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Section5:IntroductiontoTrigonometryandGraphsThefollowingmapsthevideosinthissectiontotheTexasEssentialKnowledgeandSkillsforMathematicsTAC§111.42(c).5.01RadiansandDegreeMeasurements
• Precalculus(4)(B)• Precalculus(4)(C)• Precalculus(4)(D)
5.02LinearandAngularVelocity
• Precalculus(4)(D)5.03TrigonometricRatios
• Precalculus(4)(E)5.04TrigonometricAnglesandtheUnitCircle
• Precalculus(2)(P)• Precalculus(4)(A)
5.05GraphsofSineandCosine
• Precalculus(2)(F)• Precalculus(2)(G)• Precalculus(2)(I)• Precalculus(2)(O)
5.06GraphsofSecantandCosecant
• Precalculus(2)(F)• Precalculus(2)(G)• Precalculus(2)(I)• Precalculus(2)(O)
5.07GraphsofTangentandCotangent
• Precalculus(2)(F)• Precalculus(2)(G)• Precalculus(2)(I)• Precalculus(2)(O)
5.08InverseTrigonometricFunctionsandGraphs
• Precalculus(2)(F)• Precalculus(2)(H)• Precalculus(2)(I)
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5.01RadianandDegreeMeasurements
Trigonometryisthemeasureoftriangles.
Angle–Tworayswithacommonendpoint
• AnangleisusuallydenotedwiththeGreekletter𝜃,pronounced“theta.”
• Oneoftheraysistheinitialsideandtypicallystartsonthepositive𝑥-axisat0°(alsoknownasstandardposition).
• Theotherrayisknownastheterminalside.
• Youwillencountermanytypesofangles,includingthefollowing:
o Positiveangles–Rotatecounterclockwise
o Negativeangles–Rotateclockwiseo Quadrantalangles–The𝑥-and𝑦-axis
angleso Coterminalangles–Twoangleswiththe
sameinitialandterminalsideso Complementaryangles–Twoacute
angleswhosesumis90°o Supplementaryangles–Twopositive
angleswhosesumis180°
Themeasurementofanangleisbasedontheamountofrotationfromtheinitialsidetotheterminalside.Twocommonunitsofmeasureusedforanglesaredegreesandradians.
Howmanydegreesareinacircle?
Whatistheequationforthecircumferenceofacircle?
Usingthesetwoanswerswecanfindaconversionbetweendegreesandradians:
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1. Convert150°toradians.
2. Findthequadrantinwhichananglemeasuring420°islocated.
3. Findthequadrantinwhichananglemeasuring3radiansislocated.
4. Findthesmallestpositivecoterminalanglefortheangle 176p
- .
5. Whichpairofanglesiscomplementary?i. 10°and80°ii. −10°and100°
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Weuseradianswhenmeasuringarclengthandtheareaofasectorofacircle.
Arclength–Definedas𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
Areaofasector–Definedas𝐴 = )*𝑟*𝜃
• Bothequationsarederivedfromthecircumferenceandareaofacircle.• Inbothequations,thecentralangle,𝜃,ismeasuredinradians.
6. Acirclewitharadiusof3incheshasanarclengthof6inches.Findthecentralangleinradians.
7. Acirclehasadiameterof12feetandacentralangleof40°.Whatistheareaofthesector?
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5.02AngularandLinearVelocity
Consideranobjectmovinginacircularpathataconstantspeed.Thedistance,𝑠,ittravelsalongthecircleinagivenperiodoftime,𝑡,isthelinearspeed,𝑣.Theangle(inradians)inwhichthesameobjectrotatesinagivenperiodoftimeistheangularspeed,𝜔(pronounced“omega”).
Theequationsassociatedwithlinearspeedandangularspeedare𝑣 = ./and𝜔 = 0
/,
respectively.
Asidefromtheequationsforangularandlinearspeed,anotherwaytoconvertbetweenthesespeedsistouseunitconversions.
