Section A: Applied Anatomy and Physiology

8. Movement analysis of sporting actions associated with each joint

Syllabus

• Practical analysis of typical sporting actions associated with each joint, to include identification of joint, joint type, movement occurring, working muscles, functions of the muscles, type of contraction

For more information see the word documents titled ‘Movement analysis table’

Basic analysis of movement can be done visually and should involve the following:

• A description of the actual movements which occur at the joints involved

• The plane(s) in which the movement occurs• The muscles producing the movement• The function of the muscles involved (agonists,

antagonists, synergists & fixators)• The type of contraction (isotonic -concentric or

eccentric, isometric)• The range of the muscle action (inner, middle, outer)

Analysis of sprinting• The leg action in running is one that takes place in a sagittal

plane about a frontal axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints.

• The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint.The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint.The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint.

• Each of these joints produces two actions, one when the leg is in contact with the ground (driving phase) and one when the leg is not in contact with the ground (recovery phase).

Driving phase Joints

involved Action Agonist Muscle

Hip Extension and hyperextension

Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus) and Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)

Knee Extension Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis)

Ankle Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius

Recovery phaseJoints

involved Action Agonist Muscle

Hip Flexion Iliopsoas

Knee Flexion Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)

Ankle Dorsi flexion Tibialis anterior

Analysis of throwing

•Throwing comprises of two phases, the preparatory phase and the throwing phase.•Most actions are rotational in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis and the two joints primarily involved are the elbow and shoulder.•The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the humerus and ulna.•The shoulder is a ball and socket joint formed between the humerus and the scapula.

Preparatory phase

Joints involved Articulating bones Action Agonist Muscle

Shoulder Humerus and scapula

Horizontal hyperextension

Posterior deltoids and latissimus dorsi

Elbow Humerus and ulna Extension Triceps brachii

Throwing phase

Joints involved

Articulating bones Action Agonist Muscle

Shoulder Humerus and scapula

Horizontal flexion

Anterior deltoids and Pectoralis major

Elbow Humerus and ulna Flexion Biceps brachii

Analysis of racket strokes

•There are two phases to striking a ball with a racket, the preparatory phase and the striking phase.•Most actions are rotational in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis and the three joints concerned are the wrist, elbow and the shoulder•The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the humerus and ulna.•The shoulder is a ball and socket joint formed between the humerus and the scapula•The wrist forms a condyloid joint between the ulna and carpal bones

Preparatory phase Joints

involvedArticulating

bones Action Agonist Muscle

Wrist

Ulna and carpalRadius and ulna

Supination Supinator

Elbow Humerus and ulna Extension Triceps brachii

Shoulder Humerus and scapula

Horizontal hyperextension

Posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi

Striking phaseJoints

involvedArticulating

bones Action Agonist Muscle

Wrist Ulna and carpal Radius and ulna Pronation Pronator teres

Elbow Humerus and ulna Flexion Biceps brachii

Shoulder Humerus and scapula Horizontal flexion Pectoralis major and

Anterior deltoid

Trunk Rotation External obliques

Analysis of jumping

•The action in jumping is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints.•The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint.•The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint.•The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint.

Joints involved Action Agonist Muscle

Hip> Extension and hyperextension

Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus) and Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)

Knee ExtensionQuadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis)

Ankle Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius

Analysis of kicking

•The action in kicking is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a frontal axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints.•The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint.•The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint.•The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint.•Kicking comprises of two phases, the preparatory phase and the kicking phase.

Preparatory phase Joints

involved Action Agonist Muscle

Hip Extension and hyperextension

Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus)

Knee Flexion Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)

Ankle Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius

Kicking phaseJoints

involved Action Agonist Muscle

Hip Flexion Iliopsoas

Knee ExtensionQuadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis)

Ankle Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius