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Sectional DifferencesChapter 7: Section 2
Objectives
Analyze why industrialization took root in the northern part of the US.
Describe the impact of industrialization.
Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery became entrenched in the South.
North vs. South
Industrialization occurred most in the Northeast
Changed the structure of society
In the South, cotton production boom helped to deepen the region’s commitment to slavery
The 2 parts of the country developed in different ways this would complicate politics in the US
North Embraces Industry
Thomas Jefferson’s Plan
Maintain farmers
1815-1860, industrial boom
Democratic Republican policies contributed to industrial development
Spread of Industrialization
Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 cut off access to British manufactured goods
Americans built their own factories in NE
British goods threaten American factories
Tariff of 1816
Tariff on imports designed to protect American goods Increased the price on imports by 20-25%
Tariff helped industry but hurt farmers who had to pay higher prices for consumer goods
Sad farmer… paying too much for consumer goods
Why the Northeast?
Factories emerged in the northeast because…
1. greater access to capital
2. Had more cheap labor in factories
3. Rivers water power
Question
What factors contributed to industrialization in the early 1800s?
In the Northeast, a supply of labor, power, and capital contributed to industrialization
Social Change in the North
Arrival of industry…
Not as much skill needed for jobs
Hurt highly paid artisans (blacksmiths, shoemakers, and tailors) could not compete with low-cost laborers
Artisans suffer from declining wages
Workers Organize
Political change
1820 elections (Local and State elections) Workingmen’s Party
Sought free public education and laws to limit working day to 10 hours vs. 12 hours
Labor unions
Unions could strike for higher wages, reduce hours, or to improve conditions
Helped skilled tradesmen
“Lowell mill girls” 1834, 1836
Neither union movement or Workingmen’s Party prospered during 1800s
Wealthy business owners
Middle class
COMMON LABORERS
Middle Class Emerges
Emigration from Ireland and Germany
Emigration
1840s, working class comprised of immigrants
Surge of immigrants came from Ireland and Germany Political upheavals, economic depression, rural famines
Boosted share of nation’s population
Promoted urban growth
40% of NYC population
Went wherever there were factory jobs
Rapid influx of people caused social and political strains
Poverty and Job competition
Nativists
Campaigned for laws to discourage immigration or to deny political rights to newcomers
Irish Immigration
Irish Famine
Irish Famine
Question
How did industrialization change the experience of working people?
Industrialization create new job opportunities, but it also reduced the wages previously earned by artisans. It also created a more rigid division of social classes.
Southern Agricultural Economy and Society 1780s, hope that slavery would become
unpopular
Switch from tobacco to wheat cultivation
Deep South cotton leading crop Slavery heightens
Cotton Production Surges
Boost of cotton industry
3 factors: cotton gin, western expansion, industrialization
1793, invention of cotton gin Separated cotton seed from white fiber
Supplied Northern factories with cotton
Cotton and cotton textiles accounted for over half the value of all American exports
Cotton Boom Spreads Slavery
Slavery flourished and became more deeply entrenched in the South
Needed more workers and more land
Cotton was very profitable slaves became more valuable to owners Overseas trade banned in 1808
Illegal trade and interstate trade
Interstate Slave Trade
Economic Consequences
Limitation of regional development with cotton production
Issue of relying on one crop
No urban growth
North grew faster than the South gave North political power South had limited consumer demand
More profitable to buy a plantation
Cultural Consequences
A dispersed population and slavery affected the South
Planters opposed education for slaves/poor whites
Poor whites also got very little/no education
Illiteracy 15%
Defending the Slave System in the South
Common farmers wanted to acquire their own slaves and plantations
Dread of freeing slaves revenge on owners
All whites felt racially superiority
Felt they had more rights than those in the North
Felt more independent
1850s, proslavery The institution of slavery
Said slavery was kinder to African Americans than industrial life was to white workers