1. Findtheangularspeed,inrevolutionsperminute(rpm),ofatopwitharadiusof2centimetersthatisspinning20cm/min.
2. Amerry-go-roundwithadiameterof6feetspinsatanangleof7radiansin2seconds.Findtheangularspeedinrevolutionsperminute.
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5.03TrigonometricRatios
Oneapplicationoftrigonometryistorelatetheratiooftwosidesofarighttriangle.Thisproducessixcombinations:sine,cosine,tangent,secant,cosecant,andcotangent.
Givenanacuteangle𝐴fromstandardposition,wedefinethesixtrigonometricratiosasfollows:
sin 𝐴 = 45 cos 𝐴 = 8
5 tan𝐴 = 4
8
csc 𝐴 = 54 sec 𝐴 = 5
8 cot 𝐴 = 8
4
Amoregeneralruleforthetrigonometricratiosrelatesthemtotheoppositeside,adjacentside,andhypotenuseofarighttriangle:
sin 𝐴 = <==<>?@ABC=<@ADE>A
cos 𝐴 = FGHFIAD@BC=<@ADE>A
tan𝐴 = <==<>?@AFGHFIAD@
csc 𝐴 = BC=<@ADE>A<==<>?@A
sec 𝐴 = BC=<@ADE>AFGHFIAD@
cot 𝐴 = FGHFIAD@<==<>?@A
Andsincewearediscussingrighttriangles,recallthePythagoreantheorem𝑥* + 𝑦* = 𝑟*.
Thequadranttheangleisinwilldeterminewhetherthetrigonometricratioispositiveornegative.
OnewaytorememberthesignofvarioustrigonometricratiosisbyusingthephraseAllStudentsTakeCalculus.
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Whengivenonetrigonometricratioandaskedtofindanother,thestepstosolveareasfollows:
1) Calculate𝑥,𝑦,and𝑟.2) Calculatetheothertrigonometricratio.3) Doublecheckwhetheryourfinalanswerispositiveornegativebased
onthequadrantitisin.
1. Findcos𝐴ifsin𝐴 = KLand𝐴isinquadrantII.
2. Findsin𝐵iftan𝐵 = − OLandsec 𝐵 > 0.
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5.04TrigonometricAnglesandtheUnitCircle
Let’sstartbyexploringsomecommontrianglesfromgeometry.
Isoscelesrighttriangleshavetwocongruentsideswithcorrespondinganglesof45°.Wecanfindthesineandcosineof45°asfollows:
Equilateraltriangleshavethreecongruentsideswiththreecongruentanglesof60°.Bisectinganequilateraltrianglewillgiveustwotriangleswithanglesof30°,60°,and90°.Wecanthenfindsineandcosineof30°and60°asfollows:
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Oneapproachtorememberingtheseanglesistheunitcircle.
Anotherapproachisbyorganizingtheanglesinachart:
Degrees 𝟎𝒐 𝟑𝟎𝒐 𝟒𝟓𝒐 𝟔𝟎𝒐 𝟗𝟎𝒐
Radians 𝟎𝝅𝟔
𝝅𝟒
𝝅𝟑
𝝅𝟐
sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃
Now,tofindtheotherfourtrigonometricratios,wemustconsidertheidentitiesoftheremainingtrigonometricfunctionsinrelationtothesineandcosine:
csc 𝜃 = )>?D0
sec 𝜃 = )I<>0
tan 𝜃 = >?D0I<>0
cot 𝜃 = I<>0>?D 0
Remember:UseAllStudentsTakeCalculustodeterminewhetherthetrigonometricratioispositiveornegative,andusethereferenceangletodeterminewhichquadrantyouarein.
Referenceangle–Theacuteangleformedbetweentheterminalsideandthehorizontalaxis
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1. Evaluatecos225°.
