Section III: Organized Kingdoms Section III: Organized Kingdoms Develop Develop

(Pages 302-306)(Pages 302-306)

Section III: Organized Kingdoms Section III: Organized Kingdoms Develop Develop

(Pages 302-306)(Pages 302-306)

This section is about:This section is about: How both royal power and How both royal power and

individual liberties grew individual liberties grew steadily in England and steadily in England and France during the later France during the later part of the Middle Ages.part of the Middle Ages.

How nationalism How nationalism developed more slowly in developed more slowly in the Holy Roman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, and how the Spanish and how the Spanish reconquistareconquista achieved achieved success.success.

Lets look at what they’re going to ask us at the end (on page 306).

On the bottom: Critical Thinking.

And, right below it: “Write about Government”.

Also, right in the middle of the page – it asks: Why was the year 1492 important in Spanish history?

We know it as the year Columbus “discovered” America, but it’s also important for something else.

The picture on page 302 is also huge for things that happen later in America.

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EnglandEngland When William the When William the

Conqueror invaded Conqueror invaded England (in 1066), England (in 1066), there were big changes there were big changes in government, law, in government, law, and society.and society.

He brought the feudal He brought the feudal system to England – system to England – with lords claiming with lords claiming loyalty to him, and loyalty to him, and serfs. Peasants to the serfs. Peasants to the lords.lords.

His successors tried to His successors tried to keep the same system keep the same system in place.in place.

Henry II, Common Law, and Henry II, Common Law, and Conflicts with the ChurchConflicts with the Church

King Henry II King Henry II controlled England controlled England and half of France and half of France (1154-1189).(1154-1189).

He and his wife He and his wife (Eleanor) were big (Eleanor) were big supporters of supporters of culture, learning, culture, learning, literature, and literature, and music.music.

Henry II set up a system of Henry II set up a system of courts and legal reforms courts and legal reforms we today call English we today call English common law.common law.

People had to give sworn People had to give sworn evidence in trials.evidence in trials.

A jury had to review A jury had to review charges to see if there charges to see if there should even be a trial.should even be a trial.

One problem though: the One problem though: the Archbishop of Canterbury Archbishop of Canterbury (Thomas Becket) wouldn(Thomas Becket) wouldn’’t t allow his clergy to be put allow his clergy to be put on trial by the government on trial by the government courts.courts.

Four of HenryFour of Henry’’s knights s knights then murdered Becket – in then murdered Becket – in his own cathedral (he was his own cathedral (he was later declared a saint).later declared a saint).

King John, The Magna Carta, and ParliamentKing John, The Magna Carta, and Parliament King JohnKing John was Henry was Henry

and Eleanorand Eleanor’’s youngest s youngest son.son.

He thought, since he He thought, since he was king, that he could was king, that he could do whatever he wanted.do whatever he wanted.

His nobles planned to His nobles planned to go to war against him go to war against him (unless he agreed to (unless he agreed to limits on his power).limits on his power).

They did end up forcing They did end up forcing him to sign an him to sign an agreement that would agreement that would give the people some give the people some basic rights – basic rights – the Magna the Magna CartaCarta..

S21,321,000.00

The Magna Carta (1215)The Magna Carta (1215)

King John had to admit King John had to admit that he was also subject that he was also subject to the laws of the land.to the laws of the land.

The nobles had certain The nobles had certain rights and were rights and were protected under the protected under the law.law.

Even regular individuals Even regular individuals had certain rights.had certain rights.

King John later said he King John later said he changed his mind and changed his mind and rejected everything, but rejected everything, but it was too late.it was too late.

ParliamentParliament

By 1295, England even had a By 1295, England even had a ParliamentParliament (English law- (English law-making group).making group).

Nobles began to work with Nobles began to work with commoners to represent all commoners to represent all the people of England (but it the people of England (but it still took 200 more years still took 200 more years until it was completely until it was completely effective).effective).

From 1455-1485, England From 1455-1485, England was having more conflicts was having more conflicts over peopleover people’’s power (The War s power (The War of the Roses). Eventually of the Roses). Eventually Henry VII was crowned king.Henry VII was crowned king.

England then had a strong England then had a strong leader and a strong leader and a strong Parliament. Parliament.

During the 1300During the 1300’’ss As Parliament was getting As Parliament was getting

stronger in England, the stronger in England, the French came up with their French came up with their own national assembly.own national assembly.

This had representatives This had representatives from 3 groups called from 3 groups called ““estatesestates””

The clergy.The clergy. The nobility.The nobility. The MerchantsThe Merchants’’

craftspeople, and peasants.craftspeople, and peasants. Later – a fourth Later – a fourth ““estateestate”” was was

made up of reporters and made up of reporters and newspapers.newspapers.

