Section 5: The War of 1812

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION– What were the causes of the War of

1812?

Section 5: The War of 1812

• What words and people do I need to know?– Embargo– President Jefferson– President James Madison– war hawks– Treaty of Ghent– Andrew Jackson

Unhappy with French and British Trade Policies

• Years of war between Great Britain and France prompted both countries to try to block U.S. trade with its enemy

• British ships “impressed” American sailors -made sailors serve with the British Navy

• President Thomas Jefferson ordered an embargo in 1807 to stop trade with foreign countries; this proved disastrous to American shipping

Unhappy with French and British Trade Policies

• Ograbme (embargo spelled backwards) is trying to stop a man attempting to smuggle tobacco onto a British ship.

• The Ograbme was also called the “snapping turtle”

The War Hawks

• Land-hungry Southerners and Westerners• Believed British were stirring up the Indians in

the western territories • Argued for war against Great Britain in order

to capture Canada and to eliminate the problems in the western territories

• President James Madison pushed Congress to declare war on Great Britain in 1812; the war declaration narrowly passed

War Breaks Out • War lasted for two years; neither side gained

advantage during first two years• In 1814, British attack and burn Washington, the

young national capital• British later attacked Baltimore harbor; “The Star

Spangled Banner” written by Francis Scott Key during The Battle of Fort McHenry

• The Battle of New Orleans, fought after the Treaty of Ghent ended the war, was a decisive American victory

• The war united the American states as one nation; Andrew Jackson became a national hero

Treaty of Ghent

• Signed by Great Britain and the United States• Restored everything to what it had been before the war.• The U.S. gained no new land, but the war demonstrated

that the United States was willing to fight for its continued independence.

• American economy changed as the U.S. was forced to become more industrious in supplying its own needs.

• The War marks the last time American and British forces fought on opposite sides of a conflict.

Florida• Georgia experiences difficulties with Seminole

Indians in Florida• President Monroe sent Andrew Jackson to

investigate the problem• Jackson invaded Florida and overthrew the

Spanish governor• Spain sells Florida to the U.S. for $5 million rather

than fight• Andrew Jackson named governor of the Florida

Territory

Section 6: Native Americans in Georgia

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION– Why were the Indians removed from

Georgia?

Section 6: Native Americans in Georgia

• What words do I need to know?– syllabary– Oconee War– Treaty of New York– Red Sticks– White Sticks– Treaty of Indian Springs– Trail of Tears

Section 6: Native Americans in Georgia

• What people do I need to know?

Elias Boudinot

Davy Crockett

George Gilmer

George Gist

Andrew Jackson

Thomas Jefferson

Francis Scott Key

Wilson Lumpkin

James Madison

John Marshall

Chief McIntosh

Chief McGillivray

Chief Menawa

James Monroe

Benjamin Parks

John Ridge

Major Ridge

John Ross

Winfield Scott

George Troupe

George Washington

Cherokee Culture• Most advanced of Georgia’s tribes; learned

quickly from white settlers• Some, like Chief James Vann, lived in large

houses, and adopted the white settlers customs• Chief Vann encouraged Christianity• Sequoyah (George Gist) developed a syllabary, a

group of symbols that stand for whole syllables; it gave Cherokees their first written form of their language

• Cherokee awarded Gist with a medal and a gift of $500 a year for life. (This is the first record of a literary prize in America)

Cherokee Culture

• Elias Boudinot – editor of the first Indian newspaper, The Cherokee Phoenix. The circulation of a newspaper drew together various Cherokee tribes from Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama and Georgia within the Cherokee Nation.

• Cherokee Government was modeled on that of United States with three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial; capital at New Echota by 1825

Creek Indians • Series of clashes between Creek and settlers who

pushed into their land known as Oconee War – Chief Alexander McGillivray sent warriors

against pioneer settlers, burning houses, stealing horses and cattle and killed or captured over 200 settlers.

– Georgia settlers begin killing on sight any Creek who was not a member of a friendly tribe.

