Project Feasibility Study and Evaluation

(1203302)

Present to

Aj.Chaiyawat Thongintr

Created by

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Section 1

Semester 2/2555

Mae Fah Luang University

I

Preface

This project is a part of a feasibility for

study and evaluation in subject of Project

Feasibility Study and Evaluation (1203302). The

Purpose of this project is to explain how to make

the business plan of the Ton-Yang Rubber and

Latex Company.

Course in the second semester of 2012 year

academic. In this project studies the feasibility of

locating a rubber factory in Chanthaburi which are

included generally in rubber business management,

competitive analysis, market feasibility, the

technical process in a rubber factory, financial

feasibility, and also risk management. This project

makes everyone who interested to get knowledge

and information about rubber factory before

making decision to investment, including pre-

operation process and operation process of rubber

factory, for the benefit to invest and profit by doing

this rubber factory.

Student or entrepreneur who interest about

rubber business or rubber industry in Thailand

should read this project.We expect that our project

will provide benefits more and more interested

person, moreover, if they are any error in this

project or whatever, our group will make an

apologize at this opportunity.

II

Table of contents

Exclusive Summary…………………………………………………………………...IV

Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………………..1

Background and Significance of the Project…………………………….2

Project Objective…………………………………………………….......3

Benefits of Project……………………………………………………….3

Activities/Time Frame…………………………………………………...4

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….6

Chapter 2: Industry Profile…………………………………………………………....7

Nature of Industry………………………………………………………..8

Situation of Industry……………………………………………………45

Product………………………………………………………………….54

Conclusion……………………………………………………………...63

Chapter 3: Market Feasibility Study……………….………………………………..64

Market Analysis………………………………………………………...65

STP Analysis…………………………………………………………...70

Marketing Mix Strategy………………………………………………...72

Sales Forecast…………………………………………………………..81

Marketing Expenses……………………………………………………87

Conclusion……………………………………………………………...97

Chapter 4: Investment Cost…………….…………………………………………….98

Cost of Investment……………………………………………………...99

Depreciation…………………………………………………………...119

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….120

Chapter 5: Production and Operations Analysis………….……………………….121

Product Characteristics………………………………………………..122

Specification, Feathers, Dimension, Life Time……………………….123

Production Process……………………………………………………131

III

Table of contents

Operating Cost………………………………………………………...132

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….146

Chapter 6: Administration analysis…………………………………….…………..147

Facility cost……………………………………………………………148

Team management…………………………………………………….151

Salary………………………………………………………………….156

Organization chart…………………………………………………….156

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….165

Chapter 7: Financial Analysis………………………………………………………166

Financial Assumption for Business…………………………………...167

Profit/ Loss Statement……………………………………170

Cash Flow………………………………………………...178

Balance Sheet……………………………………………186

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….190

Chapter 8: Risk Management………………………………………………………191

External risk…………………………………………………………...192

Internal risk……………………………………………………………193

General risk……………………………………………………………194

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….203

Chapter 9: Summary………………………………………………………………...204

Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….206

Appendix……………………………………………………………………………...214

Group members…………………………………………………...…………………297

IV

Exclusive Summary

Rubber and Latex industry is our business. It is located at 8 moo 7 Tambol

Khunsong, Amphoe Kaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi Province.‘ Kind of business it‘s

about rubber and latex. Our products are Concentrated Latex and Ribbed Smoked Sheet

(RSS). At the beginning of investment, we will invest just small areas of factory and in

the 3rd

year we will make it be bigger and we will get a profit back on the second years

of business. About the processes of our business, we will take a rubber from the rubber

gardener by our truck; we classified our customers to be 2 types of customer. First, it‘s

our customer that we will bring their rubber every morning and they are the customer

that near our factory and the second is the customer that far a ways from our factory, we

will use tanks 200 litters and if they get full about 5-10 or however that they want we

will go to take it in their garden. After we got rubber we will separated rubber into 2

parts, for the first part we use it to make Ribbed Smoked Sheet and other rubber that we

have left we will put it in the big tank and when we get it enough we will take it to the

bigger company like D.S. Rubber and latex, it‘s located in Rayong province and it‘s far

from our factory just 58 km. Our business was a great business, because being we knew

that rubber and latex are getting popular for nowadays and it can make a good profit,

good income but just invest only once in the beginning.

1

Chapter1:

Introduction

This chapter will be consists information following:

Background and

Significance of the

Project

Project Objectives Benefits of Project

Activities/Time Frame

Conclusion

2

Figure 1.1 Rubber Plantation

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background and Significance of the project

Rubber is water repellent and resistant to alkalies and weak acids. Rubber is

elasticity, toughness, impermeability; adhesiveness and electrical resistance make it

useful as an adhesive, a coating composition, a fiber, a molding compound and an

electrical insulator. In general, synthetic rubber has the following advantages over

natural rubber: better aging and

weathering, more resistance to oil,

solvents, oxygen, ozone, chemical

and resilience over a wider

temperature range. The advantages of

natural rubber are less buildup of heat

from flexing and greater resistance to

tearing when hot.1

This project was chosen because we thought that nowadays rubber is becoming

a popular industry. As we know that rubber are significantly economic plant of Thailand

and an important plant not only for world economic strategies but also for the use of

living of humankind. The more social development, the more requirements of products

made of rubber for people utilization is increasing every day. In our daily life, we are

always involving with products made of Rubber. Rubber products have long been

grown with its best outcome year after year and Thailand is the largest land of rubber

plantation in the world.2

Our business would be located in Chanthaburi at 8 M.7 TambolKhunsong,

AmphoeKaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi province. We were chosen this place because in

1908, PoomPoonnasri we was taken rubber trees to growth in Chanthaburi and it was

growth up as well, and then after that he was flexible to growth it in other provinces of

Eastern part of Thailand such as Rayong and Trad, after that rabber was became to an

important economic product of Eastern part of Thailand. After that has many people

1 http://education.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/rubber

2 http://www.murickens.com/realestate/HistoryOfRubber.asp

3

tried to take rubber trees to growth in other parts of Thailand such as on the North-

Eastern and the North of Thailand but it was not successful to do it like in Eastern and

South of Thailand.3 So we have decided this place to our location because in Amphoe

Kanghangmaew districts have a lot of rubber farm but nobody was building rubber

manufacture and there is no competitor and it‘s good to investment here.

1.2 Project Objectives

Our company it would be remarkable success over the years and can be

attributed to our long experience, unparalleled expertise and strategic planning, enabling

us to thrive even in the worst economic situation. Our most important asset is our

workforce. We value above all the professional operating methods of our management

team and well trained staff.

We hope that this project would be a benefit to everyone who is interesting to do

a business like the rubber industry. This project has a lot of information to you, such as

the definition of rubber, the history of rubber; types of rubber included the knowledge

of rubber industry so you can learn how to be a good investor or how to invest of this

kind of business.

1.3 Benefit of Project

We will know about the way to solve the problem in the real situations.

We will know about an arrangement and implementation of the plans.

Understand the financial for our business, the way to think about how

could we get more and more profit and less than that we have an

expended.

We know the strategies too appropriately and can apply it.

Well know about the information of competitors.

We can apply the information to makes it real in our real life.

We know how to do and manage this kind of business.

3 http://www.yangpara.com/gernaral/history.htm

4

1.4 Activities/Time Frame

Operation Methods

Nov-12 Dec-12 Jan-13 Feb-13

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1. Discuss about ideas to create

topics.

2. Select the topic.

3. Prepare to the presentation.

4. Discuss about background of

project.

5. Create project objective, benefit

and create project time frame.

6. Discuss industry profile.

7. Create Products and

Services, Situation, Mission,

vision and Strategy.

8. Discuss about Market

Feasibility Study.

9. Create Market Analysis,

Marketing Mix, Strategy and

Sales Forecast.

10. Review part 1-3

11. Discuss about Technical

Feasibility Study and Financial

Analysis

5

Operation Methods

Nov-12 Dec-12 Jan-13 Feb-13

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

12. Create Production and

Operations Analysis, Pre-

Operating Cost, Investment Cost,

Operating Cost and management

analysis.

13. Create Statement, cash flow

and balance sheet.

14. Create VCD/DVD advertise

15. Review all part of project.

16. Prepare draft of final report.

1.5 Brand of Company

6

1.6 Conclusion

Rubber and latex are important products of Thailand. It does can make a good of

profit and income of the business. Our factory is located at 8 moo 7, Tambol Khunsong,

Amphoe Khaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi province. We were chosen this kind of

business to become our project because it can make a good profit and more income for

our company. Our company it would be remarkable success over the years and can be

attributed to our long experiences. Our most important asset is our workforce. In our

organization consists with a good professional and well trained stuff.

7

Chapter2:

Industry Profile This chapter will be consists information following:

Nature of Industry

Situation of Industry

Product/Service

(In General)

Conclusion

8

Figure 2.1 Ribbed Smoked Sheets

Figure 2.2 Natural Rubber

Chapter 2: Industry Profile

2.1 Nature of Industry

Introduction Rubber

In 1736, a French astronomer was sent

by his government to Peru to measure an arc of

the meridian; He brought home samples of the

milky fluid and reported that the Indians used it

for lighting. He wrote that it burned without a

wick very brightly and that the Indians made

shoes from it which was waterproof. The Indians

collected the gummy fluid from trees in pear-shaped bottles on the necks of which they

fasten wooden tubes. Pressure on the bottle sends the liquid squirting out of the tube, so

they resemble syringes. Their name for the fluid, he added, was cachucha or

caoutchouc. Thirty-four years later, an English writer wrote about a different use for the

tree gum and a new name. A stationer accidentally discovered that it would erase pencil

marks and as it came from the Indies and rubbed, of course it was renamed India

rubber.4

Definitions of Rubber

Rubber is water repellent and resistant to

alkalies and weak acids. Rubber‘s elasticity,

toughness, impermeability, adhesiveness and

electrical resistance make it useful as an

adhesive, a coating composition, a fiber, a

molding compound and an electrical insulator.

In general, synthetic rubber has the following

advantages over natural rubber: better aging and

weathering, more resistance to oil, solvents,

4http://inventors.about.com/cs/inventorsalphabet/a/rubber_2.htm

9

Figure 2.3 Natural Rubber

oxygen, ozone, certain chemical and resilience over a wider temperature range. The

advantages of natural rubber are less buildup of heat from flexing and greater resistance

to tearing when hot.5

Background of Rubber

Rubber was known to the indigenous people of the Americas long before the

arrival of European explorers. In 1525, Padre d‘Anghieria reported that he had seen

Mexican tribes people playing with elastic balls. The first scientific study of rubber was

undertaken by Charles de la Condamine, when he encountered it during his trip to Peru

in 1735. A French engineer that Condamine met in Guiana, Fresnau studied rubber on

its home ground, reaching the conclusion that this

was nothing more than a ―type of condensed

resinous oil‖. The first use of rubber was an

eraser. It was Magellan, a descendent of the

famous Portuguese navigator, who suggested this

use. In England, Priestley popularized it to the

extent that it became known as India rubber.6

The para rubber tree is indigenous to South America. Charles Marie de La

Condamine is credited with introducing samples of rubber to the Academic Royale des

Sciences of France in 1736. In 1751, he presented a paper by François Fresneau to the

Academic (eventually published in 1755) which described many of the properties of

rubber. This has been referred to as the first scientific paper on rubber. In England, it

was observed by Joseph Priestley, in 1770, that a piece of the material was extremely

good for rubbing off pencil marks on paper, hence the name rubber. Later it slowly

made its way around England.

South America remained the main source of the limited amounts of latex rubber

that were used during much of the 19th century. In 1876, Henry Wickham gathered

thousands of para rubber tree seeds from Brazil, and these were germinated in Kew

Gardens, England. The seedlings were then sent to India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Indonesia,

Singapore and British Malaya. Malaya (now Malaysia) was later to become the biggest

producer of rubber. In the early 1900s, the Congo Free State in Africa was also a

5http://education.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/rubber

6http://www.iisrp.com/WebPolymers/00Rubber_Intro.pdf

10

significant source of natural rubber latex, mostly gathered by forced labor. Liberia and

Nigeria also started production of rubber.

In India, commercial cultivation of natural rubber was introduced by the British

planters, although the experimental efforts to grow rubber on a commercial scale in

India were initiated as early as 1873 at the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. The first

commercial Hevea plantations in India were established at Thattekadu in Kerala in

1902. In the 19th and early 20th century, it was often called "India rubber".7

History of Rubber

History of rubber in the world

Mentioned by Spanish and Portuguese writers in the 16th century rubber did not

attract the interest of Europeans until reports about it were made (1736–51) to the

French Academy of Sciences by Charles de la Condamine and Francois Fresneau.

Pioneer research in finding rubber solvents and in waterproofing fabrics was done

before 1800, but rubber was used only for elastic bands and erasers, and these were

made by cutting up pieces imported from Brazil. Joseph Priestley is credited with the

discovery c.1770 of its use as an eraser, thus the name rubber. The first rubber factory in

the world was established near Paris in 1803, the first in England by Thomas Hancock

in 1820. Hancock devised the forerunner of the masticator (the rollers through which the

rubber is passed to partially break the polymer chains), and in 1835 Edwin Chaffee, an

American, patented a mixing mill and a calendar (a press for rolling the rubber into

sheets). In 1823, Charles Macintosh found a practical process for waterproofing fabrics,

and in 1839 Charles Goodyear discovered vulcanization, which revolutionized the

rubber industry. The demand for rubber insulation by the electrical industry and the

invention of the pneumatic tire extended the demand for rubber.

7http://www.bouncing-balls.com/timeline/people/nr_condamine.htm

11

Figure 2.4

Phraya RatsadanupraditMahisonPhakdi

Despite Brazil's legal restrictions, seeds of the tree were smuggled to England in

1876. The resultant seedlings were sent to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and later too many

tropical regions, especially the Malay area and Java and Sumatra, beginning the

enormous East Asian rubber industry. Here the plantations were so carefully cultivated

and managed that the relative importance of Amazon rubber diminished. American

rubber companies, as a step toward diminishing foreign control of the supply, enlarged

their plantation holdings in Liberia and in South and Central America. During World

War I, Germany made a synthetic rubber, but it was too expensive for peacetime use. In

1927 a less costly variety was invented, and in 1931 neoprene was made, both in the

United States. German scientists developed Buna rubber just prior to World War II.

When the importation of natural rubber from the East Indies was cut off during World

War II, the United States began large-scale manufacture of synthetic rubber,

concentrating on Buna S. Today synthetic rubber accounts for about 60% of the world's

rubber production.8

History of rubber in Thailand

The idea to bring rubber trees planted in

Thailand was first thought when Phraya

RatsadanupraditMahisonPhakdi visited in Malaysia. He

saw the Malays planting the runner trees and they

produced better productivity. So he was interested to take

rubber trees planted in Thailand but at that time the

owner of rubber plantations did not want to give him the

rubber breed. In 1901 PhraSathonSathaphitak visited

Indonesia and could bring rubber seeding which their

roots were wrapped by moistened cotton and wrapped

again with the newspaper before containing into rain tree

wooden boxes. Then he came back Thailand immediately

by his personal steam boat.

8http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/rubber-history.html

12

Figure 2.5 Natural Rubber

There were 4 boxes of rubber seeding which were planted in front of

PhraSathonSathaphitak‘s house at Kantang district, Trang province. Nowadays, there is

only one left in front of the Agriculture cooperative. PhraSathonSathaphitak expanded

the planting area about 45 plantations. It could be considered that

PhraSathonSathanphitak was the first rubber plantation owner of Thailand. After that

Phraya Ratsadanupradit sent the group of provincial Governors Marshals, village chiefs

and Headmen going to study the method of rubber growing abroad. Then he assigned

them to teach and support about rubber growing and rubber seeding contribution. It

could be said that this time was an era of rubber booming which called ―Tesa Rubber‖.

Now rubber trees were planted in the South and the East which there are about 9

million plantations owned by 5 hundred thousand Families. Rubber is significant to be

an economic plant of Thailand after rice. It makes income for the country about billions

baht per year. So PrayaRatsadanupraditMahisonPhakdi was praised to be the ―Father of

Rubber‖.9

History of rubber in Chanthaburi province.

In 1908, PoomPoonnasri we were taken rubber trees for growth in Chanthaburi

province and it was growing up as well, and then after that he was flexible to grow it in

other provinces of Eastern part of Thailand such as Rayong and Trad province, after that

rubber was becoming to an important economic product of Eastern part of Thailand.

After that has many people trying to take rubber trees to grow in other parts of Thailand

such as on the North-Eastern and the North of Thailand but it was not successful to do it

like in the East and South of Thailand.10

Evolutions of Rubber

Not until recently it was originally

thought that rubber was first discovered in

Europe in the nineteenth century; when in

fact its roots stem back to the year sixteen-

hundred B.C. A professor at M.I.T. By the

name of Dorothy Hosler and a couple of

9http://www.rubber.co.th/web/history_en.php

10http://www.yangpara.com/gernaral/history.htm

13

Figure 2.6 Natural Rubber

her associates started to do some research and they traced back the usage of rubber back

to the Mayan‘s of Mesoamerica. Mesoamerica is now known to the world as South

America. The Mayan‘s discovered a plant that produced a sap that had sticky and

springy characteristics. This plant today is now commonly known as a rubber plant.