This group became known This group became known as the Estates General as the Estates General (France(France’’s Representative s Representative Law-making assembly).Law-making assembly).

"Cleric, Knight, and Workman": the three estates in a French medieval illumination: "Those who pray", "those who fight", and

"those who work".

The Hundred YearThe Hundred Year’’s Wars War

1337: England 1337: England invaded France.invaded France.

Several wars lasted Several wars lasted until 1453 (some until 1453 (some truces and treaties), truces and treaties), with 5 kings on each with 5 kings on each side.side.

These were all These were all about who would about who would rule western France.rule western France.

The First Part of the WarThe First Part of the War

England had a lot of success.England had a lot of success. Large French armies were Large French armies were

often beaten by smaller often beaten by smaller English armies (and their English armies (and their longbows).longbows).

Then, a 17 year old girl Then, a 17 year old girl convinced French leaders to convinced French leaders to let her lead an army.let her lead an army.

Inspired by her courage, the Inspired by her courage, the French drove the English out French drove the English out of France and the Hundred of France and the Hundred Years War was over.Years War was over.

France and England still France and England still occupy most of the same occupy most of the same areas they did at the end of areas they did at the end of this war.this war.

That girl? Who was she?That girl? Who was she?Joan of Arc

Joan of ArcJoan of Arc An uneducated, deeply An uneducated, deeply

religious peasant girl.religious peasant girl. When 13, she started having When 13, she started having ““visionsvisions”” of Catholic saints. of Catholic saints.

She convinced Charles that She convinced Charles that she had been called upon to she had been called upon to drive out the English.drive out the English.

After several successes, she After several successes, she became a prisoner of the became a prisoner of the English (who were English (who were embarrassed they were embarrassed they were beaten by a teenage girl).beaten by a teenage girl).

They said she was a witch They said she was a witch (she heard voices), convicted (she heard voices), convicted her, and burned her at the her, and burned her at the stake.stake.

SheShe’’s thought of as a s thought of as a national hero of France.national hero of France.

She was made a saint in She was made a saint in 1920.1920.

The Holy Roman Empire and The Holy Roman Empire and SpainSpain

Ideas of Ideas of NationalismNationalism were also spreading at were also spreading at this time – especially this time – especially throughout the Holy throughout the Holy Roman Empire and Roman Empire and Spain.Spain.

Belief that people should Belief that people should be loyal to their country be loyal to their country (actually has many (actually has many meanings and meanings and definitions, but this is definitions, but this is one for now).one for now).

The Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire There was a strong alliance There was a strong alliance

between Rome, the Popes, and between Rome, the Popes, and German areas at this time.German areas at this time.

In 962, the German king was In 962, the German king was even crowned emperor by the even crowned emperor by the Pope.Pope.

By the 1200By the 1200’’s, the area known s, the area known as the Holy Roman Empire as the Holy Roman Empire included todayincluded today’’s Germany, s Germany, Switzerland, Austria, eastern Switzerland, Austria, eastern France, northern Italy, and the France, northern Italy, and the Czech Republic.Czech Republic.

There were always struggles There were always struggles for power, but they usually for power, but they usually tried to work together tried to work together (especially during the (especially during the CrusadeCrusade’’s years).s years).

By the 1200By the 1200’’s though, those s though, those ideas of nationalism were just ideas of nationalism were just starting to spread.starting to spread.

Christians Reconquer SpainChristians Reconquer Spain

700700’’s: Muslims were s: Muslims were conquered.conquered.

11001100’’s: Portuguese s: Portuguese independence.independence.

12001200’’s: northern s: northern Christians decided to Christians decided to try and get rid of the try and get rid of the Muslims in that area.Muslims in that area.

By the 1260By the 1260’’s: they s: they had re-claimed had re-claimed Cordoba, Cadiz, and Cordoba, Cadiz, and Seville.Seville.

It took until 1492 to conquer It took until 1492 to conquer GranadaGranada

This is also the year This is also the year Isabella and Ferdinand Isabella and Ferdinand sponsored Columbussponsored Columbus’’s s journey.journey.

ItIt’’s also the year they s also the year they kicked all the Jews out kicked all the Jews out of Spain.of Spain.

Jews were now kicked Jews were now kicked out of Spain, France, out of Spain, France, England, and Portugal. England, and Portugal. – many moved to – many moved to eastern Europe.eastern Europe.

This was also the time of This was also the time of the the InquisitionInquisition

The Roman Catholic The Roman Catholic Church was trying to Church was trying to enforce the churches enforce the churches teachings through teachings through intimidation.intimidation.

They treated anyone They treated anyone who had different ideas who had different ideas than them harshly and than them harshly and cruelly.cruelly.

This also made Spanish This also made Spanish Monarchs stronger – Monarchs stronger – people were afraid.people were afraid.