IN THE MODERN ERA

1

Section 1: The Age of InventionSection 2: The Rise of Big BusinessSection 3: Labor Strives to Organize

THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

IN THE MODERN ERA

2

• HOW DID THE DEVELOPMENT OF STEEL AND OIL REFINING AFFECT U.S. INDUSTRY?

• WHAT INNOVATIONS WERE MADE IN TRANSPORTATION?

• HOW DID INNOVATIONS IN COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY CHANGE BUSINESS PRACTICES AND DAILY LIFE IN THE UNITED STATES?

• HOW DID THOMAS EDISON’S RESEARCH LABORATORY CHANGE AMERICAN LIFE?

READING/CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

IN THE MODERN ERA

DURING THE LATE 1800S, NEW TECHNOLOGY AND

INVENTIONS LED TO THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRY,

THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

IN THE MODERN ERA

4

OIL REFINING

• RESULTED IN THE PRODUCTION OF KEROSENE FOR FUEL AND LIGHT

• ALLOWED THE MANUFACTURING OF OTHER PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

• HELPED MACHINERY OPERATE

Section 1: The Age of Invention

IN THE MODERN ERA

5

OIL• IN THE MID-1800S PEOPLE BEGAN TO REFINE OIL

FOUND ON COASTAL WATERS AND LAKES FOR KEROSENE LAMPS.• IN 1859 EDWIN L. DRAKE DRILLED FOR OIL IN

PENNSYLVANIA, STARTING THE FIRST COMMERCIAL OIL WELL.• WILDCATTERS, OR OIL PROSPECTORS, STRUCK OIL

NEAR BEAUMONT, TEXAS, WHICH BEGAN THE TEXAS OIL BOOM.• IT LASTED LESS THAN 20 YEARS, BUT OIL REMAINS

BIG BUSINESS IN TEXAS TO THIS DAY.

IN THE MODERN ERA

6

STEEL REFINING

• PROVIDED A STRONG, CHEAP SOURCE OF BUILDING MATERIAL

• ALLOWED EXPANSION OF THE RAILROAD INDUSTRY• ALLOWED CONSTRUCTION OF MORE COMPLEX

MACHINES AND TALLER BUILDINGS

Section 1: The Age of Invention

IN THE MODERN ERA

7

STEEL• IN THE 1850S A NEW METHOD MADE STEEL-

MAKING FASTER AND CHEAPER AND BY 1910 THE U.S. WAS THE WORLD’S TOP STEEL PRODUCER.• STEEL HELPED TRANSFORM THE U.S. INTO A

MODERN INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY.• IT WAS USED TO MAKE BRIDGES, LOCOMOTIVES,

AND TALLER BUILDINGS.• FACTORIES USED STEEL MACHINERY TO MAKE

GOODS FASTER.

IN THE MODERN ERATHE STEEL INDUSTRY1850’S – THE BESSEMER PROCESS ALLOWED

STEEL TO BE PRODUCED CHEAPLY.

Henry Bessemer

BESSEMER CONVERTER, KELHAM ISLAND MUSEUM, SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND (2002)

IN THE MODERN ERA

Steel: Vertical IntegrationRaw Materials

Example: Iron Ore

MeltingHot air is pumped into

a furnace, melting iron at 1600 degrees Celsius.

(2,912 degrees F)

RefiningImpurities are removed and alloys are added from the molten metal

through the use of a ladle.

CastingThe liquid steel is cast into

billets and slabs.

RollingThe billets and slabs areheated and rolled into

finished products.1

2 3

4

IN THE MODERN ERA

10

TRANSPORTATION INNOVATIONS• RAILROADS PROMOTED WESTERN SETTLEMENT,

URBAN GROWTH, AND ECONOMIC PROSPERITY.• AUTOMOBILES BECAME A SUBSTANTIAL INDUSTRY.• AIRPLANES INTRODUCED NEW POSSIBILITIES.

Section 1: The Age of Invention

IN THE MODERN ERA

11

TELEGRAPH• SAMUEL F. B. MORSE INVENTED THE TELEGRAPH

IN 1837, WHICH SENT MESSAGES INSTANTLY OVER WIRES USING ELECTRICITY.• OPERATORS TAPPED OUT PATTERNS OF LONG

AND SHORT SIGNALS THAT STOOD FOR LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET, CALLED MORSE CODE.• THE TELEGRAPH GREW WITH THE RAILROADS,

BECAUSE TRAIN STATIONS HAD TELEGRAPH OFFICES

INVENTORS REVOLUTIONIZE COMMUNICATION

IN THE MODERN ERA

12

• Two inventors devised ways to transmit voices by using electricity.

• Alexander Graham Bell patented his design first, in 1876.

• By 1900 there were more than a million telephones in offices and households across the country.

IN THE MODERN ERA

13

• MANY INVENTORS TRIED TO CREATE A WRITING MACHINE.

• CHISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES, A MILWAUKEE PRINTER, DEVELOPED THE FIRST PRACTICAL TYPEWRITER IN 1867.

• HE LATER IMPROVED IT BY DESIGNING THE KEYBOARD THAT IS STILL STANDARD FOR COMPUTERS TODAY.

• BUSINESSES BEGAN TO HIRE WOMAN AS TYPISTS.

TYPEWRITER

IN THE MODERN ERA

14

• THOMAS ALVA EDISON WAS ONE OF AMERICA’S MOST FAMOUS INVENTORS.• IN 1876 EDISON OPENED HIS OWN RESEARCH LABORATORY IN MENLO PARK, NEW

JERSEY, WHERE HE HIRED ASSISTANTS WITH SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL EXPERTISE TO THINK CREATIVELY AND WORK HARD.