This sap was known as latex which the Mayan‘s used to bind things together like ax

heads to their handles. Once the latex material is exposed to the air it becomes even

more durable and had a better springy quality to it. The latex by itself is not very useful

although; it is not that durable and tended to not stay in the shape that it was molded

into. After experimenting with the latex the Mayan‘s eventually found out that if they

mixed the latex with the juice of morning glory vines the new substance became twice

as durable, more elastic, and a lot less brittle. The good thing about mixing the sap with

the morning glory juice is that these two plants tended to grow close to one another

which made it easier to harvest them.

In 1791 an Englishman named Samuel Peal

discovered how to waterproof clothing by mixing

rubber with turpentine. This discovery made rubber the

most sought after material in the world. Everything

being sold in Europe at the time was being made from

rubber; from boots to jackets. People could not get

enough of this material; it seemed as though it had

changed the world forever. It wasn‘t till 1839 until a

bankrupt hardware merchant from Philadelphia by the

name of Charles Goodyear realized that rubber had so

much potential. He was so impressed with rubber when

it first started to become popular. He thought to himself

that there must be some way of making the product

better. One of his ideas was that since rubber was naturally sticky he could mix it with

some type of dry powder such as magnesium powder. He tried this experiment with

several different types of powders and all of them failed miserably. He went bankrupt

several more times while he was trying to figure out the mystery to the rubber. All the

time he knew he was on to something but he just couldn‘t put his finger on it.11

11

http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/25743.html

14

Figure 2.7 Natural Rubber

Figure 2.8 Natural Rubber

Varieties of Rubber

The major commercial source of natural rubber latex is the Para rubber tree

(Heveabrasiliensis), a member of the spurge family, euphorbiaceae. This species is

widely used because it grows well under cultivation and a properly managed tree

responds to wounding by producing more latex for several years. Many other plants

produce forms of latex rich in isoprene polymers, though not all produce usable forms

of polymer as easily as the Para rubber latex does; some of them require more elaborate

processing to produce anything like usable rubber, and most are more difficult to tap.12

Types of Rubber

Natural Rubber

Natural rubber is obtained from the milky

secretion of various plants, but the only important

commercial source of natural rubber. The only

other plant under cultivation as a commercial

rubber source is guayule, a shrub native to the arid

regions of Mexico and the SW United States. To

soften the rubber so that compounding ingredients

can be added, the long polymer chains must be

partially broken by mastication, mechanical

shearing forces applied by passing the rubber between rollers or rotating blades. For

most purposes, the rubber is ground, dissolved in a suitable solvent, and compounded

with other ingredients, e.g., fillers and pigments such as carbon black for strength and

whiting for stiffening, antioxidants plasticizers

usually in the form of oils, waxes, or tears

accelerators and vulcanizing agents. The

compounded rubber is sheeted, extruded in

special shapes, applied as a coating or molded,

then vulcanized. Most Para rubber is exported as

crude rubber and prepared for market by rolling

slabs of latex coagulated with acid into thin

12

http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Article/GuttaPercha/

15

sheets of crepe rubber or into heavier, firmly pressed sheets that are usually ribbed and

smoked.13

Natural rubber (abbreviated to NR) primarily comprises polyisoprene and is

harvested from the milky white latex of a number of species of plants which flourish in

the tropics, above all of the Spurge family. The rubber tree has achieved considerable

commercial importance. The tree is native to the Amazon region and is now cultivated

in virtually all tropical regions of South America, Africa and Asia. 90% of the world‘s

production of natural rubber is harvested from the rubber tree. A diagonal incision is

made in the bark, allowing the latex to exude. The latex has approximately the

following composition:

Constituents Percentage

Water 55...70

Rubber 30...40

Resins 1.5...2

Protein 1.5...3

Ash 0.5...1

Sugar 1...2

The latex, which is rich in rubber, can be preserved by adding ammonia

any for special purposes it can be transported to the countries in which it processed as

latex concentrate in liquid form. This is done in barrels or in tank containers. It‘s far

more common to filter the harvested latex, dilute it with water and then to cause it to

coagulate using substances such as acetic acid or formic acid or my means of

electrophoresis. This separates the raw natural rubber from the water, forming a solid

mass (coagulum) that is then further processes. Coagulation can also take place in the

13

http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/rubber-natural-

rubber.html#ixzz2J40SPmT9

Table 2.1 Natural rubber

16

Figure 2.9 Crepes

form of auto-coagulation on the tapping panel and the collection cups. Such coagulum

has a greater degree of contamination and is hence used in the natural rubber grades

which have less stringent requirements with respect to contamination.

A distinction is drawn between the following forms of natural rubber:

Crepes

Pale crepe rubber is among the

highest quality crepes. Coagulation of this high-

quality natural rubber is achieved with sodium

hydrogen sulfide. The clean coagulum is washed

and milled. This produces sheets between 1.2 and

1.5 mm thick and 24 cm wide. The washing

process removes from the coagulum considerable

amounts of the serum constituents which can cause rotting. The sheets are dried in

drying rooms for 2.5 to 4 days at 37 °C or air-dried for 5 to 10 days on drying floors.

Excessive temperatures lead to discolored patches in the sheets as a result of oxidation.

The sheets are packed as bales and marketed as ―thin pale crepe‖. The 10-mm crepe

from Sri Lanka is marketed as ―thick pale crepe‖.

In addition to the high quality thick and thin pale crepes, there are further

categories which are made from high-grade rubber scrap, e.g.:

- Estae brown crepe

- Thin brown crepe

- Thick blanket crepe

- Flat bark crepe

- Smoked blanket crepe

Pale crepe rubber is either packed in a double-layered bag or the bales

are wrapped in plastic sheeting and packed in wooden crates. Thicker crepes can also be

packed in sacking. The entire surface of the bale should be covered with sufficient

talcum to prevent the fibers from adhering to the rubber.

17

Figure 2.10 Rubber Sheets

Figure 2.11 Rubber Sheet

Sheet Rubber

Rubbers sheets are rubber molded into flat sheets with an even

thickness and are often sold on a roll of a specific length for easy handling. Common

thicknesses of rubber sheets vary from super-thin films to 1/4-inch (6.53 mm) thick; the

thickness of the sheet combined with the type of rubber used in the sheet determines its

use. Once the material type is known, tools

designed to cut through the rubber are used to cut

different shapes from the sheet to form gaskets. The

gaskets cut from rubber sheeting keep fluids and

gases from penetrating products or keep them

contained within vessels or low-temperature

mechanical systems.

Tools designed to straight cut rubber sheets vary depending on

the thickness of the material. Sharp utility knives and scissors cleanly cut rubber

sheeting measuring less than 3/4-inch (19.05 mm) thick. Larger stamping press-type

cutters are required to cut through thicker rubber sheet. A straight clean cut through

rubber sheets is vital to the success of the finished gasket's ability to seal the area

between parts. Cutting small holes in a rubber sheet requires tools that remove rubber

from the area rather than drilling material from the sheet.14

Leather punches starting at 1/8-inch (3.175 mm) diameter and

larger are used with hammer or mallet-cut circular shapes in a rubber sheet. The

thickness of the rubber sheet determines the amount of force required to send the cutting

end of the punch through the rubber sheet. Using drill bits in an attempt to place holes

in a rubber sheet causes the rubber to heat up and

bind to the fluted shaft of the drill bit, tearing the

area around the hole. Mishandling the rubber sheet

also leads to brittleness and eventual tears across

the sheet's surface. Proper handling techniques

extend the life of the rubber sheet both before and

after cutting.

14http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-rubber-sheets.htm

18

Figure 2.12 Rubber Sheet

Neoprene and other dark-colored rubber sheeting break down when exposed to

ultraviolet (UV) light. Keeping rubber sheeting out of direct sunlight ensures the bonds

in the rubber sheet do not break down and allow the rubber to become brittle. Cracks

running across the surface of a rubber sheet are the first sign that the rubber has broken

down and become unusable. Chemicals and petroleum products will also break down

the bonds in a rubber sheet and cause the sheet to weaken and become brittle. Storing a

rubber sheet properly ensures the rubber remains usable.15

Two different types of sheets are distinguished:

- ADS (Air Dried Sheets)

Air dried sheets are less common. They have an appearance similar to

RSS but are more transparent, as they are manufactured in smoked-free rooms.

- RSS (Ribbed Smoked Sheets)

The fresh latex is diluted to a rubber content of 15-16 % and coagulated in

coagulation tanks using formic acid or acetic acid. Lumps of coagulum are formed after

the acid has acted for 3-4 hours. After milling and washing, sheets between 2.5 and 3.5

mm thick, 24 cm wide and 90 or 135 cm in length are produced. The final mill is an

embossed mill, which gives the sheets their ribbed structure. Since these rubber sheets

are not washed as intensively as crepes, they contain a higher proportion of serum

constituents which encourage mold and rotting. For this reason, the sheets are hung in

the smokehouses and dried for a week at temperatures up to 60°C. The smoke resulting

from burning rubber tree wood and other organic materials such as coconut husks

preserves the smoke. The sheets are pressed in the bales and wrapped in protective

sheets. The surface is protected from oxidation by application of a bale coating solution

and talcum.

15http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-rubber-sheets.htm

19

Ribbed smoked sheets are graded on the basis of visual assessments. The grades

have been described in the Green Book, published by the International Rubber Quality

and Packing Conference. Prior to grading, the sheets are separated and inspected,

Oxidized spots or steaks, weak, heated, under-cured, over smoked, opaque and burnt

sheets are not permissible. The rubber must be provided by the producer in an excellent

drying quality. The rubber must be dry, clean, strong, sound and evenly smoked and

free from blemishes, specks, rust, blisters, sand, dirty packing and any other foreign

matter. That packing must be clean. Small pinhead bubbles if scattered, will not be

objected to. The remaining grades RSS represent a sequential lifting of these

requirements. Under-cured rubber displays patches which have not been dried

sufficiently during smoking or drying.

Rubber sheets are folded to form bales (e.g. 60 cm and 100 – 113 kg per bale),

compressed and wrapped in protective sheets. A protective coating and talcum are

applied to the surface to protect against oxidation and to prevent the sheets from

sticking to each other.

These form a background for stenciling the shipping marks. Bales are

transported in crates or loose in containers. Skim rubber should not be used as

protective sheets. Sheets can also be simply folded and packed in plastic bags in the

form of 35 kg bales. 36 bales together form a load unit of 1269 kg per pallet. These are

Figure 2.13 Manufacture of ribbed smoked sheets

20

unitized using shrink-wrap sheeting or a shroud of plastic film. Metal creates can also

be used.

Technically specified natural rubber (TSR)

TSRs are diving into a number of grades which are laid down in

technical specifications drafted by ISO and are manufactured using new processing

techniques. Depending on the TSR quality, different forms of coagulum are used: latex

coagulated naturally in the collecting cups, rubber sheets or latex coagulated by adding

acid. Different methods are used to product TSRs, e.g. the heveacrumb or dynat

processes. In the heveacrumb process, rubber coagulum is passed through creping rolls

set at friction speed and the shear forces involved tear the coagulum into small pieces.

This process is described as crumbing. The dynat process primarily uses cup lumps.

After natural coagulation or acid coagulation, the rubber is granulated by means of a

rotary knife cutter. After granulation, the crump is washed and dried at elevated

temperature up to 140°C. Then the crumbs are compressed into blocks of about 1.3 kg,

wrapped in synthetic plastic sheeting and packaged in wooden or steel chests.

The advantages of Technically Specified Rubbers over the conventional

sheet and crepe grades of rubbers are as follows:

- Since it is available in a limited number of well-defined grades,

correct choice of grades according to requirements by the consumers

is rather easy.

- Since it is possible to assess the actual content of foreign and volatile

matter, mistakes can be avoided in deciding the actual worth of the

material.

- Since it is marketed as compact, polyethylene wrapped bales,

degradation of the rubber on storage, handing and transportation can

be reduced.

- Since sizes have been standardized and the bales are compact,

considerable saving can be made in transport through mechanized

handing and containerization.

21

The International Standards Organization (ISO) first published the draft

Technical Specification for Natural Rubber during 1964. Based on these Specifications,

Malaysia introduced their Standard Malaysia Rubber scheme in 1965 and since then all

the natural-rubber0producing countries have started producing and marketing NR as

Technically Specified Rubbers. This resulted in the introduction of further national

standards in addition to SMR:

- Standard Malaysia Rubber SMR

- Standard Indonesia Rubber SIR

- Standard Sri Lanka Rubber SSR

- Standard Vietnam Rubber SVR

- Indian Standard Natural Rubber ISNR

- Standard Thai Rubber STR

These quality standards lay down the maximum permissible content of dirt,

ash, nitrogen and volatile substance. The following table shows some SMR values:

Parameters Dirt content

(max. %)

Ash content

(max. %)

Nitrogen content

(max. %)

Volatile

matter

(max. %)

Color

coding

SMR 5 0.05 0.60 0.60 0.80 pale green

SMR 10 0.08 0.75 0.60 0.80 brown

SMR 20 0.16 1.00 0.60 0.80 red

Table 2.2 Standard Malaysia

Rubbersheets

22

Figure 2.14 Packaging of Standard Malaysia Rubber

SMR 10 and SMR 20 are general-purpose grades, with SMR 10 being a high

grade, SMR 20 a medium grade and SMR 5 a lower grade.

TSRs are wrapped individually in plastic sheeting and stacked on pallets. These

are unitized using shrink-wrap sheeting or a shroud of plastic film and are also attached

to the pallet with plastic strapping. A labeling strip must be attached to each load unit.

SVR 10 CV, TSR from Vietnam, individually wrapped in plastic film and

stacked on a pallet. These are unitized using shrink-wrap sheeting or a shroud of

plastic film and are also attached to the pallet with plastic strapping.

Figure 2.13 Standard Malaysia Rubbers

23

Figure 2.15 Packaging of Standard Malaysia Rubber

Alternatively, TSRs can be packed in wooden or steel creates and secured to

pallets. The creates unitized by being attached to the pallet with steel straps.

Highly purified natural rubber from Malaysia packed in wooden crates

And secured to pallets with steel straps.

Preserved latex concentrates

Ammonia is added to the latex to keep it liquid and this is concentrated

either by creaming or centrifuging. The resulting concentrate can be transported as a

liquid. Depending on the quantity of ammonia added, a distinction is made between

high-ammonia latex with 0.60 – 0.80% ammonia and low-ammonia latex with 0.20-

0.29% ammonia. Latex can be processes to make other raw rubber products:

- Skim rubber: It is produced from skim latex. Skim latex is

produced as a byproduct during the preparation of latex concentrate. It has a dry rubber

content of only 3 to 7%. However, it also has very low dirt content. Coagulation of skim

latex can be either spontaneous or by acid treatment. It is important that the ammonia

content it kept as low possible. Further processing is the same as for smoked sheets.

- Rubber powder: In order to reduce transportation costs, the latex

can be converted to a fine rubber powder instead if transporting it in the form of latex

concentrates. This is done by atomizing the latex and drying it with hot air. This form of

rubber can be kept for long periods and is particularly resilient.

24

Table 2.3 Storage duration

Table 2.4 Temperature

Table 2.5 Storage of latex concentrates

Aging of Natural Rubber

Rubber aging processes, particularly as a result of atmospheric

conditions, may start as early as the transportation and negatively impact the quality of

the rubber. The effects of oxygen, heat and light are the primary causes of aging

symptoms, with oxidation processes leading to the formation of hydroxides. These in

turn react either by splitting molecules or establishing new cross linkages. The result is

softening or hardening: oxidized rubber.

Hardening of Natural rubber during transport and storage can be

prevented by adding chemical substance to achieve a constant viscosity.

Recommended storage duration for natural rubber

Initial storage 5 years

Extended storage 2 years

Recommended storage temperature for natural rubber

Optimum storage temperature 15 - 30°C

Storage of latex concentrates

Max. duration of storage 6 - 12 months

Storage and transport temperature 5 - 35°C

25

Intended use

There are a huge variety of applications for natural across the world. The

unique combination of properties found in natural rubber cannot be fully duplicated

synthetically. However, each individual property can be improved on by synthetic

rubber.

Processing of natural rubber to form rubber products

Natural rubber id mixed with various additives designed to give the end

product the required properties, shaped and then vulcanized.

Figure 2.16 Diagram showing the processing of rubber

sheets

26

Figure 2.17 Rubber Sheets

sheets

Figure 2.18 Rubber Sheets

sheets

For the figure 2.16 Mastication is a preliminary stage to processing the raw

rubber. This process involves the use of special mechanical equipment and additives at

low temperatures to shred the rubber molecules into smaller units. This improves the

plasticity and reduces the viscosity. After mastication, the rubber is mixed together with

fillers, plasticizers and rubber chemicals to form a homogeneous mass in mills or closed

kneaders. The subsequent end product is performed by compression molding or

calendaring. Compression molding machines, for example are used to produce car tires,

soles and heels for shoes and bungs. Thin, seamless rubber products, for examples are

produced by dipping.

In the final processing step, the molded rubber mixture is vulcanized. The most

important vulcanization medium is sulfur, which added to the rubber mixtures before

this is heated. The tire-manufacturing industry is the world‘s largest consumer of natural

rubber. Tires for cars, bicycles and aircraft as well as many other kinds of rubber

products such as seals, hoses, drive belts, floor coverings, conveyor belts, molded

articles, foam rubber, impregnation substances and medical equipment are all made

from natural rubber.

27

Table 2.6 Temperature range

Risk Factors and loss prevention of Natural rubber

- Risk Factor Temperature

Natural rubber requires particular temperature, humidity, moisture

and possible ventilation conditions.

