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COGS 1: Winter 2020Section D, Week 5
Professor Boyle [email protected] Friday, 2-4 pm CSB 130
Tiffany [email protected] Tuesday, 12-1 pm CSB 114
Bora [email protected] Wednesday 4-5 pm PC Jamba Juice
Jon [email protected] Tuesday, 2-3pm CSB 114
Bryan [email protected] Thursday, 1-2pm Sequoyah 142
Corey [email protected] Wednesday, 1-2pm CSB 231
Meri [email protected] Tuesday, 12:30 - 1:30 pm PC 4th Floor
Ilmaa [email protected] Monday, 4-5:30pm* Audrey’s Cafe
Ana [email protected] Wednesday, 12-1pm CSB 215
Important Information● Midterm 1
○ Grades have been released○ See your TA if you don’t see a grade
● Extra Credit○ EC quizzes are based on assigned readings
• Taken on Canvas• Next week reading is on Dr. Taylor Scott - Cognition,
Distributed & Dr. Sarah Creel - Babbling Babies and Musical Mandarin Parents
• EC quiz will be posted by Monday at 4 PM
Last Week’s Topics
● Lecture 7 | Dr. Ben Bergen - Your Brain on Swearing
Review Question (1 of 2)
1. How and why do we study profanity?2. What is profanity? 3. How does profanity impact the people who hear it?4. How does profanity impact the people who use it?5. What are the most common categories of profanity? 6. What are the common linguistic compositional
qualities of profanity?
Vote!!
Review Question (2 of 2)
7. How do different cultures and languages differ in terms of profanity?
8. How does profanity change with a culture over time?9. What brain areas are associated with swearing?
10. Who is Jacques Lordat? Who did he study? 11. Who was E.C.? Why is his case important? 12. What is automatic Aphasia? 13. What is coprolalia?
Vote!!
How and why do we study profanity?
All Ques.
● Profanity can be used to study how language has evolved over time
● To study profanity, we gather data and generate a list of the words that people think are the most profane & measure their reaction from it
What is profanity?
● A cultural belief that some words are bad (in some context)
○ That belief applied to specific words:
- That are likely to be drawn from certain semantic fields
- That maybe pattern together in sound
● Cultural structures for reinforcing those norms (punishment, censorships, etc).
All Ques.
How does profanity impact the people who hear it?
● Sweating (skin conductance response) & heart rate tend to increase after hearing “taboo” words
● In English Monolinguals, American English slurs has been shown to have highest impact on the change of skin conductance
All Ques.
How does profanity impact the people who use it?
● Swearing has been shown to increase grip strength, endurance, and pain tolerance
● How long can you keep hand in bucket of ice water?
○ If person is permitted to swear → increased pain tolerance & endurance (i.e. can hold in bucket for longer!)
All Ques.
What are the most common categories of profanity?
1. Religion (out of religious context)
2. Copulation
3. Body/bodily functions
4. Slurs
All Ques.
Note: There are others categories (e.g. animals or diseases), but these four are the most widespread and can be found in many languages.
What are the common linguistic compositional qualities of profanity?
● Word length
○ 4， also 3 and 5, → one syllable
● Consonants ending
○ 95 % of profane English monosyllabic (closed)
● C onset ↔ sC onset
All Ques.
How do different cultures and languages differ in terms of profanity?
Some languages/cultures have been reported to not have any equivalent to profanity
● In Japan, there’s no class of words deemed intrinsically offensive.
○ Baka ‘fool’ or chinchin ‘wee-wee’ are about as bad as words get
● In France, gros mots “big words” aren’t so bad that they need to be bleeped
● In parts of Afghanistan, blasphemy is a capital crime
All Ques.
How does profanity change with a culture over time?
All Ques. Quiz Time
● Words are constantly changing with their meanings over time
● Dick wasn’t always offensive, but started to be used as a slang term for the handle of a riding crop (military)
● Negative connotation spread and by the 1970s, everyone stopped naming their kids “Dick”
What brain areas are associated with swearing?
● The Basal Ganglia is associated with swearing
● When a brain tries to inhibit eliciting a taboo word, the right inferior frontal gyrus is involved
● Inhibition of taboo errors due to self monitoring, which is an internal model that predicts what you are going to say and how the word will come out
All Ques. Quiz Time
All Ques. Quiz Time
Picture Word Interference
Who is Jacques Lordat? Who did he study?
● Father of modern neurolinguistics
● Studied aphasias after he suffered from stroke and had temporary aphasia himself
● Observed patient - Parish priest who suffer from Broca’s aphasia:
○ Could only say “I (je)” & “f*** (fous/foutre) ”
All Ques. Quiz Time
Who was E.C.? Why is his case important?
● Had his left hemisphere removed
● Hard to organize meaningful speech
● Could swear spontaneously
○ In short emotional phrases
Don’t need left hemisphere at all to spontaneously curse!
Patient EC: whole left hemisphere removed (b/c tumor)
All Ques. Quiz Time
What is automatic Aphasia?
‘‘could not provide the correct expletive for situations described to him nor could he complete a curse’’
Speedie et al., 1993
All Ques. Quiz Time
What is coprolalia?
● Involuntary and repetitive use of taboo language
● Associated with Tourette’s Syndrome (10 -50% incidence)
● Characteristic: attested phrases (Lancker & Cummings, 1999)
○ f*ck, sh*t, c*nt, mother-f*cker, prick, etc.
All Ques. Quiz Time
Quiz Time!● No talking, signaling, or communicating of any kind.● Put away your books, notes, computers, phones, etc.● Pen or pencil is okay (just make sure it’s a black pen and
you press hard with a pencil).● Write your name in the “Name” box, write and circle in your
PID, and sign the academic integrity agreement. ● Bubble in this section ● Please have your student ID out when you turn in your
quiz!
Write and circle in your PID
Write down your name here
Bubble in the current section
Bubble in theanswers
Sign and date here
