Section I: The Scientific Revolution Section I: The Scientific Revolution (Pages 412-418)(Pages 412-418)

Section I: The Scientific Revolution Section I: The Scientific Revolution (Pages 412-418)(Pages 412-418)

This section is about:This section is about: How scientific discoveries of the 1500How scientific discoveries of the 1500 ’’s and 1600s and 1600’’s challenged the s challenged the

teachings of established political and religious groups.teachings of established political and religious groups. How the scientific method played a key role in encouraging people to How the scientific method played a key role in encouraging people to

rely on evidence and proof.rely on evidence and proof.

Everything we talk about for a few days is summed up on page 412.

What are the people doing in the picture on 412/413?

I also like the chart on page 413 – should we do those?

This is a brief picture of what this whole chapter is about

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific RevolutionRevolutionary ThinkingRevolutionary Thinking

I think you know at least I think you know at least two of the vocabulary two of the vocabulary words (from Science class).words (from Science class).

The Main Ideas: letter The Main Ideas: letter ““AA ”” is the big one.is the big one.

All this is going on about All this is going on about the same time as the the same time as the Protestant Reformation.Protestant Reformation.

Usually when you hear Usually when you hear ““revolutionrevolution”” you think you think warwar, , but this is about a but this is about a dramatic change in how dramatic change in how people think about the people think about the world.world.

The Old ViewThe Old View In the Middle Ages, people In the Middle Ages, people

were still thinking about the were still thinking about the world based on the ideas of world based on the ideas of the Greeks and Romans the Greeks and Romans (1500 years earlier?).(1500 years earlier?).

They explained events by They explained events by observation and observation and explanation.explanation.

They observed the world, They observed the world, used logic, and formed used logic, and formed ideas about what they saw.ideas about what they saw.

But they didnBut they didn’’t really test t really test their ideas to see if their their ideas to see if their reasoning and conclusions reasoning and conclusions were accurate.were accurate.

…………………………....

During the Renaissance and During the Renaissance and Reformation: people looked Reformation: people looked to the past for ideas.to the past for ideas.

Humanists turned to the Humanists turned to the writings of ancient writings of ancient philosophers / Religious philosophers / Religious leaders looked to the Bible leaders looked to the Bible and early Christian writing and early Christian writing for answers.for answers.

One of the people they One of the people they looked to was Ptolemy –who looked to was Ptolemy –who studied the stars and studied the stars and planets. He planets. He ““discovereddiscovered”” the the earth was the center of the earth was the center of the universe and everything universe and everything revolved around it.revolved around it.

Church leaders said: God Church leaders said: God created all things and Godcreated all things and God’’s s greatest creations (Earth and greatest creations (Earth and man) had to be the center of man) had to be the center of it all.it all.

As more and more people As more and more people read and learned on their read and learned on their own (printing press), they own (printing press), they began to question some began to question some things.things.

This led to a new way of This led to a new way of thinking: the Scientific thinking: the Scientific Revolution.Revolution.

Nicholas Copernicus Nicholas Copernicus and Watchers of the Starsand Watchers of the Stars

CopernicusCopernicus (Polish) was a (Polish) was a scholar who studied the scholar who studied the stars. stars.

His goal was to bring the His goal was to bring the ideas of Ptolemy up to date, ideas of Ptolemy up to date, but the more he studies, the but the more he studies, the more he realized Ptolemy more he realized Ptolemy was WRONG.was WRONG.

Just before he died, Just before he died, Copernicus came up with a Copernicus came up with a heliocentricheliocentric version of the version of the universe (and earth was just universe (and earth was just one of several planets that one of several planets that revolved around the sun.revolved around the sun.

……………………………………(The Sun is in the center)

Well, no one wants to Well, no one wants to give up on ideas (and give up on ideas (and ““factsfacts””) that had been ) that had been around for thousands of around for thousands of years – and especially years – and especially the Roman Catholic the Roman Catholic Church.Church.

People kept studying People kept studying and began to realize and began to realize Copernicus was rightCopernicus was right..

Two astronomers who Two astronomers who backed up Copernicus backed up Copernicus were Tycho Brahe and were Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler (Brahe(Brahe’’s student - who s student - who also figured out planets also figured out planets move in oval paths).move in oval paths).

Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei GalileoGalileo also supported the also supported the

ideas of a sun-centered ideas of a sun-centered solar system.solar system.

He went to Pisa to study He went to Pisa to study medicine, but became medicine, but became interested in math and interested in math and science.science.

When he learned someone When he learned someone had invented a had invented a telescopetelescope, , he made a better more he made a better more powerful one and gathered powerful one and gathered new information about the new information about the universe.universe.

He could see the moonHe could see the moon’’s s surface (rough), and the surface (rough), and the sun (spots) and the moons sun (spots) and the moons of Jupiter (4 of them).of Jupiter (4 of them).

This showed This showed not all things not all things rotated around Earthrotated around Earth..

……………………………………..

Again… people werenAgain… people weren’’t t too happy about this too happy about this (the Catholic Church).(the Catholic Church).

They thought this was They thought this was a direct threat to a direct threat to religion. Galileo was religion. Galileo was told by church leaders told by church leaders to to ““back off.back off.””

Finally, he was ordered Finally, he was ordered to an to an ““InquisitionInquisition..””

They tried to force him They tried to force him to deny his ideas (and to deny his ideas (and those of Copernicus).those of Copernicus).

He wouldnHe wouldn’’t and was t and was placed on house arrest placed on house arrest for the rest of his life.for the rest of his life.

He never changed his He never changed his views (and kept views (and kept studying and writing).studying and writing).

A New A New Scientific MethodScientific Method

Champions of the New Champions of the New ScienceScience

In the 1600In the 1600’’s: this kind s: this kind of scientific thinking (the of scientific thinking (the Scientific Revolution) Scientific Revolution) slowly gained slowly gained acceptance.acceptance.

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon was a was a man interested in man interested in scientific facts. He said scientific facts. He said direct observation of direct observation of facts leads to the truth, facts leads to the truth, so scientists should first so scientists should first gather facts, study and gather facts, study and test them, and then test them, and then form a conclusion.form a conclusion.

…………………………………………..

Rene DescartesRene Descartes believed nature and believed nature and philosophy should be philosophy should be studied by studied by mathematical analysis.mathematical analysis.

He believed everything He believed everything but God and the human but God and the human soul could be viewed as soul could be viewed as mechanical. mechanical.

Complex ideas could be Complex ideas could be broken down into broken down into smaller stepssmaller steps..

He also believed a He also believed a person should always person should always begin studying by begin studying by doubting EVERYTHING.doubting EVERYTHING.

The Methods of ScienceThe Methods of Science The approach of these The approach of these

men is still used today: men is still used today: the scientific method.the scientific method.

This includes careful This includes careful gathering and explaining gathering and explaining of information.of information.

1.1. Make careful observations Make careful observations of the world around you.of the world around you.

2.2. Study the observations of Study the observations of othersothers

3.3. Develop a possible Develop a possible hypothesis hypothesis (explanation).(explanation).

4.4. Test the hypothesis to see Test the hypothesis to see if it explains the if it explains the observation.observation.

5.5. See if someone else would See if someone else would get the same results.get the same results.

Yes? Good hypothesisYes? Good hypothesisNo? Modify or reject the No? Modify or reject the hypothesis.hypothesis.

Science Continues to Science Continues to AdvanceAdvance

European monarchs European monarchs actually helped these actually helped these scientists – at first you scientists – at first you might not think they might not think they would.would.

They tried to bring They tried to bring together teams of together teams of scientists – and paid scientists – and paid for the research they for the research they did.did.

Isaac Isaac NewtonNewton Newton was a brilliant Newton was a brilliant

mathematician (credited with mathematician (credited with ““inventinginventing”” calculus). calculus).

HeHe’’s the first person to explain s the first person to explain the laws of force and motion in the laws of force and motion in the universe.the universe.

His greatest discovery: the law His greatest discovery: the law of gravity (a force that pulls of gravity (a force that pulls objects towards each other).objects towards each other).

The Sun has the most mass in The Sun has the most mass in the solar system, and gravity the solar system, and gravity holds the other planets in their holds the other planets in their orbits.orbits.

He also explained why planets He also explained why planets travel in oval paths.travel in oval paths.

He studied light and was the He studied light and was the first to explain why objects first to explain why objects have color.have color.

Newton used science to show Newton used science to show the universe was orderly and the universe was orderly and worked by natural laws.worked by natural laws.