Term Temperature range

Favorable travel temperature range 5 - 25°C

Optimum travel temperature 20°C

Temperature greater than 30°C and exposure to sunlight, even for periods of a

few hours, result in activation of the rot-causing bacteria, especially in conjunction with

moisture and proteins. In addition, oxidation and the associated molecular breakdown

are encouraged and the rubber develops soft patches, stickiness and becomes deformed.

If the destination is in a colder climate, the bales jam as a result of the drop in

temperature and this makes the job of unloading the container or means of transport

more difficult.

Mean maximum (daytime temperature), mean minimum (nighttime temperature) and

temperature of surface water during a voyage from Singapore to Europe in June16

16

http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/kautschuk/naturkautschuk/abb9.htm

Figure 2.19 Temperature of surface water during a

voyage

sheets

28

Mean maximum (daytime temperature), mean minimum (nighttime temperature) and

temperature of surface water during a voyage from Singapore to Europe in January17

Figures 2.19 and Figures 2.20 illustrate the typical temperature condition during

a voyage from Singapore to Europe. In this case, the highest temperatures are recorded

in the Gulf of Aden and in the Red Sea. Since the travel temperature of 30°C should not

be exceeded, the containers should be stowed below deck where possible. The optimum

travel temperature for rubber is 20°C. A temperature of 25°C should be maintained

virtually constantly over a long period. The rubber starts to melt at approx 180°C.

The lower limit is 5-6°C, as there is a risk of hardening as a result of

crystallization. This can cause difficulties unloading the container or mean of transport

because the jammed bales tear. Latex concentrates also should be protected against

extreme temperatures during transport and storage. If barrel loads are exposed to direct

sunlight in tropical and subtropical climates, the high temperature can result in a drop in

quality. At temperatures below 4°C, the latex concentrates tend to coagulate, which is

an irreversible process. This results in difficulties when unloading, damage and

additional costs.18

17

http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/kautschuk/naturkautschuk/abb10.htm 18

Lloyds Survey Handbook, 7th edition 1999, Information Publishing Group Ltd

Figure 2.20 Temperature of surface water during a

voyage

sheets

29

Table 2.7 Risk factor Humidity/Moisture

- Risk factor Humidity/Moisture

Natural rubber requires particular temperature, humidity/moisture

and possibly ventilation condition.19

Term Humidity/water content

Relative humidity 70...75 %

Water content 1.08 %

Maximum equilibrium moisture content 75%

Moisture due to rain, seawater or condensation water must be strictly avoided, as

it can lead to rot, mold mildew stains and discoloration. Rubber which has become wet

and absorbed too much moisture is termed bleached rubber. Natural rubber is not

hygroscopic. The poor thermal conductivity of rubber may lead to condensation on the

surface from capillary water, which in turn leads to mold and rot.

Since mold and mildew stains can occur in the middle of the cargo block, it is

not possible to detect damage when the consignment is accepted. This can only be

detected when the container or means of transport is unloaded. Moisture damage is

accompanied by unpleasant or penetrating odors. In any instance of damage, the

question must always be raised as to whether the rubber was damp for the start, is it a

case of pre-carriage damage, which is the responsibility of the producer or did the

damage occur during transportation as a result of rain, condensation water or seawater.

Three aspects are taken into account

Observation of the stages of mold growth

Temperature requirements of the mold

Oxygen requirements of the microorganisms

19

Scharnow, R.: CodiertesHandbuch der Güter des Seetransports, VE

KombinatSeeverkehr und Hafenwirtschaft - Deutfracht/Seereederei -

IngenieurhochschulefürSeefahrtWarnemünde/Wustrow, Rostock 1986, Bd. 1: Stückgut

A-K, Bd. 2: Stückgut L-Z, Bd. 3: Spezialgut

30

- Risk factor Ventilation

Natural rubber requires particular temperature, humidity/moisture and

possibly ventilation conditions. If the rubber is dry for shipment or container dry, there

is no need for ventilation.

- Risk factor Biotic activity

Natural rubber displays 3rd

order biotic activity. It belong to the class of

good in which respiration processes are suspended, but in which biochemical, microbial

and other decomposition processes still proceed.

- Risk factor Gases

Chemical decomposition and the evolution of gas during processing lead

to cavities on or in the rubber sheets. The inner surfaces of the blisters are often sticky,

whereas those of the bubbles are dry and not sticky.

- Risk factor Self-heating/spontaneous combustion

Smoking must be prohibited when loading the containers and in the

warehouses, as natural rubber is readily combustible due to its high hydrocarbon

content. When natural rubber combusts it generates considerable heat and smoke. A

large quantity of gaseous product and unburned solid particles in the form of thick,

black smoke are released, which make access to the seat of the fire more difficult.

Burning rubber produces sputtering, burning drops of resin, which can cause the fire to

spread. If there is a risk of fire, the firefighting personnel should wear automatic

breathing apparatus and protective clothing.20

20

www.kautschukgesellschaft.de

31

Table 2.8 Odor factor

Table 2.9 Contamination factor

- Risk factor Odor

Bales of rubber emit a strong odor of rubber which can become a

penetrating odor in the event of damage.

Active behavior Unpleasant smell, so do not stow in the vicinity of foodstuffs,

semi luxury items and animal feedstuffs. Sour and foul odors:

These are due to rotting rubber.

Passive behavior Non-odor-sensitive.

- Risk factor Contamination

Active behavior None.

Passive

behavior

The rubber is very sensitive to contamination. The thermoplastic

properties of rubber mean that foreign bodies are absorbed either by

penetration or sticking. Splinters become embedded in the rubber

bales. This also applies to rubber packing in thin plywood crates.

These can splinter even under low loads, and are hence also known

as ―dirty packing‖.

Depending on the degree to which the contamination has penetrated,

it can be removed by peeling.

The warehouses and containers must be kept absolutely clean, as

any contamination such as grass, pipe splinters, paper, textile scraps,

graphite, coal, ore dust, cement, copper crumbs from cathode copper

plates, sulfur, copper sulfate, and manganese residue will break

down the rubber. This would cause holes to be formed during the

production of rubber gloves, for instance.

32

- Risk factor Mechanical influences

The rubber should be stowed in such a ways as to avoid the risk of

crashing. The fragile wooden creates can splinter even under normal load conditions.

Holes in the caused by wood splinters can adversely affect the value. Strong rubber:

rubber which is resistant to deformation, i.e. resistant to tension on compression. Weak

rubber: ribbed smoked sheets which tear easily or part when tension is applied.

- Risk factor Toxicity/Hazards to health

This risk factor has no major influence on transportation of this product.

- Risk factor Shrinkage/Shortage/Theft

It is recommended that loading and unloading should be supervised.

- Risk factor Insect infestation/Diseases

When wooden packaging containers or cargo securing materials are used,

it may under certain circumstances, be necessary to comply with the quarantine

regulations of the country of destination and a phytosanitary certificate may have to be

enclosed with the shipping documents. Information may be obtained from the

phytosanitary authorities of the countries concerned.

Synthetic Rubber

Synthetic rubber, invariably a polymer, is any type of artificial elastomer

mainly synthesized from petroleum byproducts. An elastomer is a material with the

mechanical (or material) property that it can undergo much more elasticdeformation

under stress than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent

deformation. About 15 billion kilograms of rubbers are produced annually, and of that

amount two thirds are synthetic.

The more than one dozen major classes of synthetic rubber are made of

raw material derived from petroleum, coal, oil, natural gas, and acetylene. Many of

them are copolymers, i.e., polymers consisting of more than one monomer. By changing

the composition it is possible to achieve specific properties desired for special

applications. The earliest synthetic rubbers were the styrene-butadiene copolymers,

Buna S and SBR, whose properties are closest to those of natural rubber. SBR is the

most commonly used elastomer because of its low cost and good properties; it is used

33

mainly for tires. Other general purpose elastomers are cis -polybutadiene and cis -

polyisoprene, whose properties are also close to that of natural rubber. Among the

specialty elastomers are copolymers of acrylonitrile and butadiene that were originally

called Buna N and are now known as nitrile elastomers or NBR rubbers. They have

excellent oil resistance and are widely used for flexible couplings, hoses, and washing

machine parts. Butyl rubbers are copolymers of isobutylene and 1.3% isoprene; they are

valuable because of their good resistance to abrasion, low gas permeability, and high

dielectric strength. Neoprene (polychloroprene) is particularly useful at elevated

temperatures and is used for heavy-duty applications. Ethylene-propylene rubbers

(RPDM) with their high resistance to weathering and sunlight are used for automobile

parts, hose, electrical insulation, and footwear. Urethane elastomers are called spandex

and they consist of urethane blocks and polyester or polyester blocks; the urethane

blocks provide strength and heat resistance, the polyester and polyester blocks provide

elasticity; they are the most versatile elastomer family because of their hardness,

strength, oil resistance, and aging characteristics. They have replaced rubber with

elasticized materials. Other uses range from airplane wheels to seat cushions. Other

synthetics are highly oil-resistant, but their high cost limits their use. Silicone rubbers

are organic derivatives of inorganic polymers.21

Synthetic rubber is a white, crumbly, plastic mass which can be processed and

vulcanized in the same ways as natural rubber. Synthetic rubber is produced in different

ways. Figure 3 illustrates one of the common production processes.

21

http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/rubber-

synthetrubber.html#ixzz2J445sjow

34

Synthetic rubbers are artificially produced materials with properties similar to

natural rubber. Most are obtained by polymerization or poly-condensation of

unsaturated monomers. A wide range of different synthetic rubbers has emerged,

reflecting the various different applications and the chemical and mechanical properties

they require. Co-polymerization of different monomers allows the material properties to

be varied across a wide range. Polymerization can take place under hot or cold

conditions, which result in hot polymers or cold polymers. Synthetic rubbers are

marketed as compressed bales and square blocks. They are also produced in the form of

powder rubber, talcum-coated chips granules and as latex concentrates in liquid form.

Figure 2.21 Production process for synthetic rubber

sheets

35

Quality/Duration of storage

The benefits compared with natural rubber include better oil and the

possibility of a product with an extremely constant quality. Synthetic rubbers made

from butadiene rank as the most important synthetic rubbers produced. The following

list indicates some of the most import synthetic along with their properties in

comparison with natural rubber.

- Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)

General purpose rubber made up of different types; better abrasion

resistance, lower elasticity, poorer low-temperature behavior, better heat and aging

resistance, excellent electrical insulation material similar to rubber.

- Poly-butadiene Rubber (BR)

Poor processing properties mean that BR is not used on its own, blended

with SBR or NR, abrasion-resistant, good elasticity, flexible at low temperatures.

- Isoprene Rubber (IR)

Properties large comparable with natural rubber, more uniform, cleaner,

transparent.

- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)

Oil and fuels resistant, good heat distortion temperature property and

abrasions resistant.

- Butyl Rubber (IIR)

Low permeability‘s to gases, resistant to aging, ozone and chemicals,

good mechanical property, abrasion resistant and good electrical insulation properties.

The mechanical properties are improved by adding fillers such as carbon

black during vulcanization with sulfur. Temperature resistance, abrasion resistance,

resistance to oxygen and chemicals such as acids and petrol are properties which are

improved in this way.

Duration of storage varies depending on the type synthetic rubber. For example,

a range of 6-36 months if the ideal conditions recommended by the manufacturer, such

as a storage temperature between 10 and 25°C, are observed. Synthetic rubber must be

stowed dry, some synthetic rubbers must be stored cool and they are to be protected

from direct sunlight.22

22

www.lanxess.com

36

Table 2.10 Storage duration SBR

Recommended storage duration for synthetic rubber, in particular Styrene

Butadiene Rubber (SBR)

Initial storage 5 years

Extended storage 2 years

Meyers NeuesLexikon, Bd. 7, Isota-Kongu, VEB BibliographischesInstitut, Leipzig 1973.

Here are advantages and limitations of some kind of synthetic rubber.

- Natural Rubber (NR)

Advantages

Good dynamic properties.

Good tensile and tear strength.

Good abrasive resistance.

Limitations

Poor resistance to chemicals and oil substances.

No long time exposure to sunlight, ozone and heat.

- Styrene-butadiene Rubber (SBR)

Advantages

Good tensile strength, dynamic properties and

abrasive resistance.

Good substituent for NR (but sometimes more cost-

efficient)

Limitations

Poor resistance to chemicals and oil substances.

No longtime expo-sure to sunlight, ozone and heat.

37

- Butadiene Rubber (BR)

Advantages

Excellent dynamic properties.

Good cold resistance.

Good tear strength.

Limitations

Poor resistance to chemical and oil substance.

No longtime expo-sure to sunlight, ozone and heat

- Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)

Advantages

Excellent resistance to ozone, oxidants and weather

(water) conditions.

Excellent insulator

Good chemical resistance (not oil).

Limitations

Poor resistance to oil substances.

Less mechanical properties compared to NR.

- Chloroprene Rubber (CR)

Advantages

Good resistance to ozone, weather conditions (water)

and sunlight.

Good chemical and medium oil resistance.

Good high temperature resistance.

Good resistance to gas permeability.

Limitations

More expensive than general purpose synthetic

rubbers.

No resistance to strong oxidizing acids, esters,

ketones, chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons.

38

- Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)

Advantages

Good oil and solvent resistance.

Good heat resistance.

Good mechanical properties.

Good resistance to gas permeability.

Limitations

Not good resistance to ozone, ketons, esters,

aldehydes hydrocarbons.

Higher price only justified when oil resistance in

required.

- Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR)

Advantages

Very good heat and low temperature resistance.

Good oil and solvent resistance.

Good ozone and weather resistance.

Good mechanical properties.

Limitation

High cost.

- Methyl Vinyl Silicone Rubber (MVQ)

Advantages

Excellent heat resistance.

Very good low temperatures resistance.

Good insulator.

Limitations

Higher price only justified when excellent heat

resistance is required.

Low tensile strength

39

- Fluor polymer (EPM)

Advantages

Excellent heat resistance.

Excellent chemical, ozone, weather, oil and solvent

resistance.

Good resistance to gas permeability.

Limitations

Very high price.

Intermediate mechanical properties.

- Isobutene-Isoprene Rubber (IIR)

Advantages

Excellent resistance to gas permeability.

Good resistance to chemical, ozone, weather and oil.

Limitation

Intermediate mechanical properties.

- Chloro sulphonated Polyrthyle (CSM)

Advantages

Good heat resistance.

Good ozone and weather (water) resistance.

Good chemical resistance.

Color-proof.

Excellent abrasive resistance.

Limitation

Intermediate oil resistance.

**The information presented herein has been compiled from several sources considered to be

in dependable and is accurate and reliable to the best of our knowledge and belief but is not

guaranteed to be so. Nothing herein is to be construed as recommending any practice of any

product in violation of any patent or in violation of any law or regulation.23

23

http://www.hercorub.com/media/hercorub/pdf/elastomer.pdf

40

Intended use

Like natural rubber, synthetic rubber has a wide range of applications,

such as in the tire industry (car, aircraft and bicycles tires), drive belts, hoses, medical

equipments, seal, floor coverings, conveyor belts, molded parts. The following list

shows the operating temperature and applications for some important types of synthetic

rubber.

- Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)

-40°C to 100°C

Tire industry (tread and carcasses), conveyor belt, seals, and

technical rubber products.

- Poly Butadiene Rubber (BR)

-80°C to 90°C

Tires, conveyor belts, clutches, engine bearing, technical

products of all types, drinking water seals.

- Isoprene Rubber (IR)

-40°C to 130°C

Technical products of all types, especially construction

sections, cooling and heating hoses for vehicles, high-

performance tires, foodstuffs utensils.

- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)

Operating temperature: up to approx 110°C

Motor vehicle parts, oil and fuel hoses, technical product of

all types, plates and mats, rollers, seals and for foodstuff such

as milk.

- Chloroprene Rubber (CR)

-40°C to 150°C

Automotive hoses tire inner liners, seals, membranes,

rubberized fabrics, steam hoses, cable insulation.

Packaging

- The bales are wrapped in plastic sheeting or in boxes lined with

polyethylene. Bales are unitized in crates on pallets or with a shrink cover for instance.

41

Figure 2.22 Marking of packages

sheets

- Powder rubbers are packed in paper sacks or cardboard boxes

lined with polyethylene and palletized. Flexible bulk packages are also used as packing.

- Granulated synthetic rubber is packed in polyethylene sacks and

palletized. The polyethylene sacks can additionally be packed in cardboard and then

palletized. Flexible bulk package can also be used as packaging.

When wooden packaging containers or cargo securing materials are used,

it may under certain circumstances be necessary to comply with the quarantine

regulations of the country of destination and a phytosanitary certificate may have to be

enclosed with the shipping document. Information may be obtained from the

phytosanitary authorities of the countries concerned.

Marking of packages

Keep dry

Top

Keep away from heat

(Solar radiation)

42

Table 2.11 Temperature

Risk factors and loss prevention of Synthetic Rubber

- Risk factor temperature

Synthetic rubber requires particular temperature, humidity/moisture and

possibly ventilation condition.24

Term Temperature range

Travel temperature range 5 - 30°C

Synthetic rubber withstands temperatures of up to 30°C. When this

temperature is exceeded, cold flow starts. The rubber beings to flow and ruptures the

wrapping. The material beings to stick or combined with the package. Further

consequences of excessive temperatures are softening and artificial aging, combined

with hardening. In this event, the recipient has to pick over the blocks in a separate

operation. If the exposure to sunlight is of longer duration, oxidative cross-linking

occurs on the surface of the rubber even at temperatures of 10-20°C. UV radiation also

causes this degradation. The temperature threshold for transportation is 5°C; the rubber

crystallizes at -15°C. This process is irreversible in synthetic rubber, which means that it

becomes unusable.

