Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds

Practice Formula Quiz• 1. Hydrochloric Acid=_______• 2. Carbon Dioxide=_______• 3. Water=_______• 4. Sodium Chloride=______• 5. Hydrogen Ion=_____• 6. Hydroxide Ion=______• 7. Carbon Monoxide=_____• 8. Mono=________• 9. Poly=__________• 10. HCl=_________

Ch. 2-3 in class notes

Life’s Backbone• Most of the compounds that make up

living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms.

Section 2-3

Interest Grabber

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As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain.

• 2–3 Carbon Compounds

A. The Chemistry of Carbon

B. MacromoleculesC. CarbohydratesD. LipidsE. Nucleic AcidsF. Proteins

1. Carbon Compounds•Why so important?•4 valence electrons•Each electron bonds to form a covalent bond

•Bonds w/ H, O, P, S, N-many elements

Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane

Section 2-3

Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds

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•Bonds with other C atoms•Forms Carbon Chains –almost

unlimited in length•C-C bonds—can be single,

double or triple covalent•C chains can form rings•Forms millions of different large

complex structures•No other element so versatile

2. Macromolecule

• Giant molecule• Made from thousands or

hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules

• Formed by a process known as Polymerization-large molecules are built by joining smaller ones together

3. Monomers-from Greek words (monos=single)(meros=part)

•Polus=poly=many•Small units that make up

the polymer or (macromolecule)

•Polymer is the macromolecule—4 types

So Polymer means

•Many parts—

4. Groups of organic compounds-polymers/ Macromolecules

•Organic Compounds contain carbon

•1-Carbohydrates•2-Lipids•3-Nucleic Acids•4-Proteins

Starch

Glucose

Section 2-3

Figure 2-13 A Starch

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Carbohydrate-Starch(polymer)

Glucose-monomer

General structure Alanine Serine

Section 2-3

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids

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Amino group Carboxyl group

Amino Acids Form Proteins

General structure Alanine Serine

Section 2-3

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids

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Amino group Carboxyl group

General structure Alanine Serine

Section 2-3Figure 2-16 Amino Acids-Draw it for the test

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Amino group Carboxyl group

AminoAcids

(monomer)

Section 2-3

Figure 2-17 A ProteinGo to Section:

Protein-polymer

3. FATTY ACIDS AND A GLYCEROL MOLECULE FORM A TRIGLYCERIDE, WHICH IS AN EXAMPLE OF A

LIPID

LIPID

•

•3 FATTY ACIDS & A GLYCEROL

LIPID

DNA AND RNA (NUCLEIC ACIDS) ARE MADE OF

•NUCLEOTIDES

Carbohydrates-(carbs)(polymer)

•Made of C, H, O; 1:2:1 ratio•Living things—main energy

source•Plants & animals also use for

structural purposes

Facts about Carbs

•Saccharide comes from the Latin word saccharum meaning “sugar”

•Names of carbs usually end in -ose

Glucose-formula•C6H12O6

•The general formula for all carbs Cx H2xOx

•Carbohydrate means “carbon hydrate”

•Glucose formed when a carbon compound, carbon dioxide, reacts with water

Types of Carbs

•1. Monosaccharides-M.S.-simple sugars

•Glucose- break down of sugars-supplies immediate energy for all cell activities-blood sugar

•Galactose-milk•Fructose-fruit

2. Disaccharide

•When a covalent bond links 2 M.S.

•Ex. Lactose in sugar in milk

•Sucrose-table sugar•Maltose-malt sugar

3. Polysaccharides-P.S.

•Large macromolecules formed from M.S. joining together

•Animals store excess sugar as glycogen (animal starch)

Animal Use (cont)

• Level of glucose runs low• Glycogen released from your

liver• Glycogen stored in muscles

allows for muscle contraction/movement

Plant Use of P.S.•Plant starch—storage of

excess sugar-POTATO•3-Make cellulose –tough,

flexible fibers give plants strength & rigidity; in the cell wall

Cellulose major component of wood and paper

What are the 3 types of P.S.?

•Glycogen, starch and cellulose

Dehydration Synthesis

• Removing a water molecule-or condensation

• This process occurs when organic monomers (like glucose) join together to form polymers (like starch-POLYSACCHARIDE)

Hydrolysis• Hydro=water• lysis-=splitting or breaking• The splitting of a disaccharide or

polysaccharide END PRODUCT IS monomers (like glucose-SIMPLE SUGARS-monosaccharides)

• In this process water is added

AminoAcids

(monomer)

Section 2-3

Figure 2-17 A ProteinGo to Section:

Protein-polymer

LIPID-----(3 fatty acids +glycerol)---

Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)

•NUCLEOTIDES-3parts

CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Section 2-3Macromolecule Concept Map

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

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