Other DiscoveriesOther Discoveries Chemists began to study the Chemists began to study the

gasses that make up the air gasses that make up the air (hydrogen, oxygen, and (hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide were carbon dioxide were ““discovereddiscovered””).).

The true nature of fire was The true nature of fire was ““discovered.discovered.””

The microscope helped see The microscope helped see really small things (red really small things (red blood cells, bacteria, and blood cells, bacteria, and small forms of life).small forms of life).

Chemistry improved with Chemistry improved with thermometers, barometers, thermometers, barometers, and air pumps.and air pumps.

A steam engine was A steam engine was invented.invented.

The invention and The invention and production of machines with production of machines with small parts helped scientists small parts helped scientists – they needed to invent – they needed to invent things to help them discover things to help them discover new things.new things.

Section II: The Enlightenment Section II: The Enlightenment (Pages 422-426)(Pages 422-426)

Section II: The Enlightenment Section II: The Enlightenment (Pages 422-426)(Pages 422-426)

This section is about:This section is about: How enlightenment How enlightenment

thinkers influence thinkers influence grew beyond science.grew beyond science.

How new ideas also How new ideas also influenced thinking influenced thinking about human about human behavior, government, behavior, government, economics, and the economics, and the arts.arts.

The man on the right The man on the right in the pictures on in the pictures on pages 423 is a pages 423 is a HUGEHUGE part of how you live part of how you live your life today – any your life today – any ideas ideas whywhy??

Look at the vocabulary Look at the vocabulary words on page 422.words on page 422.

And the And the ““Main IdeasMain Ideas”” – – especially especially ““A.A.””

Political, Economic, and Social Political, Economic, and Social ThoughtThought

The late 1600The late 1600’’s and the s and the 17001700’’s in Europe is a s in Europe is a period called period called ““the the Enlightenment.Enlightenment.””

Ideas from the Scientific Ideas from the Scientific Revolution spread to other Revolution spread to other areas of thought.areas of thought.

If mathematical reasoning If mathematical reasoning could figure out the laws of could figure out the laws of the universe, could they the universe, could they also figure out laws of also figure out laws of society and human society and human behavior?behavior?

Thinkers thought they Thinkers thought they could use reason to solve could use reason to solve all human problems and all human problems and improve peopleimprove people’’s lives.s lives.

Sometimes this time is also Sometimes this time is also called called ““the Age of Reason.the Age of Reason.””

The Search for Natural LawThe Search for Natural Law The Reformation and The Reformation and

religious wars had shook up religious wars had shook up peoplepeople’’s older ideas about s older ideas about things.things.

People began to question People began to question every aspect of life, including every aspect of life, including human nature, rules of human nature, rules of society, and forms of society, and forms of government.government.

People began looking for a People began looking for a natural lawnatural law (the conditions (the conditions that govern human that govern human behavior).behavior).

They believed all problems of They believed all problems of society could be solved society could be solved through reasoning.through reasoning.

All they wanted was a fair All they wanted was a fair society and a good society and a good government.government.

Kings and the Catholic Kings and the Catholic Church wanted to keep the Church wanted to keep the old ways.old ways.

Enlightenment Enlightenment ThinkersThinkers

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes believed believed people were by nature evil and people were by nature evil and needed a strong government.needed a strong government.

He lived during EnglandHe lived during England’’s civil s civil wars and wars and saw people as cruel, saw people as cruel, greedy, and selfishgreedy, and selfish..

Without government control, Without government control, people rob, kill, and enslave people rob, kill, and enslave each other. each other.

He believed the way to avoid He believed the way to avoid that was to enter into a that was to enter into a social social contractcontract..

(agree to give up personal (agree to give up personal freedom to live in an organized, freedom to live in an organized, safe, and secure society).safe, and secure society).

He believed a strong He believed a strong government could do this, but government could do this, but they had to have absolute they had to have absolute power.power.

………………

Another English Another English Philosopher – Philosopher – John LockeJohn Locke – – had other theories of had other theories of people and government.people and government.

He said government was He said government was based on co-operation based on co-operation between people and the between people and the government of their government of their choice.choice.

Locke thought people were Locke thought people were guided by reason and guided by reason and good will and possessed good will and possessed the natural rights of life, the natural rights of life, liberty, and property.liberty, and property.

