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Section 2.8
The New Monarchies
Monarchs begin to crack Feudalism• Guarantee protection of
law
• Heredity viewed favorably– Bourgeoisie (town people)
• Begin to tax– Pay for large armies– feudal law and custom
• Incorporate Roman Law for prestige– title of majesty and
sovereign
Question: What would Machiavelli think of the New Monarchs?
Origins, Nature, and AccomplishmentsEngland’s New Monarchy
• Parliament controlled by feudal lords (blocked consolidation)
• Tudors (of York) emerge victorious after War of Roses– Between houses of
York and Lancaster• Had slowed trade,
agriculture, industry
York
Lancaster
England’s New Monarchy• Henry VII (1485-1509)
– Passed laws against livery and maintenance
– Weakens Barons• Lords prevented from maintaining
private armies and wearing livery (family insignia)
– Passed laws favoring upper middle class
• Trade, money interests• Star Chamber
– King’s private council– No jury present – Ignore parliament– Decided property disputes,
disturbances of peace– Accepted because it kept order
Clip for History of Britain on War of the Roses
France’s New Monarchy• Charles VII (1422-1461) and Louis XI of
Valois Family– Charles expelled English in 1453
• Except Calais– Reorganized royal council
• Gave more power to middle class– Built up royal army
• Established regular companies of cavalry, archers (paid by king)
– Controlled taxes• Gabelle (salt tax) and Taille (land tax)
– Controlled clergy• Concordat of Bologna
– Rescinded Pragmatic Sanction (1438)
» Had denied Pope revenue– Pope receives annates ($ from
French clergymen)– Louis gets to appoint bishops and
abbots
Spain’s New Monarchy
• Aragon and Castile– Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain through marriage– True unifying force was Catholicism
• Crusade against Moors• Inquisition served as unifying legal force• Catholicism viewed as Spanishness
– Reconquesta-Jews and Moors expelled in 1492» Moriscos (Muslim converts) and Marranos
(Jewish converts) were viewed as “unfaithful”» Inquisition tortured thousands
– Spain emerges as “defender of the faith”• Exports Catholicism to New World• Crusade mentality permeates society
Holy Roman Empire’s New Monarchy• Comprised of 3 States
• Princely States- hereditary dynasties (Brandenburg)• Ecclesiastical- Abbacies (owned vast amounts of territory)• Imperial Free Cities- (about 50) bourgeoisie dominated• Imperial Knights-lords of small estates (loyal to HRE)
– Emperor• Elected by Princes (fiercely independent/jealous)• By 1452 had dwindled to 7 electors
– Elected Hapsburgs from Austria• Rule until 1806
• Rise of Hapsburgs– Maximilian I (1493-1519) marries heiress of Burgundy and Netherlands– Their Son Philip marries Joanna of Spain (heiress to Ferdinand and
Isabella)– Their son Charles I inherits Austria, Netherlands, Burgundy, Spain, New
World• Elected HRE in 1519 as Charles V
– His brother Ferdinand in elected King of Bohemia and Hungary• Fear of Universal Monarchy spreads
– Results in Balance of Power
Charles V
Stage is Set for Revolution
• Image of Church greatly diminished
• Few reform-minded leaders in Church
• Monarchs are centralizing power
• Fear of Universal Monarchy ushers in new allies