2. Evaluatecsc(– 120°).
3. Evaluatesin ObK.
4. Evaluatesec− ObL.
5. Evaluatecot )cbd.
6. Supposean8-footladderleaningagainstawallmakesanangleof30°withthewall.Howfaristhebaseoftheladderfromthewall?
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5.05GraphsofSineandCosine
𝑦 = sin𝑥 𝑦 = cos𝑥
Keypoints–Fivepointsononeperiodofatrigonometricfunctiongraph
Overall,asineandcosinefunctionwillhavetheforms𝑦 = 𝑑 + 𝑎sin(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐)and
𝑦 = 𝑑 + 𝑎cos(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐).
• Amplitude–Theheightofthewave,representedby𝑎
o Theamplitude|a|ishalfthedistancefromthemaximumtominimumy-value.
o Fromthecenter,youwouldgoupordown|a|unitstofindthecrestortrough,respectively.
• Period–Onecycleofthewave,equalto*kl
o sin 𝑥 + 2𝜋 = sin 𝑥o cos 𝑥 + 2𝜋 = cos 𝑥
• Verticaltranslation–Shiftup(ifpositive)ordown(ifnegative),representedby𝑑
• Phaseshift–Shiftleft(+)orright(−),equaltono
o Thephaseshiftisthestartinglocationforoneperiodofatrigonometricfunction.
o Tofindthephaseshift,settheinsideequaltozeroandsolvefor𝑥.
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GraphingTrigonometricFunctionsUsingtheBoxMethod
Tographatrigonometricfunction,wearegoingtoemploythe“boxmethod”:
A. Figureouttheamplitude,period,andshifts.
Step1: Startat(0,0).Moveupordownthenecessaryverticaltranslationanddrawahorizontaldottedline.Thisisthemiddleofthebox.
Step2: Fromthehorizontallineyoujustdrew,moveupanddownthegivenamplitudeanddrawhorizontaldottedlinesatthesepoints.Thesearethetopandbottomofthebox.
Step3: Fromthepoint(0,0),goleftorrightthenecessaryphaseshiftanddrawaverticalline.Thisisthestartofthebox.
Step4: Fromtheverticallineyoujustdrew,gooveroneperiodanddrawanotherverticalline.Thisistheendofthebox.(Inotherwords,youareaddingthelocationofthephaseshiftplustheperiod.)
B. Drawthedesiredwaveinsidetheboxyouhavedrawn.
𝑦 = sin𝑥 𝑦 = −sin𝑥
𝑦 = cos𝑥 𝑦 = −cos𝑥
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1. Findthefivekeypointsof𝑦 = 3 − 2 sin 𝑥andgraphoneperiodoftheequation.
2. Thepistonsinacaroscillateupanddownlikeasinewave.Ifapistonmoves0.42inchesfromthebottomtothetopofitsoscillationin0.3seconds,determinetheequationforthemotionofthepiston’sheight(ininches)intermsoftime(inseconds).Assumethatat𝑡 = 0thepistonstartsinthemiddle(𝑦 = 0).
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5.06GraphsofSecantandCosecant
𝑦 = sec𝑥 = )n<>8
𝑦 = csc𝑥 = )>?D8
Thegeneralequations𝑦 = 𝑑 + 𝑎sec(𝑏𝑥– 𝑐)and𝑦 = 𝑑 + 𝑎csc(𝑏𝑥– 𝑐)havetwonewcharacteristicsinadditiontothecharacteristicsalreadydescribedforsineandcosinefunctions.Thesenewcharacteristicsareverticalasymptotesanddomainrestrictions.
Verticalasymptotes–Verticaldashedlinesthatmarkthelimitsofafunctiongraph,sothatacurvemayapproachtheasymptotesbutneverintersectthem
• Verticalasymptotesof𝑦 = 𝑐sc 𝑥arelocatedat𝑥 = 𝜋𝑛, 𝑛 = 0,±1,±2,…
• Verticalasymptotesof𝑦 = sec𝑥arelocatedat𝑥 = b*+ 𝜋𝑛, 𝑛 = 0,±1,±2,…
Domainrestrictions–Inputsorpointsthatareexcludedwhenevaluatingafunction
1. Findthefivekeypointsof𝑦 = 2 +)*cos(2𝑥– 𝜋)andgraphoneperiodoftheequation.
Usethisgraphtothengraphoneperiodof𝑦 = 2 +)*sec(2𝑥– 𝜋).