He believed in the power He believed in the power to govern was a trust to govern was a trust given by the people.given by the people.

If that ruler does not work If that ruler does not work for the public good, people for the public good, people have the right to change have the right to change that government.that government.

New Views of the EconomyNew Views of the Economy Another group of the time Another group of the time

tried to explain the economy.tried to explain the economy. They didnThey didn’’t like heavy taxes t like heavy taxes

and government interference and government interference in trade/business .in trade/business .

They believed in They believed in laissez fairelaissez faire: : letting businesses run letting businesses run without government without government interference.interference.

Adam Smith believed in a Adam Smith believed in a free market economyfree market economy: : buying and selling should not buying and selling should not be controlled by the be controlled by the government.government.

Supply and demand should Supply and demand should control wages and prices – no control wages and prices – no government controls.government controls.

His book (The Wealth of His book (The Wealth of Nations) still influences Nations) still influences economics today.economics today.

The Ideas of the The Ideas of the PhilosophesPhilosophes

Enlightenment thinkers in Enlightenment thinkers in France were called:France were called:

They believed science and They believed science and reason could improve reason could improve peoplepeople’’s lives.s lives.

Education was a key to Education was a key to doing this.doing this.

They were interested in They were interested in developing new ideas, but developing new ideas, but also studied knowledge also studied knowledge from the past.from the past.

They spoke out for They spoke out for individual rights such as individual rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of speech and freedom of worship.freedom of worship.

Famous Famous PhilosophesPhilosophes

One of the leading One of the leading philosophes: Voltaire philosophes: Voltaire (French writer).(French writer).

He studied the ideas of He studied the ideas of Newton and Locke.Newton and Locke.

He liked the idea of He liked the idea of freedom speech that freedom speech that England had.England had.

When he went back to When he went back to France he wrote many France he wrote many essays, plays and letters essays, plays and letters which urged the French to which urged the French to make reforms.make reforms.

………………………………

Man is free at the instant he wants to be. Man is free at the instant he wants to be. We should be considerate to the living; to We should be considerate to the living; to

the dead we owe only the truth. the dead we owe only the truth. All men are equal; it is not their birth,All men are equal; it is not their birth,

But virtue itself that makes the difference.But virtue itself that makes the difference. One always speaks badly when we have One always speaks badly when we have

nothing to say. nothing to say. Love truth, but pardon error. Love truth, but pardon error. The secret of being a bore is to tell The secret of being a bore is to tell

everything. everything. It is better to risk sparing a guilty person It is better to risk sparing a guilty person

than to condemn an innocent one. than to condemn an innocent one. It is dangerous to be right in matters It is dangerous to be right in matters

where established men are wrong.where established men are wrong. Every man is guilty of all the good he did Every man is guilty of all the good he did

not do.not do. Opinions have caused more ills than the Opinions have caused more ills than the

plague or earthquakes on this little globe plague or earthquakes on this little globe of ours. of ours.

There are truths which are not for all men, There are truths which are not for all men, nor for all times. nor for all times.

If God did not exist, it would be necessary If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. to invent him.

Let us read, and let us dance; these two Let us read, and let us dance; these two amusements will never do any harm to the amusements will never do any harm to the world. world.

I cannot imagine how the clockwork of the I cannot imagine how the clockwork of the universe can exist without a clockmaker. universe can exist without a clockmaker.

Judge a man by his questions rather than Judge a man by his questions rather than by his answers. by his answers.

To learn who rules over you, simply find To learn who rules over you, simply find out who you are not allowed to criticize. out who you are not allowed to criticize.

The Baron de Montesquieu also The Baron de Montesquieu also had ideas (and criticized Franchad ideas (and criticized Francee ’’s monarch.s monarch.

He believed the power of He believed the power of government should be divided government should be divided up into three parts up into three parts (L/E/J)(L/E/J)..

He believed each of these He believed each of these would limit the power of the would limit the power of the others.others.

His ideas also had a huge His ideas also had a huge impact on:impact on:

……………………....

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau was was another Philosophe.another Philosophe.

He believed humans were He believed humans were born good, but were spoiled born good, but were spoiled by society.by society.

Society made people Society made people unequal and unhappy and unequal and unhappy and set people against each set people against each other.other.

He wanted people to return He wanted people to return to a simpler way of living.to a simpler way of living.

