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SECTION II: KINETICS AND BIOREACTOR DESIGN:
LESSON 11. - Special Bioreactors
JAVIER CALZADA FUNES
Biotechnology Department, Biosciences School
UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE VITORIA
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
ISSUES IN THIS UNIT
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
AIMS FOR TODAY’S LESSON
TALKING ABOUT OTHER PARTICULAR KINDS OF
BIOREACTORS:
Solid State Fermentation
Pulsating Bioreactors
Photobioreactors
Process intensification
Microbial Fuel Cells
…
Introduction Solid State Ferm.
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
REFERENCES:
Asenjo, J.A. y Merchuck, J.C. (1994), Bioreactor System Design. Marcel
Dekker. 1-12.
Atkinson, B. (2002), Reactores Bioquímicos, Reverté (Barcelona).
Bailey, J.E., Ollis D.F. (1986), Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals,
McGraw-Hill (Nueva York).
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
4.- PHOTOBIOREACTORS
5.- PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
6.- MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
1.- SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
2.- SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
3.- PULSATING BIOREACTORS
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
1.- SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Introduction Solid State Ferm.
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOREACTORS
According:
A. To geometry of vessel.
B. To operational conditions
C. To involved phases.
D. To Biocatalyst status
Introduction Solid State Ferm.
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
BIOCATALYST STATUS
- Free Biocatalysts (in suspension)
- Immobilized Biocatalysts
- Special Biocatalysts
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOREACTORS
Introduction Solid State Ferm.
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOREACTORS
BIOCATALYST STATUS
Special Biocatalysts
- Substrate = solid Solid State Fermentation
- Light energy is needed for transformation (photosynthesis)
Photobioreactors.
- Simultaneous transformation and total or partial separation of
products intensification of processes
Introduction Solid State Ferm.
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
CHALLENGES AND TRENDS IN FERMENTATION PROCESSES:
- Microbial proteins
- Plant tissues
- Obtaining Enzymes
- Cultures of mammalian cells
- Microbial leaching
- ...
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
4.- PHOTOBIOREACTORS
5.- PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
6.- MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
1.- SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
2.- SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
3.- PULSATING BIOREACTORS
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
2.- SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
Introduction Solid State Ferm.
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
Process aimed at obtaining biomolecules based on microbial
growth on a solid support.
• Alternative to fermentations in liquid medium.
• Pharmaceutical industries, food cosmetics, fuels, textile,
enzyme production, ...
• Advances in control and instrumentation allow high
productivities.
Introduction Solid State Ferm.
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
PHENOMENOLOGY:
• GAS PHASE: depending on the culture:
areobiosis / anaerobiosis.
• LIQUID PHASE: humidity.
• SOLID PHASE: microorganisms, substrate, support, products,…
REACTORS:
• TANK REACTORS
• ROTATING REACTORS
Introduction Solid State Ferm.
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
Introduction Solid State Ferm.
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
ADVANTAGES:
• High volumetric productivity.
• Greater simplicity and low energy requirements.
• Correct agitation and mixing allows aeration requirements.
• Natural habitat of many bacteria and fungi can be
reproduced.
• Post-fermentative stages are simplified.
Introduction Solid State Ferm.
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
DISADVANTAGES:
• Heterogeneous medium: bad mixture
• Difficult control
• Bigger volumes gradients (mycelia breakage, ...)
Introduction Solid State Ferm.
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
VARIABLES:
• Humiduty
• % Inoculum
• Temperature
• pH
• Particle Size
• Aeration / agitation
• Food: pre-treatment
• Sterility: vapor, chemical agents
Introduction Solid State Ferm.
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
EXAMPLE 1: soy sauce production
KOGI METHOD
1st PHASE: Aerobic ROTATING FERM.
molds (Aspergillus, Rhizopus)
cereal grains (rice, corn, ...)
2nd PHASE: Anaerobic (submerged)
yeasts (Saccharomyces, Torulopsis)
8-10 months
Programmed temperature
Introduction Solid State Ferm.
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
EXAMPLE 2:
COMPOSTING
•Humidity (50-60%)
•Aerobic (5-15% vol), thermophilic (55 ° C)
•Profile pH
•Fungi, bacteria
•Organic waste
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
4.- PHOTOBIOREACTORS
5.- PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
6.- MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
1.- SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
2.- SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
3.- PULSATING BIOREACTORS
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
3.- PULSATING BIOREACTORS
Pulsating
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
PULSATING BIOREACTORS
• Different external devices:
Plates, pistons,…
• Gas pulses
Aerobic processes
High viscosity
• Applications:
Production of Metabolites
Waste treatment
Fermenter causing mixing within the culture medium by means
of external pulses, without introducing any mechanical part.
Pulsating
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Photobioreactor Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells
PULSATING BIOREACTORS
Microorganism Product Características proceso
Cyathus striatus Antibiotics Aerobic, high viscosity
Aspergillus niger Citric acid Aerobic, high viscosity
Zymomonas mobilis Ethanol ----
Acetobacter aceti Acetic acid Aerobic, immobilization
Levadura SCP Aerobic
Cultivo mixto Waste Treatment Aerobic, anaerobic
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
4.- PHOTOBIOREACTORS
5.- PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
6.- MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
1.- SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
2.- SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
3.- PULSATING BIOREACTORS
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
4.- PHOTOBIOREACTORS
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells Photobioreactor
PHOTOBIOREACTORS
• Photosynthetic organisms:
photosynthetic bacteria, microalgae, cyanobacteria, ...
