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Sediments. Types of substrates: hard, soft Types of sediments Clastics: abiotic Carbonates: abiotic, biotic Sediment distribution in the oceans Importance of sediments to organisms, ecosystems, and chemistry. Substrate types. Hard bottoms: rocks, hardgrounds, other organisms, and - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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SedimentsSedimentsTypes of substrates: hard, softTypes of substrates: hard, soft
Types of sedimentsTypes of sedimentsClastics: abioticClastics: abioticCarbonates: abiotic, bioticCarbonates: abiotic, biotic
Sediment distribution in the oceansSediment distribution in the oceans
Importance of sediments to Importance of sediments to organisms, ecosystems, and chemistryorganisms, ecosystems, and chemistry
Substrate typesSubstrate types
Hard bottoms: rocks, Hard bottoms: rocks, hardgrounds, hardgrounds, other organisms, and other organisms, and artifical substratesartifical substrates
Energy: waves, currentsEnergy: waves, currentsEpibiosisEpibiosis
Substrate typesSubstrate types
Soft bottoms: muds, sands, gravelsSoft bottoms: muds, sands, gravelssemi-hard to soupysemi-hard to soupyEnergy determines grain sizeEnergy determines grain sizeInfauna and epifaunaInfauna and epifaunaBioturbationBioturbationOxygenation and anoxiaOxygenation and anoxia
Sediment propertiesSediment properties
Texture = size assortmentTexture = size assortmentMaturity = clay amount, sorting, roundnessMaturity = clay amount, sorting, roundness
Clastic (lithogenous) Clastic (lithogenous) sedimentssediments
Pebbles, sand, silt, clayPebbles, sand, silt, clayAbiotic, but can have biotic help in weatheringAbiotic, but can have biotic help in weatheringWeathered rocks (chemical and physical)Weathered rocks (chemical and physical)
sedimentdeposition
weathering
sedimentaryrock
lithification
metamorphicrock
igneousrock
recycle
recycle
P, T
The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle
Sediment DepositionSediment DepositionParticles into drainage basins then into Particles into drainage basins then into oceansoceansParticle size is determined by energy of Particle size is determined by energy of transporttransport
FW input, storm transportFW input, storm transportException: iceException: ice
Distance from shore: deposition determined Distance from shore: deposition determined by by
amount of input, size of particles, amount of input, size of particles, energyenergy
Carbonate sedimentsCarbonate sediments
Calcium carbonate: CaCO3: formation and Calcium carbonate: CaCO3: formation and dissolutiondissolution
CaCOCaCO33 + H + H22O + COO + CO22 ↔↔ Ca Ca2+2+ + 2HCO3 + 2HCO3--
Calcium carbonate + water + carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate + water + carbon dioxide ↔↔
calcium + bicarbonate calcium + bicarbonate
Carbonate sedimentsCarbonate sedimentsAbiotic precipitation (rare) Abiotic precipitation (rare) Biotic precipitation: shells, etc.Biotic precipitation: shells, etc.Soft substrates, grain types: Soft substrates, grain types:
peloids, pelletspeloids, pelletsOoid sandsOoid sandsShell debrisShell debrisHalimedaHalimeda
Carbonate sedimentsCarbonate sediments
Weathering: algal boringsWeathering: algal boringsbreakage breakage dissolutiondissolution
Role of CO2 and anthropogenic effectsRole of CO2 and anthropogenic effects
Carbonate sedimentsCarbonate sediments
Cambrian explosion: 535 MYCambrian explosion: 535 MY
Ocean sediment Ocean sediment distributiondistribution
Tropics: Tropics: Carbonate, clastics on shelfCarbonate, clastics on shelf
Polar regions:Polar regions:Cold carbonates, ice float and boulder dropsCold carbonates, ice float and boulder drops
DepthDepthEnergyEnergyProximity to landProximity to landChemistryChemistry
Shallow sedimentsShallow sedimentsVariable sed ratesVariable sed rates
Relict sedimentsTurbiditesGlacial depositsStromatolitesStromatolitesReefsReefs
Deep sedimentsDeep sedimentsLow sed ratesLow sed rates
Abyssal clayAbyssal clayOozesOozes
Organic detritusOrganic detritusDustDust
Phosphate nodulesPhosphate nodules
Sediments and Sediments and OrganismsOrganisms
Benthos versus Nekton, PlanktonBenthos versus Nekton, PlanktonSoupy to firm bed: different organismsSoupy to firm bed: different organisms
Sessile versus vagileSessile versus vagileEpifauna, infaunaEpifauna, infauna
Sediments and Sediments and OrganismsOrganisms
Organisms modify environmentOrganisms modify environmentBioturbationBioturbationReefsReefs
Sediments and Sediments and OrganismsOrganisms
Feeding stragegies:Feeding stragegies: filter feeding, filter feeding, deposit feeding,deposit feeding, scavenging, predationscavenging, predation
Sediments and Sediments and OrganismsOrganisms
Larvae, adults, and recruitmentLarvae, adults, and recruitmentMany benthic organisms have planktic larval Many benthic organisms have planktic larval
stagestageSettlement and metamorphosis cuesSettlement and metamorphosis cues
Sediments and Sediments and EcosystemsEcosystems
Stratified sediments versus bioturbationStratified sediments versus bioturbationGrain size effectsGrain size effectsEnergy effectsEnergy effects
Sediments and Sediments and EcosystemsEcosystems
Microbial loop; detrital food chain and nutrient Microbial loop; detrital food chain and nutrient recyclingrecycling
Important part of ecosystem in shallow waterImportant part of ecosystem in shallow waterBenthic singe-celled algaeBenthic singe-celled algae
Sediments and Sediments and EcosystemsEcosystems
SuccessionSuccession
Environmental perturbationEnvironmental perturbationPredictable: seasonality (T, precipitation)Predictable: seasonality (T, precipitation)Unpredictable: large storms, anthropogenic Unpredictable: large storms, anthropogenic
effectseffects
Sediments and Sediments and ChemistryChemistry
Nutrient recycling: microbial loop, algaeNutrient recycling: microbial loop, algaeNutrient, carbon sinkNutrient, carbon sinkSediments buffered from salinity changesSediments buffered from salinity changesAnoxia at depthAnoxia at depthToxin filterToxin filter
Pollution trapPollution trap