His book (The Social His book (The Social Contract) spoke out against Contract) spoke out against government of his time.government of his time.

He also believed He also believed government was based on government was based on an agreement made by the an agreement made by the people.people.

The Encyclopedie The Encyclopedie A man named Denis Diderot A man named Denis Diderot

decided to try and get the decided to try and get the ideas of all these great ideas of all these great philosophes of the philosophes of the Enlightenment written Enlightenment written down.down.

These included ideas of These included ideas of science, religion, science, religion, government, philosophy, government, philosophy, and the arts. and the arts.

He ended up with 35 He ended up with 35 volumes of books called volumes of books called The The EnyclopeidieEnyclopeidie..

It encouraged freedom of It encouraged freedom of expression, urged education expression, urged education for all, and criticized slavery for all, and criticized slavery and religion.and religion.

This was one of the greatest This was one of the greatest achievements of the achievements of the enlightenment. enlightenment.

The Enlightenment and The Enlightenment and SocietySociety

Enlightenment ideas Enlightenment ideas spread quickly spread quickly (printing press).(printing press).

They even put They even put individual ideas in individual ideas in pamphlets that were pamphlets that were cheap enough for cheap enough for everyone to afford.everyone to afford.

This gave all people a This gave all people a new view of the world – new view of the world – that societies should that societies should involve happiness and involve happiness and justice for all people justice for all people (regardless of rank).(regardless of rank).

(Only 2 original Encyclopedie left in the world)

The Enlightenment SalonsThe Enlightenment Salons

Many of the philosophes Many of the philosophes knew each other knew each other personally and would personally and would get together once in a get together once in a while to talk.while to talk.

They began having They began having salon gatherings salon gatherings (started by French (started by French noble women) to noble women) to discuss Enlightenment discuss Enlightenment ideas.ideas.

The philosophes The philosophes believed in equality for believed in equality for all people…all people… Except womenExcept women

But some women began But some women began protesting for equal rights.protesting for equal rights.

They believed:They believed: Women should not be Women should not be

completely dependent on completely dependent on men.men.

There should be equal There should be equal education for boys and girls.education for boys and girls.

Through education, women Through education, women could be equal to men.could be equal to men.

………………....

But not everyone But not everyone supported the supported the enlightenment or itsenlightenment or its’’ ideas.ideas.

Who?Who? Officials sometimes Officials sometimes

tried to stop the spread tried to stop the spread of these new ideas of these new ideas through through censorshipcensorship (restricting access to (restricting access to ideas or information).ideas or information).

They tried to ban – and They tried to ban – and sometimes even burn sometimes even burn certain books they saw certain books they saw as a threat.as a threat.

Some governments and the Roman Catholic Church

Enlightened Despots (rulers)Enlightened Despots (rulers)

Enlightenment thinkers Enlightenment thinkers thought they might be able thought they might be able to change the way some to change the way some rulers ran their countries.rulers ran their countries.

Some did:Some did: Frederick II (Prussia): Frederick II (Prussia):

religious toleration and religious toleration and tried to improve peasant tried to improve peasant life.life.

Catherine the Great Catherine the Great (Russia): opened some (Russia): opened some schools and some political schools and some political reforms.reforms.

Joseph II (Austria): tolerant Joseph II (Austria): tolerant of Protestants and Jews in of Protestants and Jews in his Roman Catholic country his Roman Catholic country and ended censorship.and ended censorship.

Arts and CultureArts and Culture

When society changes, so When society changes, so does the art.does the art.

Many rich patrons supported Many rich patrons supported the new ideas in art.the new ideas in art.

Renaissance art Renaissance art ““evolvedevolved”” into Baroque art (grand, into Baroque art (grand, energetic, and theatrical energetic, and theatrical painting, sculpture, music, painting, sculpture, music, and theater).and theater).

Paintings were large, Paintings were large, colorful, and full of colorful, and full of excitement.excitement.

Buildings were huge with lots Buildings were huge with lots of decoration.of decoration.

Music was deeply expressive Music was deeply expressive (Johan Sebastian Bach and (Johan Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel). George Frideric Handel).

Section III: The American Revolution Section III: The American Revolution (Pages 427-431)(Pages 427-431)

Section III: The American Revolution Section III: The American Revolution (Pages 427-431)(Pages 427-431)

This section is about:This section is about: How growing How growing

discontent with British discontent with British policies led the policies led the American colonies to a American colonies to a war for independence.war for independence.

How the ideas of the How the ideas of the enlightenment enlightenment thinkers influenced thinkers influenced the colonial leaders as the colonial leaders as they founded a new they founded a new government and wrote government and wrote the U.S. Constitution.the U.S. Constitution.

You already know a lot You already know a lot about this from middle about this from middle school.school.

YouYou’’ll cover it in a lot more ll cover it in a lot more detail junior year.detail junior year.

But it is part of whatBut it is part of what’’s s going on in the world in the going on in the world in the 17001700’’s, so its, so it’’s important we s important we talk about parts of it in talk about parts of it in Global Studies.Global Studies.

Look quickly at the Look quickly at the ““Main Main IdeasIdeas”” on page 427 – on page 427 – especially especially ““AA ”” and and ““C.C.””

Causes of the American Causes of the American RevolutionRevolution

Enlightenment ideas Enlightenment ideas didndidn’’t just stay in t just stay in Europe.Europe.

They spread to England They spread to England – and even to North – and even to North America (where people America (where people were unhappy with the were unhappy with the way their lives were way their lives were run by the British).run by the British).

It was a perfect mix for It was a perfect mix for something to happen.something to happen.

The American ColoniesThe American Colonies

By the 1770By the 1770’’s, England had s, England had taken over the east coast taken over the east coast of North America.of North America.

13 colonies had been set 13 colonies had been set up as trading centers (the up as trading centers (the triangular trade and more).triangular trade and more).

England tried to be in England tried to be in control of all the trade in control of all the trade in the colonies, but was too the colonies, but was too far away to be effective.far away to be effective.

They were also too far They were also too far away to have control over away to have control over the people and their rule / the people and their rule / local governments.local governments.

War With FranceWar With France

By 1763, England had By 1763, England had been in 4 recent wars with been in 4 recent wars with France.France.

The wars left England The wars left England DEEPLY in debt.DEEPLY in debt.

The British decided to send The British decided to send more soldiers to North more soldiers to North America to keep an eye on America to keep an eye on the colonists (which cost the colonists (which cost more money).more money).

To pay for all this, England To pay for all this, England began to enforce trading began to enforce trading laws more strictly – and laws more strictly – and add some add some taxestaxes to the to the colonists to help them colonists to help them raise some money.raise some money.

Growing DiscontentGrowing Discontent There was a: Sugar Act, There was a: Sugar Act,

Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Proclamation of 1763, Proclamation of 1763, Townshend Acts, and Townshend Acts, and others…others…

The colonists got pretty mad.The colonists got pretty mad. They had a protest in Boston They had a protest in Boston

where where British soldiers shot at British soldiers shot at and killed some colonists.and killed some colonists.

At At another protest another protest in Boston in Boston Harbor (over a new Harbor (over a new ““Tea Tea TaxTax””), the colonists ……….), the colonists ……….

Colonists started passing Colonists started passing around around propagandapropaganda to spread to spread the word of their cause.the word of their cause.

Thomas Paine wrote a Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet called pamphlet called ““Common Common SenseSense”” in which he urged in which he urged colonists to start their own colonists to start their own governmentgovernment (Trying to influence people’s ideas with

media)

War for IndependenceWar for Independence

Eventually, things got Eventually, things got pretty bad.pretty bad.

In 1774, some colonial In 1774, some colonial leaders called for a leaders called for a meeting to decide meeting to decide what to do next.what to do next.

This meeting was This meeting was called the Continental called the Continental Congress.Congress.

Their original plan was Their original plan was to look for a way to to look for a way to negotiate with Britain.negotiate with Britain.

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Before they could settle things, Before they could settle things, fighting broke out (1775).fighting broke out (1775).

The colonists formed an Army, The colonists formed an Army, with George Washington as with George Washington as commander (the odds were commander (the odds were heavily in favor of the British).heavily in favor of the British).

By 1776, the Continental By 1776, the Continental Congress had decided to Congress had decided to declare independence.declare independence.

Thomas Jefferson was chosen Thomas Jefferson was chosen to write a document to give to to write a document to give to the British.the British.

He was a great writer, but He was a great writer, but many of his ideas came from many of his ideas came from John Locke.John Locke.