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5.07GraphsofTangentandCotangent
𝑦 = tan𝑥 𝑦 = cot𝑥
Thegeneralequations𝑦 = 𝑑 + 𝑎 tan(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐)and𝑦 = 𝑑 + 𝑎 cot(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐)havethefollowingcharacteristics:
• Theperiodfortangentandcotangentisbo.
o tan 𝑥 + 𝜋 = tan 𝑥o cot 𝑥 + 𝜋 = cot 𝑥
• Tangentandcotangentfunctionshaveverticalasymptotesanddomainrestrictionsasfollows:
o Verticalasymptotesof𝑦 = cot 𝑥arelocatedat𝑥 = 𝜋𝑛, 𝑛 = 0,±1,±2,…
o Verticalasymptotesof𝑦 = tan𝑥arelocatedat𝑥 = b*+ 𝜋𝑛, 𝑛 = 0,±1,±2,…
Tofindtwoasymptotesofatrigonometricfunctiongraph,settheinsideequaltotwoconsecutiveasymptotesoftheoriginalgraph.
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1. Graphoneperiodof𝑦 = 3 tan 3𝑥 − 𝜋 .
2. Graphtwoperiodsof𝑦 = 3 cot 𝜋𝑥 − bL.
3. Findalltheverticalasymptotesof𝑦 = −2 tan 𝑥 − bL.
4. Findallthe𝑥-interceptsof𝑦 = 2 cot 4𝑥 + 𝜋 .
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5.08InverseTrigonometry
Recallthataninversefunctionmustpassthehorizontallinetest:
Ifwegraph𝑦 = sin𝑥,wehavethefollowing:
Sometimesweneedtorestrictthedomainof𝑓(𝑥)toobtainaninverse.
For𝑦 = sin𝑥,wecanrestrictitasfollows:
Andwecangraphtheinverse𝑦 = arcsin𝑥,alsowrittenas𝑦 = sinx)𝑥:
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For𝑦 = cos𝑥,wecanrestrictitasfollows:
Andwecangraphtheinverse𝑦 = arccos𝑥,alsowrittenas𝑦 = cosx)𝑥:
SummaryofInverseFunctions
Thefunctions𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥,𝑦 = arccsc 𝑥,and𝑦 = arctan 𝑥existinquadrantsIandIVinreferencetotheunitcircle.
Thefunctions𝑦 = arccos 𝑥,𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥,and𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥existinquadrantsIandIIinreferencetotheunitcircle.
Thesepropertiesapplyto𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥,𝑦 = arccsc 𝑥,and𝑦 = arctan 𝑥:
• Ifyoutaketheinverseofapositivenumber,itisinquadrantI.
• Ifyoutaketheinverseofanegativenumber,itisinquadrantIV.
Thesepropertiesapplyto𝑦 = arccos 𝑥,𝑦 = arcsec 𝑥,and𝑦 = arccot 𝑥:
• Ifyoutaketheinverseofapositivenumber,itisinquadrantI.
• Ifyoutaketheinverseofanegativenumber,itisinquadrantII.
Rememberdomainandrangerestrictionsineverycase.
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1. Evaluateeachinversetrigonometricfunction:
i. sinx) )*
ii. sinx) − )*
iii. tanx) 1
iv. tanx) −1
v. cosx) )*
vi. cosx) − )*
2. Evaluateeachinversetrigonometricfunction:
i. sinx) sin {bd
ii. cosx) cos {bd
iii. tanx) sin 𝜋
3. Evaluateeachtrigonometricfunction:
i. sin arccos − )K
ii. cos arctan −2
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