24Scharnow, R.: CodiertesHandbuch der Güter des Seetransports, VE

KombinatSeeverkehr und Hafenwirtschaft - Deutfracht/Seereederei -

IngenieurhochschulefürSeefahrtWarnemünde/Wustrow, Rostock 1986, Bd. 1: Stückgut

A-K, Bd. 2: Stückgut L-Z, Bd. 3: Spezialgut

43

Table 2.12 Factor Humidity/Moisture

- Risk factor Humidity/Moisture

Synthetic rubbers require particular temperature, humidity/moisture and

possibly ventilation conditions.

Term Humidity/water content

Relative humidity 65 %

Water content 0.2...0.4 %

Critical water content 0.75 %

Maximum equilibrium moisture content 65%

The water content of synthetic rubber is 0.2 – 0.4% and synthetic rubber

with low water content thus belongs to water contents. Despite its low water content,

synthetic rubber is very sensitive to moisture/humidity. The critical water content within

the wrapping is 0.75%.

The bales are wrapped in heat-sealed foils and must not be damaged. If

moisture penetrates the bales soak it up like a sponge, with the result that expensive

additional operations are required or the material can no longer be approved for

processing in certain machines. If water bubbles can be seen inside the wrapper, the

goods may have been damaged 65% relative humidity is recommended by the

manufacture.

- Risk factor Ventilation

Synthetic rubber requires particular temperature, humidity/moisture and

possibly ventilation conditions. If the rubber is dry from shipment or container dry,

there is no need for ventilation.

44

Table 2.13 Odor factor

Table 2.14 Contamination factor

- Risk factor Biotic Activity

Synthetic rubber are goods in which respiration processed are suspended,

but it which biochemical, microbial and other decomposition processes still proceed;

they thus exhibit 3rd

order biotic activity.

- Risk factor Gases

This risk factor has no major influence on transportation of this product.

- Risk factor Self-heating/Spontaneous combustion

Synthetic rubber is highly flammable. If an upper temperature of 320°C

is exceeded, it also tends to ignite spontaneously and generates considerable quantities

of smoke while burning. The fire is best extinguished with CO2, not with water or foam.

Smoking is absolutely prohibited. If there is a risk of fire, the firefighting personnel

should wear automatic breathing apparatus and protective clothing.

- Risk factor Odor

Active behavior Despite the packaging, a rubber-like smell is to be

expected, so synthetic rubber must not be stowed with

foodstuffs, semi luxury items and animal feedstuffs.

Passive behavior Non-odor-sensitive.

- Risk factor Contamination

Active behavior Does not cause contamination.

Passive behavior Damaged films allow the raw material to become

contaminated with foreign bodies, such as dust, chemicals,

metal filings, jute fibers etc. This considerably reduces the

quality and can cause high processing costs or render the

material completely unusable.

45

- Risk factor Mechanical influences

The rubber should be stowed in such a way as to avoid the risk of

crashing. The bales are wrapped in heat-sealed foils and must not be damaged. Use no

hooks.

- Risk factor Toxicity/Hazards to health

This risk factor has no major influence on transportation of this product.

- Risk factor Shrinkage/Shortage

This risk factor has no major influence on transportation of this product.

- Risk factor Insect infestation/Diseases

When wooden packaging containers or cargo securing materials are used,

it may under certain circumstances, be necessary to comply with the quarantine

regulations of the country of destination and a phytosanitary certificate may have to be

enclosed with the shipping documents. Information may be obtained from the

phytosanitary authorities of the countries concerned.25

2.2 Situation of Industry

Rubber industry situation in the world

Rubber World Industries were established in 1993 to manufacture a

comprehensive and versatile range of technically advanced Rubber Insulation products.

It seemed particularly apt at IRC ‘96 to present the life history of natural rubber

in what was almost exactly 500 years to the day that Christopher Columbus returned

from his second voyage, bringing back the first rubber balls from the West Indies. There

was, Spanish observers said, ‗nothing comparable in the world in the ways that the balls

bounced‘. Previously only packed leather balls had been known in Europe and this new

rubber was a total novelty. The next landmark in the history of natural rubber was the

Spanish discovery of the use of latex for the water proofing of leather and fabric in

1615. Because no method of preserving latex was known at that time, a thriving fabric

proofing industry grew up in Mexico and the finished product exported.

25

http://www.gulfoflex.com/new/index.html

46

Figure 2.23 Natural Rubber processes

sheets

The rubber industry in Europe really

started with Charles Macintosh in 1818. Many had

sought suitable solvents for rubber since its arrival

in Europe as a raw material in the late 1700s, but

none had been successful. Charles Macintosh was

an industrial chemist in Glasgow, then a major

centre of the chemical industry and was eager to

exploit the waste products of the new coal

gasification process. James Syme, a medical

student found that coal tar naphtha-was a good

solvent for rubber and so Macintosh‘s specific

skill came in exploiting the naphtha-based rubber solution as a waterproofing layer

between 2 fabrics. Hence the ‗Macintosh‘ was born. Only 2 years later, in 1829,

Thomas Hancock discovered mastication. Hancock was using rubber in elastic

fastenings for gloves, shoes and stockings. These ‗garters‘ were made by cutting strips

from ‗bottles‘ of pure rubber and led to much waste. Hancock noticed that fresh cut

edges of rubber would unite perfectly and it occurred to him that if such pieces were

minced up very small, the amount of fresh cut edges would be greatly increased and

with heat ‗Pickle‖ or wooden masticator. He found that effort to shred the rubber did

not decrease with time, but increased and when opened a homogeneous roll of rubber

was found. He used his ‗Pickle‘ to supply the Macintosh factory and kept his

mastication process secret until he was forced to patent in 1837.

The final landmark in the early history of rubber was the discovery of

vulcanization by Charles Goodyear. Whilst the rubber industry was developing rapidly

in the temperature climate of Britain, with Macintosh and others producing a whole

range of products from rubber fishing dinghies to beer hoses, the US industry was

losing confidence with factories closing down due to the extremes of climate. Excessive

high temperature made product sticky, whilst at very low temperatures they became

rigid. Thus Charles Goodyear in the US was seeking modification to rubber to avoid

these temperature defects. He tried magnesia, boiling in lime, bronze powder and nitric

acid but all were of no avail. In September 1858, however a Nathaniel Hayward

introduced Goodyear to the idea of sulphur on, rather than in the rubber. Unfortunately

47

at that time Goodyear suffered both financial and personal difficulties so it was not until

1841 that he actually accidentally over-heated a mixture of rubber, sulphur and white

lead, which resulted in the discovery of vulcanization and a rubber which not harden in

winter and soften in the summer. This was patented on 6 December 1842. Public

opinion in the US was still hostile to rubber, however and Goodyear entrusted his idea

to a Stephen Moulton, who was about to return to England, to take his improved rubber

to the Macintosh Company. Samples reached Thomas Hancock via a certain William

Brockendon and Hancock deduced from the bloom that sulphur had been used. He

subsequently discovered that strips of rubber immersed in molten sulphur changed its

character and patented the process in November 1843 – only a few weeks before

Goodyear‘s belated English patent. Hence both names being ascribed to the discovery.

From that time on, the natural rubber industry really began to expand and was

fuelled by the additional supplies of rubber that became available from the Far East.

This was due to Sir Henry Wickham who transported 70,000 seeds from Brazil to Kew

Garden in 1876. Some 1900 of these germinated and the resulting seeding were shipped

on to Ceylon and Singapore, from Henry Ridley developed tapping techniques and

instigated many of the methods used to this day.

There were then a whole series of developments in natural rubber science and

technology in the 40s, 50s and 60s, which led to a range of new materials derived from

it and new uses. For example, ‗rubber in roads‘ is not new. The first rubberized bitumen

were laid in the Rue Ferrier, Geneva in 1947 by Ashaltiques Geneva and subsequently

in Acre Lane in London in 1950. By 1955, 70 miles had been laid in the UK. It was

reported to give non-slip properties, one-third improvement in life and was much more

resistant to low temperatures. In 1952, the first liquid rubber rub bone was produced by

the mechanical working of softened rubber with chemical plasticizers (6-8 hours in a 2-

blade mixer at 120-140°C. This was used for textile machinery components, printers‘

rollers and for prototype manufacturing. Then there was posited in 1952, latex which

was processed to give the rubber particles a positive charge for the wool industry and

methyl methacrylate grafted rubber in 1954 for making very hard rubber or adhesives if

only 30% is grafted. New uses saw the first rubber-metal laminated bridge bearing in

1957 on the Pelham Bridge in Lincoln and oil-extended natural rubber to improve the

grip of unstudied winter tires in 1967.

48

In the 1970s and 1980s the natural rubber industry still forged ahead. Further

new materials and new uses have appeared. We have seen the advent of deoxidized

natural rubber, a rubber derived from natural rubber but with high damping

characteristics, oil resistance and gas permeability equal to halo butyl rubbers.

Thermoplastic natural rubber is a blend of natural rubber with polypropylene to give a

recyclable rubber and new liquid natural rubbers have been developed for a variety of

uses. The early work in the 50s on laminated rubber bearings for bridges, now used

universally to accommodate bridge deck movements, spawned bearing for the base

isolation of whole building against ground-born vibrations. These in turn were further

developed in the mid-1980s and 1990s for bearing to protect building against

earthquakes. Seventy percent or more of all natural rubber goes into tires mostly into

large truck tires, off-the-road giant tires and aircraft tires. Here, low heat generation

properties in services are of paramount importance, along with low rolling resistance.

Recent work in the 80s has seen the development of natural rubber-based compounds

for truck tire retreading to match the wear of all synthetic compounds and these because

of their lower rolling resistance, give the added benefit of better fuel economy. More

recently, the advent of all-season passenger car tires has called for an improvement in

grip on ice and snow. Here, the earlier oil-extended natural rubber technology used for

winter tires can provide better grip on ice and snow combined with lower rolling

resistance.26

The future for natural rubber looks bright. Ever increasing volumes are being

produced. At 5.92 million tonnes per annum, natural rubber has 39% of the world

rubber consumption of 15.14 million tons per annum. The earthquake-bearing market

will take off when people realize that such systems system not only save lives, but also

the contents of the building. Powder-free surgical gloves are on the way and this

achieved by a polymer coating both on the inside and out, will eliminate the protein

allergy problem. All predictions of future cars see them continuing to use rubber tires.

The space shuttle lands on all natural rubber tires because of the superb performance of

this 500 years old polymer. With space travel around the corner, surely natural rubber

has a guaranteed future.

26

http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2101

49

Figure 2.24 Natural Rubber Harvest

sheets

Rubber industry situation in Asia

Asia is now home to around 92% of the

world supply of natural rubber, raw material for the

production of thousands of articles of everyday use.

The tire is prominent among them. Them continent

provides a major portion of the vehicles in use

around the world and around 70% of the global

requirement of tires to make them mobile. More

than half of the synthetic rubber produced and

consumed in the world also is now in Asia. In the

production of other rubber-based articles like auto

rubber components, rubber-based industrial and engineering products, footwear

products, latex-based products like latex foam and fibber foam, gloves, condoms, latex

thread, catheters, nipples, sport goods like balloons, bladders and balls, the situation is

not different. Moreover, South and South-East Asia from the hub of nearly 90% of the

dipped products reaching the world market.

Produced of all these moved ahead mostly in the last quarter of a century, from

1985. Rubber consumption steadily gained momentum in the East and Asia grew into a

formidable force in the world rubber industry during the period. In 1985, the Asian

output of natural rubber was exceedingly high with 99.3% of 4,369,500 tons out of the

world total of 4,400,000 tons. The output more than doubled to 9,585,000 tons by 2010,

but the share came down to 93% of the world total of 10,291,000 tons. Thailand and

Indonesia are in the forefront of NR production and the global supply of NR continues

to be centered round these two nations.

Rubber consumption had made tremendous progress by 1985, aided by

expanding use of motor vehicles and rapid development in the downstream tire and

rubber industries. The Asian rubber consumption of that year of 3.46 million tons was

only one-fourth of the world total of 13.43 million tons. In the next 15 years, industrial

development gathered momentum and the Asian NR consumption rose to 8.37 million

tons by 2001. Then Asia had the largest share with 47% of the world total, well ahead of

Europe‘s share of 28%, North America‘s 18%, Latin America‘s 6% and Africa‘s 1%.

The continent consumed 15,124,000 tons of rubber in 2010, around 62% in the world

50

Figure 2.25 Rubber Plantation

sheets

total of 24,422,000 tons. Of this, the share of NR was 7,454,000 tons and of synthetic

rubber (SR) 7,670,000 tons. Obviously, Asia has been the centre-stage of the world

rubber industry since 1985.

World total of rubber plantations was around 6.1 million hectares in 1985. Asia

has the most ideal land mass for Hevea rubber cultivation in the world, mainly the Thai-

Malay peninsula, Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan

in Indonesia, southern part of India and the South-western part of Sri Lanka. The

continent‘s share in world rubber plantations is 91% at 10,489,000 hectares. Indonesia

with 3,445,000 is the single largest rubber cultivating country in Asia. At the world

level too, the country has the largest share around 30% of the total. Thailand in

2,761,000 and Malaysia with 1,019,000 are the other two major rubber growing

countries. These three combined accounted for 69% of the rubber area in Asia in 2010,

at 7,225,000. World production of natural rubber was 4.4 million tons in 1985, in which

the share of Asia was as much as 91% at 4.0 million tons. The Asian production is

mostly smallholder based, but relatively large, State-owned plantations dominate in

China, Vietnam and Cambodia. While Thailand has a little over 95% participation of

small holdings, their share in Malaysia is around 90% and in Indonesia about 85%. Asia

continues to be the largest supplier NR to the world. The world NR production rose to

10,291,000 tons in 2010 and the Asian share increased to 93% of this at 9,585,000 tons.

Asia has come a long way during the past 25 years in the production of synthetic

rubber. The 1985 production of 1.57 million tons of SR was only around 17.6% of the

world output of 8.94 million tons. Europe was the largest SR producer in 1985 with

4.21 million tons, while North America composed of Canada, Mexico and USA, could

produce only 2.24 million tons. Europe was continuing the lead from the time of

polymerizing methyl isoprene in 1909 in Germany, the first form of synthetic rubber

51

ever to be made in the world. The erstwhile USSR with 2.13 million tons was the top

producer in 1985, both in Europe and at the world level. The Asian share steadily rose

to 50.7% at 7.1 million tons in 2010. The Asian majors in SR production are China,

Japan, South Korea and Taiwan while Thailand, Malaysia, India, Indonesia and Iran

follow with modest production. China emerged as the largest world producer of SR in

2008 with 2.33 million tons, while USA which held the top billing until that time, and

could produce only 2.31 million tons. China‘s SR output in 2010 rose to 3.14 million

tons, against USA‘s 2.32 million tons. The Asian output of SR was 7,072,000 tons in

the year, against 3,787,000 tons in Europe including the Russian Federation and

2,458,000 tons in North America. While the Asian output grew by 447% over the 25-

year period, growth in North America was only 10%. In the case of Europe, there was

negative growth by 10%.

Asia has the largest base in making rubber products. With advent of the World

Trade Organization and the consequent globalization of trade, many multinational

companies from Europe and North America started rubber manufacturing ventures in

the cost effective Asian countries, particularly in China. Most of the natural rubber

producing countries attracted investment of multinationals on account of less labor cost,

availability of technically educated manpower and the major raw material, i.e. NR. This

has helped advanced technologies in product manufacture to percolate into the Asian

region and Asia is now better placed to provide quality rubber products to the world

market. Tires coming in around 500 varieties in pneumatic and solid versions are the

prime products among the rubber articles. Out of the top 75 global tire makers, 49 are

from Asia - 17 from China and 10 from India. The continent is home to five out of 10

multinationals — Bridgestone, Sumitomo, Yokohama, Hankook and Kumho. The other

five — Michelin, Goodyear, Continental, Pirelli and Cooper – do not stand isolated;

they have production facilities in Asia, attracted by the comparatively low cost of

production and the fairly large pool of technical manpower. The Asian facilities of these

companies tap the gigantic Asian market, in addition to meeting part of the tire demand

in Europe and North America. A major portion of the new capacity creation in tire

production took place in Asia in the last decade, particularly in China and India. Of the

global truck tire market of 146 million a year, Asia accounts for 45% at 65.7 million,

while Europe‘s share is only 18% at 26.28 million, North America‘s 16% at 23.36

52

Figure 2.26 Rubber Plantation

sheets

million, South America‘s 11% at 16.06 million and Africa and the Middle East

combined also with 11% at 16.06 million. The robust demand ahead for new vehicles in

the Asian region, especially in the two economically advancing most populous countries

China and India, will stimulate

Rubber industry situation in Thailand

Rubber is a very important industrial crop for Thailand, both for the local

consumption as well as the global market. The major export markets for Thai rubbers

are Germany, China and Japan, with the export value of US$ 134.9 billion in 2008.

Since Thailand has a large number of rubber plantations, a large quantity of rubber can

also be produced. Most rubber plantations are in the southern part of Thailand and are

likely to expand further. However, Thailand is still facing both internal and external

obstacles that affect the wide range of Thai rubber industry27

Thailand led the pack of major NR producing nations with output of

3,252,000 tons in 2010, followed by Indonesia with 2,829,000 tons. Though Indonesia

possessed the largest NR planted area, the country could not match the yield levels of

Thailand. In the last 25 years Thailand vastly

expanded the rubber area at an annual average

of 40,000 using high yielding planting material

and adopting systematic cultivation practices,

while modern cultivation practices were alien

to majority of the small holdings in Indonesia.

The average productivity of Thailand sharply

rose to 1,720 kg in 2010, while Indonesia‘s

average could reach only 987 kg. Malaysia was

a distant third with 939,000 tons of NR output

in 2010. However, the country did Asia proud

by becoming the largest producer of dipped

goods — latex gloves, catheters and condoms

— meeting almost 45% of their world

requirement. India was the 4th NR producer

27

http://www.thaitrade.com/trade_detail.php?id=257

53

Figure 2.27 Rubber Holder Co-operatives Federation of Chanthaburi Co.,Ltd

sheets

with 851,000 tons in 2010. This country holds record for the highest world average

productivity in rubber continuously for about two decades. The average productivity in

2010 was at 1,784 kg/ha. Vietnam was the 5th largest NR producer with 754,500 tons in

2010 and China the 6th with 647,000 tons. China has over one million hectares of

rubber plantations, more than what India and Vietnam hold at 0.7 million apiece, but the

Chinese output remained low owing to substantial difference in productivity. China‘s

productivity averaged 1,143 kg in 2010 against India‘s 1,784 kg and Vietnam‘s 1,720

kg.The other Asian countries supported the Asian NR output in a modest way. In the

year 2010, Sri Lanka contributed 153,000 tons, Myanmar 112,000 tons, Philippines

99,000 tons, Cambodia 42,200 tons, Bangladesh 18,000 tons and Laos an estimated

7,500 tons. Almost the entire production of Cambodia and Laos was exported.

Rubber industry situation in Chanthaburi province

Nowadays, rubber industry situation in Chanthaburi province is quite good.

Agricultures can create a lot of incomes because 2 factors. First, because winter is

coming that means can create and make a profit can be respond of demand on world

market that is getting high by THB 119/kg. Second, because rubber plantations in

Southern part of Thailand was gotten flood and that could makes a problem by cant

make more profit or rubber or latex at all, but by the way Chanthaburi province did not

get any flood problem.28

28

http://www.rubbernongkhai.com/index.php/component/content/article/1-

newrubber/79-2010-12-01-02-56-38

54

Figure 2.28 Concentrated Latex packages

sheets

2.3 Products

Concentrated Latex

Controlled from even the collection

of fresh field latex from small holders,

concentrated latex is pure and is one of the

cleanest raw materials in terms of rubber.

Fresh field latex is preserved with added

chemicals and centrifuged to obtain

concentrated latex of 60% DRC (dry rubber

contents). Ammonia is added during the

process to enhance the preservation of latex but depending on specific requirements of

the customer, various degrees are added to the concentrated latex.29

Concentrated latex is also known as cenex. Large amount of concentrated latex

is produced by centrifuging. Latex concentration is a process which involves the

removal of serum from field latex & thus making the latex rich in rubber content. You

may be thinking whether the concentration of latex is necessary. Concentration of latex

is necessary due to the following reasons.

There is better uniformity in quality.

Higher degree of purity.

Another point is related to economy in transportation.

There are different methods used for concentrating latex.

Evaporation

Creaming

Centrifuging

Electro-decantation.

Among these, evaporation is the oldest method used. Creaming,

centrifuging & electro-decantation involve the partial removal of non-rubber& smaller

rubber particles. As a result, a high degree of purity is obtained in the product.30

29

http://www.thaihua.com/v4/en/product/latex.php 30

http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/121850-Concentrated-latex-its-

analysis.aspx

55

Figure 2.29

Ribbed Smoked Sheets Grades sheets

There is good market for preserved latex concentrate, as it is an important raw

material with a wide range of applications. Two important methods of processing latex

into preserved latex concentrate are commercially practiced.

The processing of latex into creamed concentrate involves the mixing of a

creaming agent such as ammonium alginate or tamarind seed powder with properly

preserved field latex and allowing the latex to separate into two layers; an upper layer of

concentrated latex and a lower layer of serum containing very little rubber. The lower

layer of serum is removed, leaving the latex concentrate having about 50-55% DRC

(dry rubber content), which is often tested, packed and marketed. The processing of

latex into latex concentrate by centrifugation involves the separation of preserved field

latex into two fractions, one containing the concentrated latex of more than 60% dry

rubber and the other containing 4-8% dry rubber (skim latex). Skim latex is generally

coagulated with sulphuric acid, made into crepe, dried and marketed as skim rubber,

which is a low-grade rubber.31

Ribbed Smoked Sheets

Ribbed smoked sheets are used in

various industries due to their variety in the

requirements of cleanliness and tear strength of

the sheets. There are five major grades: RSS 1 to

RSS 5. The difference in the grades is the result

of the preparation of the coagulated field latex

during the production of the Un-smoked Sheets.

The sheets are selected and smoked at a controlled timing and temperature window to

ensure that they are properly smoked without causing a negative impact on the rubber

properties. RSS grades still depend heavily on visual inspection, thus, there is a high

probability of inconsistency in grading.32

31

http://rubberboard.org.in/ManageCultivation.asp?Id=192 32

http://www.thaihua.com/v4/en/product/rss.php

56

Latex is coagulated in suitable containers into thin slabs of coagulum and rolled

through a set of smooth rollers followed by a grooved set and dried to obtain sheet

rubber. Depending upon the drying method, sheet rubbers are classified into two:

Ribbed Smoked Sheets and Air Dried Sheets. A major quantity of natural rubber

produced in this country (about 74.7%) is marketed in sheet form at present, as it is the

oldest and the simplest method of processing latex into a marketable form.

For processing latex into sheet rubber, it is important that the latex collected is

brought to the processing center before pre-coagulation sets in. In cases where the latex

is found to be prone to pre-coagulation, an anticoagulant is used.

Latex brought to the centre is strained through 40 and 60 mesh stainless steel

sieves. The volume of latex is measured with a standard vessel and a calibrated rod. The

dry rubber content (DRC) is estimated with a metrolac, which is a special type of

hydrometer calibrated to directly read the DRC. However, laboratory methods are

employed for accurate determination. Latex is diluted in bulking tanks to a standard

consistency of 1/2 kg of dry rubber for every 4 litres of the diluted latex (12.5% DRC).

The diluted latex is allowed to stand in the bulking tank for a fixed time (usually 15 to

20 minutes) for the heavy dirt particles to sediment.

The diluted latex is drawn out from the bulking tank without disturbing the

sediment layer of impurities into the coagulation pans or tanks. Four liters of latex is

usually transferred to each pan.

Formic acid or acetic acid is generally used for coagulation. The quantity of acid

required for satisfactory coagulation depends on various factors like the amount and

type of anticoagulant used the duration of coagulation, the season, and the nature of the

latex.

The acid requirement may slightly change under varying conditions and can be

fixed up by experience. Only diluted acid should be used for coagulation and should be

thoroughly mixed with latex.

The sheets after two or three hours of dripping in shade are placed in the smoke

house where the temperature is maintained between 40°C and 60°C. In the smoke

house, sheets are dried gradually whereby blisters are avoided. In addition, the creosotic

substances present in the smoke prevent mould growth on smoked sheets. It is

preferable to smoke the sheets on the first day at a low temperature (40°C to 45°C). For

57

the subsequent days (i.e. the second to the fourth day) the sheets are to be dried at a

higher temperature (not exceeding 60°C) and fairly low relative humidity. Sheets can be

dried by placing them on the first day on the reapers at the bottom region of the smoke

house and at the higher regions on the subsequent days of smoking.

There are various types of smoke houses, all working on the same general

principle. The essential features of a smoke house are a chamber in which the sheets can

be placed on reapers, a furnace outside the chamber and a flue duct connecting the

furnace to the chamber.

Generally, the sheets are turned on the reapers every day for uniform smoking

and drying and to avoid reaper marks on dry sheets. Four days of smoking is generally

sufficient under normal conditions, but during the rainy season five to six days are

required for satisfactory drying of sheets. Drying of sheets in a smoke house has definite

advantages. It is quicker than sun-drying and does not cause oxidation by ultraviolet

radiation. Inside the smoke house, there is only limited supply of air and it is mostly

filled with smoke and carbon dioxide. Hence chances for oxidation of rubber are very

limited, provided the temperature is within limits. Also, the creosotic i.e. materials

present in smoke, get deposited on the surface of the sheets thereby preventing mould

growth on sheets. The requirements of a good smoke house are:

-Minimum drying time

-Maintenance of temperature in the range of 40-60o C

-Maximum fuel efficiency

-Minimum heat loss

-Minimum drying cost

-Easy loading/unloading of sheets

-Minimum labor requirement

-Continuous operation

-Good ventilation

-Minimum number of defective sheets

58

A smoke house consists of a chamber into which the sheets are loaded either on

trolleys carrying reapers or on reapers fitted on a wooden framework. Smoke is

generated in the furnace, which is usually outside the chamber. Smoke and hot air from

the furnace are directed into the chamber through flu. Air inlets and ventilators are

provided at the bottom and top of the chamber respectively. These can be opened or

closed for controlling temperature. Temperature can also be regulated by adjusting the

rate of burning of the firewood by opening or closing the air inlets in the furnace door.

A damper is usually provided at the main flue outlet, as a safety measure to prevent fire

entering the chamber in an event of opening the furnace door. The chamber may be of

brickwork with a reinforced concrete frame. The smoke house shall be provided with

adequate drainage to facilitate removal of serum dripping from the sheets. The roof and

the ceiling may be of asbestos sheets and the gap between the roof and the ceiling at the

top of the walls shall be closed from all the four sides of the smoke house, so as to avoid

heat loss due to air currents over the ceiling and to prevent condensed moisture

containing carbon from dripping on sheets. Smoke houses are of two types, those in

which the furnace is inside the drying chamber and those in which the furnace is

outside.

Smoke house of the pit-fired-type and trolley box type which are used in Sri

Lanka come under this. In the pit-fired-type, smoke is generated by burning firewood in

a central pit, which is inside the smoke house. A thick gauge galvanized iron sheet,

slightly larger in size than the mouth of the pit, is fixed 25 cm above so as to spread the

smoke. The sheets are hung inside the chamber and a minimum space of 180 cm

between the fire and the bottom layer of the sheet is given to avoid overheating of the

sheet near the pit. In the trolley box furnace-type, smoke is generated in a fire trolley on

wheels. The advantage of this type of smoke house over the pit-fired-type is that the

smoke house can be kept clean since operations such as loading of firewood and

removing the ash can be done outside the smoke house.

There are two types of smoke houses with external furnaces, the ground-floor

type and the tunnel-type. In the ground-floor type, the smoke from the furnace is

directed to the centre of the smoking chamber. The sheets are hung on reapers fitted on

a wooden framework. Fresh sheets, after dripping, are put on reapers near the ground

and on the next day they are taken from the lower reapers and hung on the upper ones.

59

The usual drying time in this type of smoke house is four to five days. The

disadvantages of this type of smoke house are that only batch wise operation is possible

and more labour is required, since sheets are replaced on the reapers every day.

Drying of sheets in direct sunlight increases the chances of oxidation of sheets,

especially when they are exposed to sunlight for longer periods. However, solar energy

could be indirectly used for drying the sheets using flat plate solar collectors. In this

system, hot air from the solar collectors is blown into the drying chamber in which the

sheets are placed on reapers placed on trolleys. The system also contains a furnace for

burning firewood which acts as a back-up heat source for maintaining the inside

temperature during night and also on cloudy days. Reports show that with the back-up

heat source, drying time could be brought down to five days. Compared to conventional

smoke drying, the saving in firewood using the solar-cum-smoke drier is around 60 to

70 per cent and the quality of sheets is comparable to that of sheets prepared by

conventional smoke drying.

Smallholders dry rubber sheets partially in sunlight and partially in a smoke

dryer/kitchen hearth. During this process, a lot of dirt, dust, and other contaminants

accumulate on the surface of the sheet leading to downgrading of the dried sheet.

Drying of rubber sheets put on wooden rods fixed on trolleys can eliminate surface

contamination to a great extent. The trolley can be used to dry rubber sheets in open

sunlight as well as in a smoke dryer, thereby substantially reducing the drying time,

surface contamination and improving the grade of the sheet. The trolley for sunlight-

cum-smoke drying of natural rubber sheets consists of four sliding layers, one guard

layer and a top layer which are fixed on a mild steel (M.S.) angle framework. The

sliding layers can be drawn out in four directions. Slots are cut, 75mm apart, on the

sliding and fixed frames to insert wooden rods of 20mm diameter on which the rubber

sheets are hung. For drying in open sunlight the trolley is rolled out of the smoke

chamber and the sliding layers are drawn out in four directions thereby avoiding the

shade of the top layer of sheets from falling on the bottom ones. This provides direct

sunlight to sheets on all the layers, better aeration through layers of sheet and avoids

water dripping from one layer to the other. The cumulative effect of all the above is

faster and uniform drying of the sheets. During night the sheets on the trolley can be

dried in a smoke house, for which the sliding layers are pulled in and arranged one

60

above the other. As the trolley is designed for maximum use of sunlight with minimum

handling, the period of drying is reduced. Since the trolley is fitted with swivel caster

wheels of 100 mm diameter it can be easily moved in and out of the smoke house and

rolled into the open space for sun drying.

The main frame of the trolley is made of M.S angles of 50x50x6mm size. The

sliding and guard layers are of 35x35x5mm M.S angles and the top layer has

40x40x6mm M.S angles. The guard layer is intended for collecting the sheet that may

accidentally fall down, thereby preventing it from catching fire in the smoke house. The

sliding layer when drawn out are supported on 10mm. iron rods thereby providing

overall balance of the trolley carrying the sheets. Each layer can carry 30 sheets of 500

g, leading to a total capacity of 75 kg. of dried sheets per trolley.Trials conducted at

RRII indicated 50-60 per cent savings in fire wood by the use of this new trolley for

sun-cum-smoke drying.

A major portion of smallholder‘s sheet rubber is of very poor quality, due to

incomplete drying, mould growth and a lot of surface contamination. These problems

could be overcome at least partially if such sheets are properly cleaned even after

drying. The manual method of cleaning is laborious and costly. Hence, a mechanical

device for cleaning of low quality sheet rubber is developed. The machine consists of a

set of cast iron/mild steel rolls having a specific design and which run at an rpm of 90, a

set of brush rolls with 300 rpm and a third set of rolls (brush) of 360 rpm, arranged in a

row. The length of each roll is 70 cm. The brushes are made of nylon bristles of 2.5 cm

in length and are fixed on a PVC/nylon roll which has a steel shaft at its core. The

sheets are first fed to the cast iron rolls and as they come out they are pulled by the first

set of brush rolls under a forced spray of water which is applied on the sheet from the

bottom and top sides. This semi-cleaned sheet passes through the second set of brush

rolls under the same conditions as in the previous case. For easy movement of the

sheets, rolls are arranged in a slanting manner. There are two motors, each of 2HP. One

motor drives all the bottom rolls whereas the other one drives all the upper rolls. Rolls

are arranged on mild steel framework which is provided with stainless steel/aluminum

feeding and receiving trays. Aluminum plates are also provided between each set of

rolls to prevent the sheets from falling down. The top rolls have an upper and lower

movement facility to accommodate sheets of different thickness. This machine can

61

Table 2.15 Major Defects in Smoked Sheets

sheets

Clean dry sheets after soaking in water which will upgrade the quality of sheets

on drying. The sheet is stretched due to the speed difference and brushed well when it

passes through the rolls. Cleaning of both the surfaces of the sheets takes only two to

three seconds, leading to an output of 20 to 30 sheets per minute depending on the

setting of the rolls and size of sheets.

Defects Causes Prevention

Small sand dirt, or foreign particles

in the sheet

Due to improper

bulking and

sieving

Practice proper bulking in suitable tanks

for the sedimentation of the dirt and use

proper sieves.

Small bubbles along the edges of

rubber sheets

Due to (1)

insufficient

mixing of the acid

with latex and (2)

insufficient acid

for coagulation

Ensure thorough mixing of acid with

latex. Use adequate quantity of acid.

Pinhead bubbles in clusters all over

the sheets

Caused by

bacterial growth

The latex tanks and coagulating pans

should be cleaned regularly, preferably

with a small quantity of disinfectant

solution (Lysol or formalin).

Small white specks and irregular

bubbles

Mainly due to

precoagulated

latex

Use of anticoagulants in the field.

Blisters and large Bubbles

Rapid drying in

the smoke house

Resort to gradual drying by regulating

the temperature.

62

Table 2.16 Major Defects in Smoked Sheets

sheets

Defects

Causes Prevention

Burnt and oxidized Sheets

High temperature

drying and flame

directly reaching

the sheet

Sheets have to be initially dried at 40oC

- 45oC and then at 60

o C until

completely dry.

Weak sheets

High dilution of

field latex and

sheeting before

maturation. Use of

latex from

slaughter tapping.

Dilute the field latex to 12.5% DRC and

roll the coagulum after obtaining

sufficient strength.

Mould

Improper drying

and storage under

moist conditions.

Dry the sheets after dipping in

paranitrophenol solution. Proper drying

and storing in dry atmosphere.

Rust

Improper washing

of the coagulum

during and after

sheeting.

Wash the coagulum during and after

sheeting.