These included: people have These included: people have ““the right to life, liberty, and the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happinessthe pursuit of happiness”” and if and if a government fails ita government fails it’’s citizens, s citizens, the citizens should have the the citizens should have the right to do away with the right to do away with the government.government.

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution Not all people were in Not all people were in

favor of independence – favor of independence – there were more than a there were more than a few arguments about it.few arguments about it.

People in Great Britain also People in Great Britain also had opposing views about had opposing views about fighting another war (5th fighting another war (5th war for them).war for them).

For the colonists, they For the colonists, they were a weak, disorganized, were a weak, disorganized, poorly supplied army – poorly supplied army – fighting against the fighting against the greatest power in the greatest power in the world at the time.world at the time.

The British controlled most The British controlled most big cities and ports.big cities and ports.

The colonists controlled The colonists controlled the countryside.the countryside.

Turning Point of WarTurning Point of War

In 1777, the French decided In 1777, the French decided to help the colonists to help the colonists (England had been their (England had been their enemy for awhile).enemy for awhile).

They brought supplies, well They brought supplies, well trained soldiers, and ships to trained soldiers, and ships to help in the fight.help in the fight.

The colonists started using The colonists started using some new tactics – some new tactics – guerrilla guerrilla warfarewarfare – and that helped – and that helped them gain some advantage.them gain some advantage.

The last major battle was in The last major battle was in Virginia (1781), and Lord Virginia (1781), and Lord Cornwallis (main British Cornwallis (main British general) surrendered to the general) surrendered to the Americans.Americans.

By 1783, the Treaty of Paris By 1783, the Treaty of Paris officially ended the war.officially ended the war. Fighting through “hit and

run” and sneak attacks

A New NationA New Nation

Starting out as a new country Starting out as a new country was tough (war debts).was tough (war debts).

The country started out in a The country started out in a recession recession (people not (people not spending money), with no spending money), with no way to earn or collect money.way to earn or collect money.

In 177, the states came up In 177, the states came up with a plan: the Articles of with a plan: the Articles of Confederation.Confederation.

This plan didnThis plan didn’’t work – it was t work – it was too weak and couldntoo weak and couldn’’t t enforce itenforce it’’s own rules.s own rules.

They thought they wanted to They thought they wanted to be weak (and not be weak (and not overpowering like the overpowering like the European monarchies of the European monarchies of the time).time).

A New ConstitutionA New Constitution(What are you supposed to do if your government isn(What are you supposed to do if your government isn ’’t t

working?)working?)

It was time to get a new It was time to get a new government – and come up government – and come up with a plan based on the with a plan based on the ideas of the enlightenment ideas of the enlightenment (Locke and Rousseau). (Locke and Rousseau).

The new government was The new government was a a federal republicfederal republic (Rome) – (Rome) – with power shared with power shared between the states and between the states and the federal government.the federal government.

The new government The new government would have three branches would have three branches (Montesquieu).(Montesquieu).

Legislative / Executive / Legislative / Executive / Judicial.Judicial.

………………………………....

The delegates were smart The delegates were smart enough to know this new enough to know this new government had to be government had to be flexible enough to deal with flexible enough to deal with changes over time.changes over time.

So they made a plan that So they made a plan that amendmentsamendments could be added could be added to the Constitution (although to the Constitution (although these changes could be these changes could be made, it was not simple to do made, it was not simple to do so).so).

Some people wanted to Some people wanted to make sure people still had make sure people still had their rights in this new their rights in this new government, so a government, so a Bill of Bill of Rights Rights was added (the 1was added (the 1stst 10 10 amendments).amendments).

By 1789, By 1789, George Washington George Washington had been elected the first had been elected the first president, and youpresident, and you’’ll hear the ll hear the rest in U.S. History during rest in U.S. History during junior year.junior year.

Effects of the American Effects of the American RevolutionRevolution

All of these events in All of these events in America changed the way America changed the way people around the world people around the world viewed government.viewed government.

A group of colonies had A group of colonies had never been successful in never been successful in standing up to itstanding up to it’’s s monarch.monarch.

In France, Spain, Germany, In France, Spain, Germany, and Latin America, people and Latin America, people started to realize they no started to realize they no longer had to accept that longer had to accept that the nobility was totally in the nobility was totally in charge of the people.charge of the people.

They were going to fight to They were going to fight to get the same rights.get the same rights.