• CO2 → Metabolites (autotroph)
• Light energy (phothotoph)
• Donor of e- (H2O)
Fermenter using light energy in order to carry out a
biotransformation photosynthesis
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells Photobioreactor
PHOTOBIOREACTORS
• Production of value-added metabolites
Pigments, antioxidants, pharmaceuticals
• Environment
Removal of toxic substances
(heavy metals, CO2 fixation)
Contaminated soils
Regeneration of atmosphere within closed systems
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells Photobioreactor
PHOTOBIOREACTORS
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells Photobioreactor
PHOTOBIOREACTORS
pump
fuel cell battery
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells Photobioreactor
PHOTOBIOREACTORS
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells Photobioreactor
PHOTOBIOREACTORS
• Continuous
• Good control conditions
• Constant product quality
• Allows sterilization
• High energy expense
• Difficult scaling up
• Artificial light
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Process
Intensification Microbial Fuel Cells Photobioreactor
PHOTOBIOREACTORS
• Natural light
• Low energy expense
• Difficult control
• Purity
• Light-dark phases
• Lower Productivity
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
4.- PHOTOBIOREACTORS
5.- PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
6.- MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
1.- SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
2.- SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
3.- PULSATING BIOREACTORS
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
5.- PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Microbial Fuel Cells Process
Intensification
PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
Situation in which, simultaneously with transformation, total
or partial separation of products is carried out.
Reaction and separation are combined within a single unit.
Membrane selectively allows separation of reagents or
products.
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Microbial Fuel Cells Process
Intensification
PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Microbial Fuel Cells Process
Intensification
PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
- Extraction
- Pervaporation
-- Volatile Comps
-- Permeation comps
-- P permeate zone
Gas CO2
Cells
Hydrophobic membrane
Hydrophobic membrane
Hydrophilic membrane
S,N,… P
P
Medium
Extraction Agent
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Microbial Fuel Cells Process
Intensification
PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY
Biocatalytic reactors combined with microfiltration,
ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis or membrane extraction.
Reduction of juice viscosity by hydrolysis of pectins.
Reduction of lactose content in milk by conversion into
digestible sugars.
Removal of peroxides from products.
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Microbial Fuel Cells Process
Intensification
PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Microbial Fuel Cells Process
Intensification
PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
4.- PHOTOBIOREACTORS
5.- PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
6.- MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
1.- SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
2.- SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS
3.- PULSATING BIOREACTORS
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
6.- MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
Microbial Fuel Cells
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification
MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
Bioelectrochemical systems capable of producing certain
amounts of energy by effectively purifying waste water
V
Residual water
C a t h o d e
H+
Microorganisms
e- e-
Ion Exchange Membrane
4H++4e- + O2 2H2O
Organic matter
A n o d e
Phosphate buffer
qeqHxCOOpHOHC2
Enzimas
2zyx
O2
H2O
Microbial Fuel Cells
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification
MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
AIM: capturing electrons to produce electricity.
HOW:
Through microbial oxidation of organic matter under
anaerobic conditions.
Diffusion of protons through a semipermeable
membrane.
Transfer of electrons transfer from the anode to the
cathode.
Reduction in cathode.
Microbial Fuel Cells
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification
MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
Microbial Fuel Cells
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
Alcaligenes eutrophus E. Coli Anacystis nidulans
Proteus
vulgaris Bacillus subtilis Pseudomonas putida
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Streptococcus
lactis
Microbial Fuel Cells
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification
MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
Approach I: Fuel products (say hydrogen gas) are produced by
fermentation of raw materials in the biocatalytic microbial reactor (BIOREACTOR) and transported to a biofuel cell.
The bioreactor is not directly integrated with the electrochemical part,
allowing H2/O2 fuel cells to be conjugated with it.
Microbial Fuel Cells
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification
MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS Approach II: Microbiological fermentation can proceed in the anodic compartment itself.
It is a true biofuel cell! (not a combination of a bioreactor and a conventional fuel cell).
Hydrogen gas is produced
biologically, but it is oxidized
electrochemically in presence of
biological components under
milder conditions (than
conventional Fuel cells) as
dictated by the biological system
Microbial Fuel Cells
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification
MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
50
A
C
Double Chamber Batch Cellss
B D
Continuous Cells
Tubular
Microbial Fuel Cells
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification
MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
Pilot Plant
V = 12 V P= 0.5 kW DQO = 5000 mg/L
Microbial Fuel Cells
BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Solid State Ferm. Pulsalting Photobioreactor Process
Intensification
FIELDS OF APPLICATION:
Food processing industry (canning)
Urban wastewater treatment
Fish farms and animal farms
Oil platforms
Oceanographic ships and submarine vessels
Aerospace industry
MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
SPECIAL BIOREACTORS
ANY QUESTION?
SECTION II: KINETICS AND BIOREACTOR DESIGN:
LESSON 11. - Special Bioreactors
JAVIER CALZADA FUNES
Biotechnology Department, Biosciences School
UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE VITORIA