Stickiness

High dosage of

coagulant and high

temperature drying

and drying in

sunlight alone.

Use only sufficient quantity of acid and

dry at the specified temperature.

Discolouration

Atmospheric

oxidation during

coagulation.

Use sodium bisulphite solution before

coagulation.

*The completely dried sheets are removed to the packing shed where they are carefully inspected and graded according to the s tandards published by the Rubber

Manufacturers Association (RMA) Inc. Washington in Green Book. This system at present provides for six grades of ribbed smoked sheets, viz, RSS IX, RSS 1, RSS 2, RSS 3,

RSS 4 and RSS 5. The grading of sheet rubber is carried out by visual examination. Normally this is accomplished by holding rubber sheets against light when the most obvious

defects become apparent.33

33http://rubberboard.org.in/ManageCultivation.asp?Id=192

63

2.4 Conclusion

As we knew that rubber was known to the indigenous people of the Americas

long before the arrival of European explorers. The first scientist study of rubber was

undertaken by Charles de la Condamine, when he encountered it during his trip to Peru

in 1735. The first use of rubber was an eraser. It was Magellan, a descendent of the

famous Portuguese navigator, who suggested this use. In England, Priestley popularized

it to the extent that it became known as India rubber.

Rubber was came in Thailand for the first time when Phraya Ratsadanupradit

Mahison Phakdi visited in Malaysia and he was interested to take rubber trees plant in

Thailand, but at that time the owner of rubber plantations did not want to give him the

rubber breed and in 1901 Phra Sathon Sathaphitak, he was visited Indonesia and he

could bring rubber seeding which their roots were wrapped by moistened cotton and

wrapped again with the newspaper before containing into rain tree wooden boxes and it

was 4 boxes of rubber seeding and grew it about 45 plantations. So Praya

Ratsadanupradit Mahison Phakdi was praised to be the ―Father of Rubber‖.

About the rubber in Chanthaburi province it was popular in 1908, Poom

Poonnasri we was taken rubber trees to growth in Chanthaburi province and it was

growth up as well, and then after that he was flexible to growth it in other provinces of

Eastern part of Thailand such as Rayong and Trad, after that rubber was became to an

important economic product of Eastern part of Thailand. After that has many people

tried to take rubber trees to growth in other parts of Thailand such as on the North-

Eastern and the North of Thailand but it was not successful to do it like in Eastern and

South of Thailand.

64

Chapter 3:

Market Feasibility Study This chapter will be consists information following:

Market Analysis

General Environment

Analysis

Political, Economical,

Social and

Environment and

Technology

Competition Analysis

Competitor Analysis

Customer Analysis

Competitive Analysis

STP Analysis

Marketing Mix Strategy

Sales Forecast/Profit

Estimation

Marketing Expenses (Sales

Incentive)

Conclusion

65

Chapter 3: Market Feasibility Study

3.1 Market Analysis

3.1.1 General Environment

Rubber is industrial drop and exports are an important of Thailand. Rubbers

make money and create career that people have income. Rubber and processing of

rubber products, it is recognized that quality standard that export is not have a problem.

- Political

The price of rubber fell as a result, the rubber planters protested and demanded

the government to offer measure to stabilize the rubber prices.

On 24 January 2012, government notice measure to stabilize the

rubber prices, with a goal at 120 Baht/kg. By Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives

Bank loans 0 interest rate and credit facilities is 15,000 million. Allocating to the rubber

planters is 5,000 million and rubber estate organization is 10,000 million for the

purchase of rubbers.34

- Economy

Rubber help revive the economy of Thailand because rubber is a plant that make

a revenue for the county.

In 2000, gross value is 134,143 million; the material is 60,743 million

which it is goods in the top 10 export.

Income distribution of the rubber planters with career rubber has more

than 6 million people, so rubbers are the distribution of income to rubber

planters.

34

http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/home/detail/politics/opinion/jangsibia/20120403/44

5056/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B

8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%88%E0%B

8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%

B8%AD.html

66

Rubber planters have increasing income; based on rubber statistics. In 1966 has

average yield is 60 kg/unit/year and in 2000 has increasing average yield is 268

kg/unit/year. Economy increased four-fold in the last 35 years.35

Although, rubber cultivation has expanded across the country, especially in the

Northeast and the North, but in 2011, mid-February rubber prices have fallen

continuously from 180 Baht/kg to 83 Baht/kg. It affect to the rubber planters, they call

for government measures to stabilize rubber prices in early 2012.36

According to office of Agricultural Economics, situation in 2011; demand for

natural rubber in the world market increased 1.86 percent per year. And situation in

2012; rubber production increased to 10.60 million tones.37

- Social and Environment

Rubber industry is an industry that relate with the rubber planters because rubber

is creating job. The development of rubber industry, whether it is large industry or

small industry cause both indirect and indirect income to the rubber planters. Increasing

in domestic consumption and using natural rubber in products, it positively effect to the

rubber planters, so the rubber planters are have a job every day. Growing rubber is a

green area because it is forest plantation and restore of degraded environment.

- Technology

The advancement of technology has to take applied to rubber that help in

breeding the rubber provide more latex and there was more disease resistant.

Breeding technology made rubber of Thailand to be leading one of the world‘s

natural rubber productions even though Thailand has planted area 1.43million hectares,

while Indonesia has planted area 3.37 million hectares.38

35

http://www.rubber.co.th/knowledge_1m.html 36

http://glamdring.baac.or.th/ViewContent.php?ContentID=8250 37

http://www.cad.go.th/cadweb_org/ewt_news.php?nid=14689 38

http://www.afet.or.th/v081/thai/product/rss3/index.php?page=2

67

3.1.2 Competition Analysis

3.1.2.1 Competitor Analysis

Now in Chanthaburi province we have only company that is will be our

company, in addition rubber gardeners needs more rubber and latex company to buy

their products, so our company will not have more competitor, but in Thailand have

many company that trading about the rubber as following;

The Thai Rubber Associations39

:

- A.T.S. RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- BOTHONG RUBBER FUND COOPERATIVE LTD.

- B.RIGHT RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- CHALONG LATEX INDUSTRY CO.,LTD.

- C.P. INTERTRADE CO.,LTD.

- GUANGKEN RUBBER (SATUN) CO.,LTD.

- INTER RUBBER LATEX CO.,LTD.

- L T RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- MAL TECH RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- MENG TAI CO.,LTD.

- MITRATHAI HOLDING CO.,LTD.

- NIYOM RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- NORTH EAST RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- P.C. RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- PAN STAR CO.,LTD.

- PIANPRADIT RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- R1 INTERNATIONAL (THAILAND) LTD.

- RANAD (THAILAND) CO.,LTD.

- RUBBER HOLDER CO-OPERATIVES FEDERATION OF CHANTHABURI

LIMITED (RCFC&KYM)

- SADAO P.S. RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- SANG TONG RUBBER CO.,LTD.

39http://www.thainr.com/en/index.php?detail=member

68

The Thai Rubber Associations40

(cont.):

- SOUTHLAND RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- SRIJAROEN RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- SRI TRANG AGRO-INDUSTRY PUBLIC CO.,LTD.

- TRANG LATEX CO.,LTD.

- TAVORN RUBBER INDUSTRY (1982) CO.,LTD.

- TAVORN T.T.R. INDUSTRY CO.,LTD.

- TECK BEE HANG CO.,LTD.

- THAI ASIA RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- THAI EASTERN RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- THAI HUA RUBBER PUBLIC CO.,LTD.

- THAI MAC STR CO.,LTD.

- THAI RUBBER LATEX CORPORATION (THAILAND) PUBLIC CO.,LTD.

- THAITECH RUBBER CORPORATION LTD.

- THAI SENG RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- THAI UNION RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- THONG THAI A.S. CO.,LTD.

- THUNGSONG SISAWAD CO.,LTD.

- TI RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- TONG THAI RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- TT RUBBER INDUSTRY CO.,LTD.

- UNIMAC RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- UNITED KRABI RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- VON BUNDIT CO.,LTD.

- YONGLONG RUBBER CO.,LTD.

- GRAND RUBBER CO., LTD.

- THAI RUBBER H P NR CO., LTD.

- THE RUBBER ESTATE ORGANIZATION

- VON BUNDIT CHUMPHON CO., LTD.

- SOUTH-EAST RUBBER CO., LTD.

40http://www.thainr.com/en/index.php?detail=member

69

3.1.2.2 Customer Analysis

Our customer will be the company in Rayong province and in the future

our company will expand to nearby province in the Eastern. Customers want to buy

concentrated latex and RSS3 in our product because they took to resell and processed

into other products such as car tire, eraser, etc. Our company will ship to customers in

every month. However if customers suddenly requires, our company is prepared to keep

up with customer requirement. The customer can contact our company about ordering

by phone, FAX, and e-mail.

3.1.2.3 Competitive Analysis

The Rivalry among current competitor

In Chanthaburi we has not have more competitors, only our company

that covered this type of industry, so if the rubber farmer from Kaeng Hang Maew

district, Soi Dao district, Makham district and Khaokitchakood district wants to sales

their product they have sales for our company, because they did not have others

competitive yet in Chanthaburi but for Thamai district and Nayayarm district they wants

to sales their products our company can have competitors from Rayong.

Bargaining power of suppliers

Thai rubber market is vulnerable lack of bargaining power and do not get

their fair due from the sale of tire dealers be purchased including assessment quality

rubber than the reality because most poor farmers have to sell products to the market as

well as the immediate livelihood Rubber multi-level dealers and margins in each level

resulted in farmers selling at a low price for rubber tire market in Thailand is having

problems as well, because the sender used the method of direct trade between producers

and users

Bargaining power of buyers/customers

Customer is not only benefit from the purchase but it is also the

bargaining power of customers further reduced by the method that uses the price of

goods up within the group is treated the same price. This can be done very easy because

the supply of goods, production and cost are the same. Customers will not be able to

negotiate a trade because the price out of each stores are the same

70

Threat of substitute product or services

Rubber products had a quite a vehicle and industrial rubber products and

its synthetic rubber by-product is distilled from crude oil. The price of rubber has a

close relationship with the oil price in world market. There are also issues about the

relationship between the price of rubber in the market AFET and the price of rubber in

the international market liked become possible in the same direction.

Threat of new entrance

Rubber is currently increasing in the market need; that is normally if

some new rubber company gonna happen, if like that our company will turn to the new

interesting and the rubber production will increase because of the importance of rubber

and to more of demand and will be used in many benefit.

3.2 STP Analysis

3.2.1 Segment

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company divided the market segment into 3

segments are geographic, demographic, and behavioral.

3.2.1.1 Geographic

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex

Company divided the geographic from province of

Thailand which based on characteristics of

geography are Northern, Central, Northeastern,

Eastern, Western, and South.41

3.2.1.2 Demographic

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex

Company divided the demographic from occupation

which it concern about rubber both direct and

indirect. Demographic segmentation from occupation

is the companies that buy rubbers and the middleman

because they are related directly to the rubber.

41

http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photos-map-thailand-image8983853

Figure3.1 Geographic of Thailand

sheets

71

3.2.1.3 Behavioral

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company divided the behavioral from the

order of the rubber are the company are always order rubber and the company are

occasionally order rubber.

3.2.2 Target Market

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company focus on the companies that buy rubber

in Eastern and they are always demand for products. Our customers are D.S RUBBER

AND LATEX Co.,Ltd and SHUN THAI RUBBER GLOVES INDUSTRY PUBLIC

CO.,LTD.

D.S RUBBER AND LATEX Co.,Ltd is to active in natural rubber business in

which the 20 years old and have been exporting products to worldwide such as USA,

Singapore, Hongkong, Taiwan, Argentina, Mexico and Middle East Countries.42

SHUN THAI RUBBER GLOVES INDUSTRY PUBLIC CO.,LTD. is a leading

manufactures disposable latex examination gloves. The Company exports majority of its

products to the European, Latin America, and USA markets.43

3.2.3 Positioning

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company located in Chanthaburi at 8 moo7

Tambol Khunsong, Amphoe Kaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi province. We were chosen

this place because in 1908, PoomPoonnasri we was taken rubber trees to growth in

Chanthaburi and it was growth up as well, and then after that he was flexible to growth

it in other provinces of Eastern part of Thailand such as Rayong and Trad province,

after that rubber was became to an important economic product of Eastern part of

Thailand. So we have decided this place to our location because in Amphoe

Kanghangmaew districts have a lot of rubber farm but nobody was building rubber

manufacture and there is no competitor and it‘s good to investment here.

42

http://www.dsrubberlatex.com/web/home/index.php 43

http://www.shunthaiglove.com/main.html

72

Table 3.1 Price of latex

sheets

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company specify exporting of rubber follows price

and quality. We evaluate quality and purchase price of the central rubber market.

Company considered about the rubber product that considering market price is up or

down depending on the economic and the demands of customer.

Price of Latex follows quality

Average price/kilogram

Concentrated

latex RSS3

70 100

Units: Baht

3.3 Marketing Mix Strategy

3.3.1 Product

Thailand is the world's largest rubber exporter and over 90 percent of Thailand's

natural rubber and products made from rubber are exported to overseas markets. The

country's dependence on the world market means the industry is sensitive to price

fluctuations in international trade, which in turn, is influenced by the prevailing global

demand for natural rubber. Strong competition from other major natural rubber

producing countries, like Malaysia and Indonesia, and climatic conditions are also

important factors that significantly affect the rubber industry in Thailand. Then Ton-

Yang Rubber and Latex Company will produce high-quality rubber thread products,

reliable standards and continuous product development.44

44

http://www.thaitexgroup.com/main_page/index_our_company.php

73

Figure3.2 Brand Company

sheets

Branding Strategy

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company, ―Ton-Yang‖ in Thai language the

meaning is trees rubber .the name of the company is easy to read and remember. And

our company has designed a unique logo for of the company and can be easily

recognized. The tree is a symbol of the rubber trees and the meaning of brown and

green colors is natural, white circle is the world of rubber trees and white color is a

symbol of prosperity. The logo and company name that is easily recognizable as one of

the company strategies.

3.3.2 Price

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company has considered about the price of rubber

market in Thailand. We evaluate quantity and purchase price of the central rubber

market. And company considered about the rubber product that considering market

price is up or down depending on the economic and the demands of customer. We also

considered the analysis of rubber prices in the international market because the

company has exported products to competitive on the international market. The price

offers its sellers different competitors in each country.

74

Table 3.3 Purchase price of RSS3

sheets

Table 3.2 Price of latex

sheets

Price of latex follows quality

Average price/kilogram

Concentrated

latex RSS3

70 100

Units:Bath

Purchase price: RSS3 of the central rubber market

Source: http://www.rubberthai.com/price/price_index.htm

75

Quantity and the buying-sale price of rubber in central market7 December 2012

List

Central Rubber Market

Songkhla Suratthani Nakorn-

Srithammarat

Amount of rubber

on the market

(kg).11:30 AM

9,700* 117,000* 23,000*

Auction price

(THB / kg) 80.85 80.29 81.18

Local prices

(THB / kg)

78.50 78.50 77.00

Value of

rubber(THB) 784,245 9,393,930 1,867,140

Value added (THB) 22,795 209,430 96,140

Annotation* Weight estimated.

Source: http://www.rubberthai.com/price/price_index.htm

3.3.3 Place

“Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company‖ located in Chanthaburi province it is

the eastern of Thailand. We focus on Amphoe Kaeng Hang Maeo because in

Chanthaburi province has the rubber plantation but the company for production and

buying rubber sheets and latex less. And nearby province of Chantaburi are

Chachoengsao , Rayong and Sa Kaeo. Province that has the rubber plantation but also

not have company for production and buying as well.

Table 3.4 Quantity and the buying-sale price of rubber

sheets

76

3.3.3.1 General information of Chanthaburi province

Chanthaburi province it is located in the east of Thailand the nearby provinces

are Trat, Rayong, Chonburi, Chachoengsao and Sa Kaeo.

Geography

While the southern part of the province is located at the shore to the Gulf of

Thailand and thus is mostly coastal alluvial plains, the hinterlands of the province are

quite mountainous. The Chanthaburi mountain range in the north has the highest

elevation of the province, the 1556 m high Soi Dao Nua Peak. The main river of the

province is the Chanthaburi River.

Together with the neighboring province Trat, Chanthaburi is the center

of gemstone mining, especially rubies and sapphires. Tropical fruits are also among the

main products of the province. In 2000, it produced nearly 380,000 tones of durian,

which was 45.57% of Thailand's durian production and approximately 27% of the world

production of this fruit.45

45

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanthaburi_Province

Figure 3.3 Geography of Thailand

sheets

77

The table show about rubber plantation areas in the eastern of Thailand

Province

Area

Year 2009 Year 2010 Year 2011

1. Kanchanaburi 102,180 131,000 132,400

2. Chanthaburi 470,234 479,192 484,180

3. Chachoengsao 122,112 125,653 126,224

4. Chonburi 189,043 193,188 196,130

5. Trat 257,566 268,169 288,145

6. Prachinburi 16,167 20,613 20,888

7. Rayong 718,607 744,708 746,070

8. Ratchaburi 15,026 23,900 22,812

9. Sa Kaeo 30,543 31,547 335,635

10. Prachuabkirikhan 130,010 142,793 143,270

11. Phetchaburi 8,760 9,855 9,900

12. Suphanburi 2,100 2,415 2,462

13. Pathumthani - - -

14. Nakornnayok - 411 -

15. Saraburi 678 678 657

16. Lopburi 392 871 871

Unit:Rai

Source: http://www.rubberthai.com/statistic/stat_index.htm

Table 3.5 Areas in the eastern of Thailand

sheets

78

3.3.4 Promotion

For let people know that quality rubber of our company and to make our

company more to be known, so we need to be advertising variety of media. Such as

o Signboard

We used the signboard for advertising our company because it is remarkable

makes is known of others.

o Internet and Leaflet

We will use the internet for

advertising by create the website of

company and have advertising on others

website. And our company will

advertise the leaflet to distribute to

various places.