• EDISON SPENT HOURS TESTING IDEAS, AND HIS TEAM SOON INVENTED THE FIRST PHONOGRAPH AND A TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER.

• EDISON WAS THE FIRST TO COME UP WITH A SAFE ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB THAT COULD LIGHT HOMES AND STREET LAMPS.

• HE THEN UNDERTOOK A VENTURE TO BRING AN ELECTRICITY NETWORK TO NEW YORK CITY, AND IN 1882 HE INSTALLED A LIGHTING SYSTEM POWERED BY HIS OWN ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS SIMILAR TO ONES THAT WERE LATER BUILT ALL OVER THE U.S.

• EDISON AND HIS TEAM LATER INVENTED A MOTION PICTURE CAMERA AND PROJECTOR. IN ALL, HE HELD OVER 1,000 U.S. PATENTS.

THOMAS ALVA EDISON

IN THE MODERN ERA

15

COMMUNICATIONS INNOVATIONS• THE TELEGRAPH ALLOWED BUSINESSES TO

PLACE LONG-DISTANCE ORDERS QUICKLY.• THE TELEPHONE BROUGHT BOTH BUSINESSES

AND INDIVIDUALS TOGETHER.• THE TYPEWRITER ALLOWED THE QUICK

PRODUCTION OF LEGIBLE DOCUMENTS.

Section 1: The Age of Invention

IN THE MODERN ERA

16

Thomas Edison’s research laboratory• THE LIGHT BULB• THE PHONOGRAPH• EARLY MOTION-PICTURE CAMERA

Section 1: The Age of Invention

IN THE MODERN ERA

17

Objectives:• WHAT ARGUMENTS DID BUSINESS LEADERS AND SOCIAL

CRITICS MAKE ABOUT THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN BUSINESS?

• HOW DID BUSINESS STRATEGIES CHANGE DURING THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

• HOW DID ENTREPRENEURS TAKE ADVANTAGE OF CHANGES IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATION?

• HOW DID NEW METHODS OF MARKETING PRODUCTS CHANGE AMERICAN LIFE?

Section 2: The Rise of Big Business

IN THE MODERN ERA

18

CONCERNING GOVERNMENT’S ROLE IN BUSINESS

• BUSINESS LEADERS:– INDIVIDUALS SHOULD BE SELF-RELIANT.– BUSINESSES PROSPER MOST WITHOUT GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE.– GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE REDUCES SELF-RELIANCE.

• SOCIAL CRITICS:– FACTORY LIFE AND POOR WORKING CONDITIONS HARM WORKERS.– ALL CITIZENS SHOULD OWN ALL MEANS OF PRODUCTION.– GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE WOULD PREVENT THE BEST BUSINESSES

FROM RISING TO THE TOP.

Section 2: The Rise of Big Business

IN THE MODERN ERA

19

NEW BUSINESS STRATEGIES• INCORPORATION• VERTICAL INTEGRATION• HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION• TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION

Section 2: The Rise of Big Business

IN THE MODERN ERA

20

Entrepreneurs take advantage• Carnegie created corporations and used vertical

integration to dominate the steel industry.• Rockefeller created corporations and used

horizontal integration to dominate the oil industry.• Vanderbilt bought and consolidated many railroad

lines.• Westinghouse and Pullman introduced and

controlled new railroad technologies.

Section 2: The Rise of Big Business

IN THE MODERN ERA

21

NEW MARKETING METHODS

• USE OF BRAND NAMES AND SPECIAL PACKAGING• ADVERTISING• DEPARTMENT STORES• CATALOGS• CHAIN STORES

Section 2: The Rise of Big Business

IN THE MODERN ERA

22

Objectives:• WHY DID SOME AMERICANS WANT TRUSTS TO BE

BANNED, AND HOW DID THE GOVERNMENT RESPOND?• WHAT TYPES OF WORKING CONDITIONS DID LABORERS

FACE IN THE NEW AGE OF RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION?• HOW DID THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR ATTEMPT TO

ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF MANY WORKERS?• HOW DID BUSINESSES REACT TO STRIKES IN THE LATE

1800S, AND HOW DID THIS AFFECT UNIONS?

Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize

IN THE MODERN ERA

23

THE BANNING OF TRUSTS• DESIRED BECAUSE OF BELIEF THAT WITHOUT

COMPETITION, LARGE MONOPOLIES WOULD HAVE NO REASON TO MAINTAIN QUALITY OR KEEP PRICES LOW

• NOT ACCOMPLISHED DESPITE PASSAGE OF THE SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT

SECTION 3: LABOR STRIVES TO ORGANIZE

IN THE MODERN ERA

24

Working conditions• LOW PAY• LONG HOURS• UNSAFE ENVIRONMENTS• POSSIBILITY OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize

IN THE MODERN ERA

25

The Knights of Labor• INCLUDED BOTH SKILLED AND UNSKILLED WORKERS• INCLUDED WOMEN AND, LATER, AFRICAN

AMERICANS • ORGANIZED STRIKES, MARCHES, AND

DEMONSTRATIONS• EDUCATED AND ORGANIZED WORKERS

Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize

IN THE MODERN ERA

26

Strikes in the late 1800s• Businesses responded with blacklists, yellow-

dog contracts, lockouts, and violence.• Business tactics hurt many unions and caused

skilled workers to break away from unskilled ones.

Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize