodak Royal-XPani Recording Film now is-Index1600 how come we now find our-selves in the ridiculous position of be-ing able to make it at a greater ratethan they're buying it? How come?

Donl't they kniowv that a note or phonlecall to Eastmali Kodak Company, PhotoRecor-dinig Methods Division, Rochester 4,N. Y., will set lup the channiiel to supply itthroiugh a local clealer ?

Made in U. S. A. under hygienicconditionsThe Japanese have developed a newgravimetric reagent for potassiumwhich we now offer as N-(2,4-Dinlitro-1-naphthyl)benizenestihfonam71ide (East-man 7828). And regardless of howscarce are good gravimetric reagentsfor potassium that can be used evenin the presence of one-third as muchsodium and magnesium as potassium,if that numeral in front of the "naph-thyl" in the name had been 2 insteadof 1, we would not offer it as Eastman7828 or Eastman anything else. Ourmedical director feels so strongly aboutthe carcinogenic properties of ,B-naph-thylamine that it would seem wiser tolet the science of chemistry go shift foritself than to observe the safety pre-cautions he demands before he willlet it into the plant. Pure a-naphthyl-amine is OK, as far as we know.You dissolve the new reagent in

lithium chloride solution and use it forthe precipitation and conductometrictitration of potassium. The precipitatedpotassium salt of the reagent is washedwith the saturated solution of potas-sium salt and dried at 100°C for anhour. As for the fine details of the pro-cedure, you can either buy 10 gramsof Eastman 7828 from us for $4.45and work them out for yourself, oryou can first read up on them in Nip-pon Kagaku Zasshi, 79, 598 (1958).

Wheni youi'rle ready, you senid your $4.45to Distillation Products Industries, East-mIant Organiic Chlemicals Departmenlt, Roch-ester 3, N. Y. (Division of Eastmant KocdakCompany). lin case you cli't kntow, thereare some 3800 other Eastmtan OrganicChemicals oln the shelf there.

Silicon over the sound trackQuietly, Kodak Pageant Sound Pro-jectors have stolen a march, scored ascoop in their field. You have heardof the "solar battery" which generatesuseful electrical power when light fallson silicon? The power source for com-munication from satellites and inter-planetary space? Here it is, in over-the-counter civilian hardware, doing aproduct-improvement job that is ap-parent even to those who can resist thetemptation of a gimmick. If you areon a committee to select a sound movieprojector for audio-visual instruction,the facts to lay before your fellowcommitteeman are these:

Early attempts at sound moviesthrough a variable light pattern on thefilm employed selenium cells. Theyfoundered. An EMF-generating se-lenium cell (not to be confused with adevice that changes resistance in re-sponse to light) has an inherently slowtime constant for adequate frequencyresponse. The movies had to wait forthe evacuated phototube to give thema good voice.

At left is a phototube such as em-ployed today in most sound projectors.Being a little bulky, light that haspassed through the sound track of thefilm must be somehow transmitted toit. At right is the new silicon "solar"cell. It holds 0.014 square inch of sili-con directly above the sound track. Ittherefore requires a less critical opticalarrangement. More important, it gen-erates a varying EMF instead of valv-ing from a constant EMF that must besupplied to it. This considerably simpli-fies the circuitry. There is less to getout of whack. Also, a solid-state gen-erator happens to generate less randomfluctuation than a photocathode sys-tem that must be kept under electricaltension. Less "white noise" shows up

at the speaker. The old trouble frominadequate frequency response withselenium is gone.

If the old boys had known enoughsolid-state physics to place their betson silicon instead of selenium, peoplewith vivid memories of the silent moviequeens would be even older, on theaverage, than they feel as it is.We are talkinig about Kodak Pageant

Sound Projectors, Models 8K5, AV-085,and AV-255-S. Youir local audtio-visutaldealer- will tcake it fi/om here.

Endography, with action and colorThe world is crazy. It flagellates itselfinto technological advances on thepretext of military preparedness. Forthis, nothing is too much trouble. If itfinds one such advance to be applicableto peaceful purposes, such as thehealing arts, it is as happy as an idiotwho in his rage has turned up apretty pebble.Ektachrome ER Filb has recently

been brought out under pressure ofthe missile industry, which needs colorfilm of very high sensitivity for thehigh speed movie cameras they use intheir testing work. Could anybodyelse use such a film? Yes, come tothink of it.

Physicians interested in endoscopiccolor photography might find it useful.To get enough light for good colorphotography into the cavities of theliving body has been difficult. Motionpictures, which afford the possibilityof thorough scanning of an area witha large number of individual images,better the chances for decisive demon-stration.Here and there might be found a

medical man so inflamed with zeal tosharpen his diagnostic procedures asto feel excitement in the idea of seeingwhat he can see with a color film eighttimes as fast as Kodachromie Film,Type A through a gastroscope, bron-choscope, proctoscope, laryngoscope,colposcope, otoscope, or sigmoido-scope.

If he wvill write to Eastnmami Kodlak Coin-pan)', Medical Division, Rochester 4, N. Y.,amidi ask aboutt Ektachrome ER Film,Type B we shall try to advise him oln thephotographic part of his problem.

Price is subject tochange without notice.

This is another advertisement where Eastman Kodak Companyprobes at random for mutual interests and occasionally a littlerevenue from those whose work has something to do with science11 MARCH 1960 741