Figure 3.4 Signboard

sheets

Figure 3.5 Advertising Company

sheets

79

o Souvenir

Our company will have a souvenir for the customer that is advertisement of

Ton-Yang Company. Such as bags, glass and T- shirt have logo of our band for

promote.

Figure 3.6 Souvenir

sheets

Figure 3.7 Souvenir

sheets

Figure 3.8 Souvenir

sheets

80

Figure 3.9 Banner

sheets

Figure 3.10Banner

sheets

o Radio

We will promote our company by the advertising on the radio FM 95.75

MHz. (WittayuchoomchonSumpan AmphorGanghangmaew) and FM

95.75MHz.Hitstation Ra Yong.

o Agriculture Fair

It is about agriculture46

, plants and gardens in Chanthaburi province.47

46

http://forum.fernsai.com/index.php?topic=554.0 47

http://www.chanforchan.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=538728961&Ntyp

e=11

81

Table 3.6 Concentrate latex

sheets

3.4 Sales Forecast

Rubber is a crop that is important to the national economy and is an important to

market and is likely to increase

Chanthaburi province in 2012 has grown the para rubber more than 352,307 rai

and trends increase in the future. In one month, which is the spring harvest is about 20

days to produce about 9 kg /rai and can be devided RSS 3 into 2.4 kg/rai/day. We

estimate the production of concentrate latex in Chanthaburi province, there will be like

the table following

Table shows, forecasting eight years for harvest rubber.

Year Concentrate latex per rai

2013 170,000

2014 280.000

2015 390,000

2016 520,000

2017 630,000

2018 750,000

2019 890,000

2020 1,060,000

When we already estimate price forecasting, we will get the sale forecasting in

each year following

82

Sales Forecast

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Year1, 2013 Sales Forecast

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

RSS3 units sold

50,000

-

-

50,100

30,000

30,000

50,200

50,200

50,300

50,300

50,400

50,450

461,950

Sale price @ unit

90

-

-

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

Total of RSS3

4,500,000

-

-

4,509,000

2,700,000

2,700,000

4,518,000

4,518,000

4,527,000

4,527,000

4,536,000

4,540,500

41,575,500

Concentrated latex units sold

50,000

-

-

50,100

30,000

30,000

50,200

50,200

50,300

50,300

50,400

50,450

461,950

Sale price @ unit

70

-

-

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

Total of Concentrated latex

3,500,000

-

-

3,507,000

2,100,000

2,100,000

3,514,000

3,514,000

3,521,000

3,521,000

3,528,000

3,531,500

32,336,500

Total

8,000,000

-

-

8,016,000

4,800,000

4,800,000

8,032,000

8,032,000

8,048,000

8,048,000

8,064,000

8,072,000

73,912,000

Table 3.5 Sales Forecast

sheets

83

Table 3.7 Sales Forecast

sheets

Year2, 2014 Sales Forecast

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

RSS3 units sold

60,600

-

-

60,650

30,050

30,050

60,550

60,660

60,700

60,770

60,800

60,800

545,630

Sale price @ unit

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

Total of RSS3

6,060,000

-

-

6,065,000

3,005,000

3,005,000

6,055,000

6,066,000

6,070,000

6,077,000

6,080,000

6,080,000

54,563,000

Concentrated latex units sold

60,600

-

-

60,650

30,050

30,050

60,550

60,660

60,700

60,770

60,800

60,800

545,630

Sale price @ unit

85

85

85

85

85

85

85

85

85

85

85

85

Total of Concentrated latex

5,151,000

-

-

5,155,250

2,554,250

2,554,250

5,146,750

5,156,100

5,159,500

5,165,450

5,168,000

5,168,000

46,378,550

Total

11,211,000

-

-

11,220,250

5,559,250

5,559,250

11,201,750

11,222,100

11,229,500

11,242,450

11,248,000

11,248,000

100,941,550

Year3, 2015 Sales Forecast

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

RSS3 units sold

70,400

-

-

70,500

36,200

36,200

70,605

70,700

70,800

70,850

70,860

70,880

637,995

Sale price @ unit

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

Total of RSS3

7,744,000

-

-

7,755,000

3,982,000

3,982,000

7,766,550

7,777,000

7,788,000

7,793,500

7,794,600

7,796,800

70,179,450

Concentrated latex units sold

70,400

-

-

70,500

36,200

36,200

70,605

70,700

70,800

70,850

70,860

70,880

637,995

Sale price @ unit

95

95

95

95

95

95

95

95

95

95

95

95

Total of Concentrated latex

6,688,000

-

-

6,697,500

3,439,000

3,439,000

6,707,475

6,716,500

6,726,000

6,730,750

6,731,700

6,733,600

60,609,525

Total

14,432,000

-

-

14,452,500

7,421,000

7,421,000

14,474,025

14,493,500

14,514,000

14,524,250

14,526,300

14,530,400

130,788,975

Table 3.6 Sales Forecast

sheets

84

Table 3.8 Sales Forecast

sheets

Table 3.9 Sales Forecast

sheets

Year4, 2016 Sales Forecast

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

RSS3 units sold

81,000

-

-

81,500

41,020

41,020

81,400

81,300

81,600

81,700

81,800

81,900

734,240

Sale price @ unit

116

116

116

116

116

116

116

116

116

116

116

116

Total of RSS3

9,396,000

-

-

9,454,000

4,758,320

4,758,320

9,442,400

9,430,800

9,465,600

9,477,200

9,488,800

9,500,400

85,171,840

Concentrated latex units sold

81,000

-

-

81,500

41,020

41,020

81,400

81,300

81,600

81,700

81,800

81,900

734,240

Sale price @ unit

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

Total of Concentrated latex

8,100,000

-

-

8,150,000

4,102,000

4,102,000

8,140,000

8,130,000

8,160,000

8,170,000

8,180,000

8,190,000

73,424,000

Total

17,496,000

-

-

17,604,000

8,860,320

8,860,320

17,582,400

17,560,800

17,625,600

17,647,200

17,668,800

17,690,400

158,595,840

Year5, 2017 Sales Forecast

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

RSS3 units sold

90,000

-

-

90,500

46,000

46,000

90,600

90,600

90,800

90,900

91,000

91,100

817,500

Sale price @ unit

126

126

126

126

126

126

126

126

126

126

126

126

Total of RSS3

11,340,000

-

-

11,403,000

5,796,000

5,796,000

11,415,600

11,415,600

11,440,800

11,453,400

11,466,000

11,478,600

103,005,000

Concentrated latex units sold

90,000

-

-

90,500

46,000

46,000

90,600

90,600

90,800

90,900

91,000

91,100

817,500

Sale price @ unit

105

105

105

105

105

105

105

105

105

105

105

105

Total of Concentrated latex

9,450,000

-

-

9,502,500

4,830,000

4,830,000

9,513,000

9,513,000

9,534,000

9,544,500

9,555,000

9,565,500

85,837,500

Total

20,790,000

-

-

20,905,500

10,626,000

10,626,000

20,928,600

20,928,600

20,974,800

20,997,900

21,021,000

21,044,100

188,842,500

85

Table 3.10 Sales Forecast

sheets

Table 3.11 Sales Forecast

sheets

Year6, 2018 Sales Forecast

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

RSS3 units sold

100,000

-

-

101,500

56,000

56,000

101,600

101,700

101,800

101,900

102,000

102,100

924,600

Sale price @ unit

131

131

131

131

131

131

131

131

131

131

131

131

Total of RSS3

13,100,000

-

-

13,296,500

7,336,000

7,336,000

13,309,600

13,322,700

13,335,800

13,348,900

13,362,000

13,375,100

121,122,600

Concentrated latex units sold

100,000

-

-

101,500

56,000

56,000

101,600

101,700

101,800

101,900

102,000

102,100

924,600

Sale price @ unit

115

115

115

115

115

115

115

115

115

115

115

115

Total of Concentrated latex

11,500,000

-

-

11,672,500

6,440,000

6,440,000

11,684,000

11,695,500

11,707,000

11,718,500

11,730,000

11,741,500

106,329,000

Total

24,600,000

-

-

24,969,000

13,776,000

13,776,000

24,993,600

25,018,200

25,042,800

25,067,400

25,092,000

25,116,600

227,451,600

Year7, 2019 Sales Forecast

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

RSS3 units sold

115,000

-

-

115,000

65,000

65,000

116,000

116,500

117,000

118,500

118,900

119,500

1,066,400

Sale price @ unit

135

135

135

135

135

135

135

135

135

135

135

135

Total of RSS3

15,525,000

-

-

15,525,000

8,775,000

8,775,000

15,660,000

15,727,500

15,795,000

15,997,500

16,051,500

16,132,500

143,964,000

Concentrated latex units sold

115,000

-

-

115,000

65,000

65,000

116,000

116,500

117,000

118,500

118,900

119,500

1,066,400

Sale price @ unit

119

119

119

119

119

119

119

119

119

119

119

119

Total of Concentrated latex

13,685,000

-

-

13,685,000

7,735,000

7,735,000

13,804,000

13,863,500

13,923,000

14,101,500

14,149,100

14,220,500

126,901,600

Total

29,210,000

-

-

29,210,000

16,510,000

16,510,000

29,464,000

29,591,000

29,718,000

30,099,000

30,200,600

30,353,000

241,655,600

86

Table 3.12 Sales Forecast

sheets

Year8, 2020 Sales Forecast

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

RSS3 units sold

144,000

-

-

145,000

71,500

71,500

146,500

146,800

147,500

147,800

148,000

148,500

1,317,100

Sale price @ unit

139

139

139

139

139

139

139

139

139

139

139

139

Total of RSS3

20,016,000

-

-

20,155,000

9,938,500

9,938,500

20,363,500

20,405,200

20,502,500

20,544,200

20,572,000

20,641,500

183,076,900

Concentrated latex units sold

144,000

-

-

145,000

71,500

71,500

146,500

146,800

147,500

147,800

148,000

148,500

1,317,100

Sale price @ unit

124

124

124

124

124

124

124

124

124

124

124

124

Total of Concentrated latex

17,856,000

-

-

17,980,000

8,866,000

8,866,000

18,166,000

18,203,200

18,290,000

18,327,200

18,352,000

18,414,000

163,320,400

Total

37,872,000

-

-

38,135,000

18,804,500

18,804,500

38,529,500

38,608,400

38,792,500

38,871,400

38,924,000

39,055,500

346,397,300

87

3.5 Marketing Expenses

The Company will focus on rubber trees on the production of goods and raw

materials for more and more in the long-term of the market to be the distributor good

latex for the company .The Company was necessary expenses in the market for

advertising to ensure that the distribution of latex in good company, so it is necessary to

promote the of the Company.

In the first year at the begining to open a company. The company is also

a customer who knows we could not enough. Sales forecast of the Ton-

Yang Company we have to buy latex by up to the domestic market in

price of latex about 89% and when the subscription period of the latex

and the company will be used to make a rubber for export sales. Our

company, which is expected that rubber is likely to be around 90 Baht

and which we will give credit to the people will buy rubber from us by

the ratio is reduced to 2%.48

Our company will use radio to the promote the company by Sport

advertise at FM 95.75 MHz (Wittayuchoomchon Sumpan Amphor

Ganghangmaew)49 120 times per month/2,000 Bath and FM 95.75 MHz.

Hitstation Ra Yong50 150 times per month/2,000 Bath total price 4,000

Bath

Our company will join with Horticultural Exposition in Chanthaburi

province by using budget 50,000 Baht per day / total price 100,000

Baht.51

48http://www.rubber.co.th/menu5.php 49K.SornchaiRattanakul.Interviewed, 10 January 2013

50K.TavisakKongkharut.Interviewed, 6 January 2013

51http://www.rakbankerd.com/agriculture/print.php?id=5198&s=tblplant

88

Leaflets will be used to distribute and promote at the Agriculture Bureau

and Horticultural Exposition in Chanthaburi province. Size A5 Spec2, 4

colors 2 page Art paper 130 gram 1000 disc-sheet/2.50 bath, total 2,500

Baht.52

The Company will be advertised via the internet, including Web of the

Company and Facebook have registration fees domain 299 Bath per

year53

, as well as 8 years total price 2,392 Bath.

Our company will advertise a vinyl label in in Chanthaburi province and

the Agriculture Bureau size 1 meters wide 2 meters, 69 Bath per mater,

30 label total price 4,140 Bath.54

About the souvenir, we have to spend money for making it 12,000 Baht

per month.55

52http://bangkokprint.com/?page_id=36 53http://www.bizqsoft.com/domain.php

54http://chanthaburicity.olxthailand.com/69-iid-196513732 55http://www.thonburipremium.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Ntype=9

89

Marketing Expenses

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Year1, 2013 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Selling expense

Discount sale 1,580

1,630

2,990

2,820

2,640

2,240

2,170

1,600

1,780

1,890

1,620

1,500

24,460

Sale commission 160,000 - -

160,320

96,000

96,000

160,640

160,640

160,960

160,960

161,280

161,440

1,478,240

Total selling expense 161,580

1,630

2,990

163,140

98,640

98,240

162,810

162,240

162,740

162,850

162,900

162,940

1,502,700

Advertising expense

Radio local 4,000

4,000

4,000

4,000

4,000

4,000

4,000

4,000

4,000

4,000

4,000

4,000

48,000

Event (HORTEX) - - - - - - - - - -

100,000 -

100,000

Leaflet -

2,500 - - - -

2,500 - - - - -

5,000

Internet domand 299 - - - - - - - - - - -

299

Singbord 4,140 - - - - -

4,140 - - - - -

8,280

Souvenir 12,000 - - -

12,000 - - -

12,000 - - -

36,000

Other 1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

12,000

Total advertising

expense 21,439

7,500

5,000

5,000

17,000

5,000

11,640

5,000

17,000

5,000

105,000

5,000

209,579

Total marketing expense 183,019

9,130

7,990

168,140

115,640

103,240

174,450

167,240

179,740

167,850

267,900

167,940

1,712,279

Unit = Bath

Table 3.13 Marketing Expenses

sheets

Table 3.13 Marketing Expenses

sheets

90

Year2, 2014 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Selling expense

Discount sale 1,670 1,600 2,240 2,140 2,020 2,200 2,170 1,760 1,780 1,920 1,550 1,300 22,350

Sale commission 224,220 0 0 224,405 111,185 111,185 224,035 224,442 224,590 224,849 224,960 224,960 2,018,831

Total selling expense 225,890 1,600 2,240 226,545 113,205 113,385 226,205 226,202 226,370 226,769 226,510 226,260 2,041,181

Advertising expense

Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000

Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000

Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000

Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299

Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280

Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000

Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000

Total advertising

expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579

Total maketing expense 247,329 9,100 7,240 231,545 130,205 118,385 237,845 231,202 243,370 231,769 331,510 231,260 2,250,760

Unit = Bath

Table 3.14 Marketing Expenses

sheets

91

Year3, 2015 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Selling expense

Discount sale 1,980 2,100 2,050 2,000 1,940 1,900 1,880 1,750 1,700 1,830 1,500 1,300 21,930

Sale commission 288,640 0 0 289,050 148,420 148,420 289,481 289,870 290,280 290,485 290,526 290,608 2,615,780

Total selling expense 290,620 2,100 2,050 291,050 150,360 150,320 291,361 291,620 291,980 292,315 292,026 291,908 2,637,710

Advertising expense

Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000

Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000

Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000

Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299

Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280

Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000

Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000

Total advertising

expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579

Total maketing expense 312,059 9,600 7,050 296,050 167,360 155,320 303,001 296,620 308,980 297,315 397,026 296,908 2,847,289

Unit = Bath

Table 3.15 Marketing Expenses

sheets

92

Year4, 2016 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Selling expense

Discount sale 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,040 1,800 1,920 1,880 1,600 1,520 1,700 1,420 1,200 21,380

Sale commission 349,920 0 0 352,080 177,206 177,206 351,648 351,216 352,512 352,944 353,376 353,808 3,171,917

Total selling expense 352,020 2,100 2,100 354,120 179,006 179,126 353,528 352,816 354,032 354,644 354,796 355,008 3,193,297

Advertising expense

Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000

Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000

Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000

Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299

Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280

Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000

Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000

Total advertising

expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579

Total maketing expense 373,459 9,600 7,100 359,120 196,006 184,126 365,168 357,816 371,032 359,644 459,796 360,008 3,402,876

Unit = Bath

Table 3.16 Marketing Expenses

sheets

93

Year5, 2017 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Selling expense

Discount sale 2,750 2,920 2,400 2,200 2,120 1,900 1,880 1,600 1,750 1,700 1,020 800 23,040

Sale commission 415,800 0 0 418,110 212,520 212,520 418,572 418,572 419,496 419,958 420,420 420,882 3,776,850

Total selling expense 418,550 2,920 2,400 420,310 214,640 214,420 420,452 420,172 421,246 421,658 421,440 421,682 3,799,890

Advertising expense

Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000

Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000

Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000

Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299

Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280

Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000

Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000

Total advertising

expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579

Total maketing expense 439,989 10,420 7,400 425,310 231,640 219,420 432,092 425,172 438,246 426,658 526,440 426,682 4,009,469