• Treaty of New York: signed by Chief McGillivray and President George Washington, Creek give up all land east of the Oconee River, but could keep land on the west side; this angered Georgia settlers, who felt betrayed by their government

• Land treaties were often broken

NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES

The Creek War• Tecumseh – a Shawnee leader who tried to unite all

Native Americans to fight for their land.• Red Stick Creeks endorsed war to fight for their land

claims; White Stick Creeks wanted peace• Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims, killing more than 400

people, including women and children• The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, in Alabama, ended

the Creek War in 1814; Andrew Jackson led the U.S. troops

• The Creeks were forced to give up nearly all their land to the U.S. government

• The Treaty of Indian Springs gave up last Creek lands in Georgia to the U.S.; Chief William McIntosh was later murdered by rival Creeks for signing the treaty

Treaty of Indian Springs

• Signed by Creek Chief William McIntosh and Georgia Governor George Troup

• U.S. paid McIntosh and a large group of Lower Creek Chiefs $2000.00

• The Last Creek land in Georgia was ceded to the Federal Government

• Rival Creek Menawa was solicited to carry out Creek law and execute McIntosh for giving Creek land to the white man.

Indian Removal• Andrew Jackson – President of the United States

passed a bill, The Indian Removal Act, that called for all Native Americans to be moved to the western territories.

• This included the friendly Native Americans such as the Cherokee who had helped Jackson when he needed them to fight the Red Stick Creek.

• Choctaw were the first of the tribes to be moved to the western territories.

• Many died on the march to the west

Creek Removal

• Treaty of Washington (1832) resulted in 5 million acres of Creek land ceded to the United States

• U.S. agreed to allow Creeks who wished to remain and live on 2 million of those acres; the U.S. promised to protect those who stayed

• Those who didn’t wish to stay would have to move to the western territories

• The treaty was broken, Lower Creek attacked whites and fearing another Indian War the U.S. Army captured the Creek; by 1840, nearly all Creeks were forced to move west

War with Seminoles

• Indian War - U.S. vs. Seminoles in Florida.• Creek and Cherokee were asked and agreed to

help fight the Seminoles.• After winning the war, the Creek returned to

their families, who had been gathered in camps.

• The whole group was then forced west to the Indian Territory.

The Trail of Tears• Discovery of gold in Dahlonega by Benjamin

Parks, in north Georgia heightened demand for Cherokee land (The first gold rush in America)

• The Supreme Court ruled that Cherokee territory was not subject to state law, but the ruling was not enforced

• Georgia legislature passed a law that placed Cherokee land under state control.

• Between 1832 and 1835, Cherokees were stripped of their land

The Trail of Tears

• White missionaries spoke out for Cherokee rights

• Georgia legislature passed a law requiring whites living on Cherokee land must take an oath of allegiance to the Georgia governor.

• Reverend Samuel Worchester, postmaster at New Echota, was amongst those who refused to sign the oath and was arrested and jailed.

The Trail of Tears

• Worchester was sentenced to 4 years in the state penitentiary in Milledgeville Georgia.

• Govern George Gilmer agreed to pardon anyone sentence who would take the oath of allegiance.

• All but two missionaries took the oath, Worchester and Elizur Butler took the case to the U.S. Supreme Court

Worchester vs. Georgia

• Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Cherokee territory was not subject to state law.

• Worchester and Butler were ordered to be set free• Georgia Judge Clayton refused to release the

missionaries; Governor Lumpkin would not challenge the Judge

• President Andrew Jackson refused to honor the U.S. Supreme Court ruling.

• Worchester and Butler abandoned litigation and left the state.

The Trail of Tears

• Chief John Ross, part white – part Cherokee attorney, made several trips to Washington to ask Congress to help protect Cherokee rights and the terms of past treaties.

• Davy Crockett lost his seat in Congress for opposing President Jackson on the Indian Removal Act.

• Daniel Webster and Henry Clay also took a position of opposition to the dispersion of the Indians.

The Trail of Tears

• 1835 - Cherokee were told to come to their capital in New Echota and sign a treaty giving up all remaining Cherokee land.

• Cherokee trader Major Ridge and his son, John Ridge are amongst the small group of Cherokee who agree to sign the treaty in exchange for food and some monies to travel to the western territory.

The Trail of Tears

• In 1838, General Winfield Scott carried out an order against thousands of Cherokees who were forcibly removed to Oklahoma; about 4,000 died from disease, exposure, or hunger while in the stockades, on the dirty boats, from unfit for consumption food, or during the foot journey.

• 700 to 800 escaped and hid in the North Carolina mountains