Unit = Bath

Table 3.17 Marketing Expenses

sheets

94

Year6, 2018 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Selling expense

Discount sale 2,900 3,110 3,010 3,150 2,580 2,600 2,420 2,200 2,470 2,210 2,380 1,950 30,980

Sale commission 492,000 0 0 499,380 275,520 275,520 499,872 500,364 500,856 501,348 501,840 502,332 4,549,032

Total selling expense 494,900 3,110 3,010 502,530 278,100 278,120 502,292 502,564 503,326 503,558 504,220 504,282 4,580,012

Advertising expense

Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000

Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000

Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000

Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299

Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280

Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000

Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000

Total advertising

expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579

Total maketing expense 516,339 10,610 8,010 507,530 295,100 283,120 513,932 507,564 520,326 508,558 609,220 509,282 4,789,591

Unit = Bath

Table 3.18 Marketing Expenses

sheets

95

Year7, 2019 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Selling expense

Discount sale 3,120 3,330 3,150 3,150 2,780 2,940 2,610 2,420 2,470 2,440 2,170 1,980 32,560

Sale commission 584,200 0 0 584,200 330,200 330,200 589,280 591,820 594,360 601,980 604,012 607,060 5,417,312

Total selling expense 587,320 3,330 3,150 587,350 332,980 333,140 591,890 594,240 596,830 604,420 606,182 609,040 5,449,872

Advertising expense

Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000

Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000

Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000

Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299

Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280

Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000

Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000

Total advertising

expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579

Total maketing expense 608,759 10,830 8,150 592,350 349,980 338,140 603,530 599,240 613,830 609,420 711,182 614,040 5,659,451

Unit = Bath

Table 3.19 Marketing Expenses

sheets

96

Year8, 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Selling expense

Discount sale 3,050 3,380 3,270 3,210 2,880 3,030 2,710 2,640 2,560 2,530 2,220 2,110 33,590

Sale commission 757,440 0 0 762,700 376,090 376,090 770,590 772,168 775,850 777,428 778,480 781,110 6,927,946

Total selling expense 760,490 3,380 3,270 765,910 378,970 379,120 773,300 774,808 778,410 779,958 780,700 783,220 6,961,536

Advertising expense

Radio local 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 48,000

Event (HORTEX) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 0 100,000

Leaflet 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 5,000

Internet domand 299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 299

Singbord 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 4,140 0 0 0 0 0 8,280

Souvenir 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 36,000

Other 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000

Total advertising

expense 21,439 7,500 5,000 5,000 17,000 5,000 11,640 5,000 17,000 5,000 105,000 5,000 209,579

Total maketing expense 781,929 10,880 8,270 770,910 395,970 384,120 784,940 779,808 795,410 784,958 885,700 788,220 7,171,115

Unit = Bath

Table 3.20 Marketing Expenses

sheets

97

3.6 Conclusion

Rubber is industrial drop and exports are an important of Thailand. Rubbers

make money and create career that people have income. In Chanthaburi we have only

company that is will be our company, so our company will not have more competitors,

but in Thailand have many company that trading about the rubber. We can attract other

customer that near our company. Target market of Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex

Company are D.S RUBBER AND LATEX Co.,Ltd and SHUN THAI RUBBER

GLOVES INDUSTRY PUBLIC CO.,LTD. Promotion of Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex

Company we have be advertising variety of media such as Signboard, Internet and

Leaflet, Souvenir, Radio and Agriculture Fair. Sales Forecast and Profit Estimation are

estimation sales in future. Marketing Expenses was necessary expenses in the market

for advertising to ensure that the distribution of latex in good company.

98

Chapter 4:

Investment Cost This chapter will be consists information following:

Cost of Investment

Pre-Operating Cost

Investment Cost

Land

Buildings

Equipments

Tools

Etc.

Location

Facility Layout

Machine/Tools

/Equipments

Depreciation

Conclusion

99

Chapter 4: Investment Cost

4.1 Cost of Investment

4.1.1Pre-Operating Cost56

Memorandum fee 35,000

Cost of register the company limited 257,000

Request for industrial license 200

Cost of register industrial license 17,000

Factory fee per year 5,000

Total cost of register 314,200

Unit:Baht

*Fee rate of Business Development for organization

4.1.2 Investment Cost

o Land and Building

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company is 8 Moo 7 Khunsong,

AmphoeKaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi province. Areas will be 8 Rai and 555 square

meters. Cost of land THB 20,000,000 and the building is THB 30,000,000 57

56

http://www.dbd.go.th/mainsite/index.php?id=659 57

K.SuriyaSentart.Interviewed, 18 January 2013

Figure 4.1 Land and Building Figure 4.2 Land and Building

100

o Location

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company is 8 Moo 7 Khunsong, Amphoe

Kaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi province.58

58

http://www.thai-tour.com/eng/chanthaburi/map.htm

Figure 4.3Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company map

101

o Equipments

- Tools/Equipments

Equipment Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

HP Pavilion a1585L

Pavilion a1585L Intel

Pentium D processor 805,

2.66GHz 512MB, 160GB,

16X DVD-RW, nVidia

GeForce 7300LE 3D PCI-

Express Graphics up to

256MB with TV-out +HP

MX705e 17 CRT Flat

Monitor with USB Speakers

26,750

16

428,000

EPSON EPL-N2500

MONOCHROME LASER

PRINTER

Fast print speed of 25

ppm (A4) & 15 ppm

(A3)

Less than 5.2 seconds

first page out

16MB memory (Max.

144MB)

Parallel, USB & Type

B interface

Duplex & network

options

51,000 4 204,000

102

Equipment Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

EPSO

N PERFECTION V600

PHOTO

VERSATILE PHOTO

SCANNER

Epson ReadyScan LED

Technology

Multiple film format

scanning

6400x9600 DPI

scanning

Epson Digital ICE

Epson Creativity Suite

11,900 4 47,600

Canon Plain Paper Fax.

L380S + Handset.

Send the documents to

50 sheets (A4).

Maximum print

resolution of 1,200 ×

600 dpi.

Transmission speeds up

to 3 seconds / page.

Size (W x L x H): 43.8

× 58.5 × 34.8 cm

26,500 2 53,000

103

Equipment Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

Ferrari desk drawer deck

and left - right ST165DB

+ SDA.

Particleboard is made

of wood board. Coated

25 mm thick Melamine

Top

There are three drawers

on the left and the right

two floors (ground

floor, a hanging file).

Size 165 × 80x 75 cm

13,900 16 222,400

Deck chairs String

Ferrari artificial leather

cloth.

Backrests cover with

cotton.

Foam seat upholstered

with leather lining.

Consigned by the low

hydraulic systems.

1,990 16 31,840

Total 1,003,960

Source: http://www.itfocusthai.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=356707

http://www.epson.co.th/sites/epson_thailand/en/homepage.page

http://www.officemate.co.th

http://www.furnituretook.com

104

o Office Tools

Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

Fire extinguisher

The chassis is

made of thick

steel at the bottom

of the tank and

fenders.

Can fuel fires of

any kind.

Useful life of 5

years.

10 pounds.

940

3

2,820

24 inch industrial fan

Accord AC-24.

Thick steel blades.

Plated, chrome

plated for rust

protection.

The sturdy safety

net.

Rotor diameter of

24 inches (600

mm).

Adjust the wind

has three levels.

Size (diameter x

height): 75 × 148

cm

2,950

5

14,750

105

Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

Table 8 Standard

Equipment Governor

General Meeting

Ferrari deck.

Material from teak

wood.

Rectangular table.

8 seats for chairs.

Bargaining table

and chair legs.

The track surface.

Table size (L x W

x H): 240 × 120 x

75 cm

Chair Dimensions

(W x D x H): 53 ×

53 x 78 cm

21,500

1

21,500

3 seat sofa brown

Ferrari Deck S.

Good quality

leather. The seat

and suspension

arms were

designed to look

thicker. And ultra

soft.

Size 185 × 80x82

cm

6,650

1

6,650

106

Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

Brand Electan

100% Brass

Material

Light Indicator

(UNIVERSAL

PLUG)

VCT CABLE 2 x

0.75 : 1 x 0.35

ABS plastic with

fire retardant

quality

255

23

5,865

LED 32" Sony KLV-

32EX330 SONY KLV-

32EX330

HD,1366 X 768

Pixels

Contrast Ratio

1,000,000:1

Brightness 500

CD/M2

Response Time 2

MS

Input AV

X2,HDMI

X2,Component

X1

Output AV

12,490

3

37,470

107

Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

LG Air Condition wall-

mounted version

Heathy cool. S24-AN

E1

24,000 BTU

4D Healthy

System

triple Filter

Natural Wind

New Cyclotron

Plasma Filter

New Super Ionize

26,900

4

107,600

CCTV

KPC136ET

IR 15 m.

500TVL//CCD

1/3"/SHARP

12 VoltDC 1

Amp.

13,900

1

13,900

Total 210,555

Source: http://www.topcoolair.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=394554&Ntype=18

http://www.itfocusthai.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=356707

http://www.officemate.co.th

http://www.powerbuy.co.th/ProductDetail.aspx?itemNo=PWB000197698

http://www.s4designtech.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=53&product_id=148

108

o Toilet Equipment

Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

Wash basin: COTTO

Dimensions: 615 x

470 x 205 mm

Standard tap 1 tap

hole.

3,550

6

21,300

Water closet: COTTO

Size: 435 x 680 x

725 mm

5,440

6

32,640

Urinal: COTTO

Size: 460 x 335 x

750 mm

5,750

6

34,500

Shower: PREMA

Size: 20 x 20 x 20

cm

770

6

7,620

109

Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

Towels Box: PREMA

480

6

2,880

Hose Pay: PREMA

Size: 20 x 30 x 5 cm

470

6

2,820

COTTO: MC822

3,560

6

21,360

Total 123,120

Source:http://www.scgexperience.co.th/en/product/searchs-Bathroom-B04-B0408.aspx

110

o Tools Factory

Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

Water tank forPara

rubber

Have 4 size

No. 1

No. 2

No. 3

No. 4

No. 1 = 126

No. 2 = 114

No. 3 = 102

No. 4 = 96

No. 1 = 60

No. 2 = 55

No. 3 = 50

No. 4 = 50

23,730

Rubber broom

Rubber broom.

From Yala

province. Made of

100% tire. And

Broom latex

204

10

2,040

Cup of water

Have three size

size 16

size 18

size 20

size 16 = 2.64

size 18 = 3

size 20 = 3.6

size 16 = 100

size 18 = 100

size 20 = 100

924

111

Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

Rolling

rubber, A2000-2

A massage.

Smooth

rolling 3

doubles.

3. Rolled

stripes 2

pairs.

70,000

10

700,000

TA-KONG cement

block

TA-KONG

cement

blocks 68

channels.

Size

60x174.5x3

7.8.

24,000

7

168,000

wheeled cart

size 75 x

125.

1,900

10

19,000

Total 913,694

Source: http://www.an-anek.com/2010/main.php?p=5&id=10

http://www.yangparatrang.com

https://sites.google.com/site/salestakong1/

http://www.trpfurniture.com

112

o Kitchen Equipments

Equipments Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

INTERLOCK COUNTER:

COTTO

INTERLOCK

COUNTER

KITCHEN

CK11G006

58,000

1

58,000

REGINOX: Sink

Size: 11 x 5 x 1

cm

Weight 10 (kg).

15,920

1

15,920

Table 8 Standard

Equipment Governor

General Meeting Ferrari

deck.

8 seats for chairs.

Bargaining table

and chair legs.

The track

surface.

Table size (L x

W x H): 240 ×

120 x 75 cm

Chair

Dimensions (W x

D x H): 53 × 53 x

78 cm

21,500

1

21,500

Total 95,420

Source: http://www.officemate.co.th/Department/1636/B3?Paths=23

113

Dormitory tools

o Facility Management

Tools Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

Cot

6 ft.

2,490

15

37,350

Bed

6 ft.

Mozart bed bath.

Machines wash

at the top1 with

zipper.

5 year warranty.

5,500

15

82,500

Wardrobe

80 cm.

1,250

15

18,750

Dresser

60 cm.

950

15

14,250

Total 152,850

Source: http://www.furnituretook.com

114

o Vehicle

TRUCK:HENO

SERIES 5 FM1AKLA T (PTO) Trailer 10 wheels 6 cylinder 34459

2,580,000 THB X 3 = 7,740,000 THB

Pickup

TOYOTA Prerunner 2.5 E A/T ABA (Navi)60

884,000 THB X 3 = 2,652,000 THB

59

http://www.truck.in.th/checkprice.php#HINO

60http://www.toyota.co.th/productdetail.php?model=vigo_double_cab&opt=grades

115

Facility layout

o Office Layout

Figure 4.4 Office Layout

116

o House for employees Layout

Figure 4.4 House for employees Layout

117

Merchandise cost

Merchandise Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

Rubber rolling machine

Lengthrolls:17''*40''inch

Material : chilled cast

iron

Bush: bearing / Nylon

bush

size:3850*1700*1700

8,500

8

68,000

Creper Machine

Model: ZP150X500

Size:1570x850x700mm

Weight: 400kg

30,000

2

60,000

Cutting machine

Model: ML1600

Size: 1600× 1250mm

Motor power: 11kw

Weight: 12000 kg

25,000

2

50,000

Vinyl rubber

Model: GS+9060

size: 1430*1060* 1080

mm.

Power: 220V/50Hz

Weight: 40.7kg

18,500

3

55,500

Slab Cutter Machine

Model: P30

Size:

5800*4700*2900mm

Motor power: 18.5kw

250,000

2

500,000

118

Source: www.machine.yongfongthai.com/index.php?langtype=th&pageid=th_40

www.rubber-processing.org.cn

Merchandise Detail Price(THB) Unit Total(THB)

Rubber Baling Press

Machine

Model: XLB-DQ

500x600

Motor power: 11.0KW

Weight: 6000kg.

300,000

2

600,000

Rubber granulating

machine

Model: XKP-400

Size: 1100*900*1700mm

Motor power: 5.5 KW

155,000

2

310,000

Prebreaker Machine

Model: J-47.50.70

Size: 3160×1320×2120

Weight: 3.8 t

95,000

2

190,000

Hammermill Machine

Model: 9PK-300

combined 9FQ-42

Power: 30KW

Weight: 550KGS

185,000

2

370,000

Total 2,203,500

119

4.2 Depreciation

Investment Amount

(THB) Depreciation

Annual

Dep.(THB)

Monthly

Dep.(THB)

Building 30,000,000 20 1,500,000 125,000

Machine 2,203,500 5 440,700 36,725

Equipment 2,499,599 5 499,919.80 41,659.98

Vehicle 10,392,000 5 2,078,400 173,200

120

4.3 Conclusion

About investment cost of our company, we just invest it at the beginning of

business. At the first year of business we just do a small business and for the 3rd

year we

will enlarge it, make it bigger, and make it better. About the equipments and some of

machines in our factory we just invest with it by the first year, because some of

equipment and machines can be used for a long period such as tanks, computers,

printers, chairs, fans, rubber rolling, cement blocked, wheeled cart, etc. Then we can use

it about 5 – 6 years to get broken or something would not broken but we have to change

it because it is not good to use it at all.

121

Chapter 5:

Production and Operations Analysis This chapter will be consists information following:

Product Characteristics

Specification, Feathers,

Dimension, Life Time, etc.

Production/Services

Process

Operating Cost

Raw material Cost

Direct Labor Cost

Logistics Management

Facility Management

Conclusion

122

Figure 5.1 Product Characteristics Figure 5.2 Product Characteristics

Figure 5.3 Product Characteristics Figure 5.4 Product Characteristics

Chapter5: Production and Operating Analysis

5.1 Product Characteristics

1. Agriculturist wholesaler must produce a quality rubber sheet to standard of the

rubber Research Institute.

2. Raw rubber sheets vendors must be selected raw rubber sheets with the same at

10-15 tied each piece.

3. Agriculturist arrangement rubbers at the same quality with clear of rubber each

class. While the rubber in the central market.

4. Agriculturist must not field with below standard quality of rubber into tied. If it

is detected from the first up to the sheet. Will be cut all tied.

5. Agriculturist be careful and make sure not to have foreign objects such as

knives, scissors, hook, or other materials campsites of rubber smoked sheet

before sale to the middle market.

123

Figure 5.5 Product RSS3

6. During transport to the central market of rubber. Use a sailcloth cover rubber for

completely because to prevent dust, or rainwater to make a rubber a dirty, or wet

of rubber during transportation.61

5.2 Specification, Features, Dimension and Life Time.

Specification

Specification of Rubber and Latex

Concentrated latex RSS3

70 100

Average price/kilogram

RSS362

61

http://www.yardc.go.th/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17:prepari

ng-rubber-method&catid=6:rubbermarket&Itemid=11 62

http://www.sirichai-intertrade.com/product_detail.php

124

Figure 5.6 Latex Figure 5.7 Latex

Figure 5.8 Latex

Latex63

Features

- The manufacturing process of rubber sheet.

Rubber is a good principle is to clean the rubber. Give some

rolled sheets. The regularly of rubber are standard size. And use the

water and the acid.

The methods and procedures to do following.64

63

http://www.aopdr01.doae.go.th/DRC%201.htm

http://www.sc.mahidol.ac.th/scbi/MUBIO_Webboard.php?TopicID=1850&Action=Vie

wTopic&Lang=Eng 64

http://www.rubbernongkhai.com/index.php/component/content/article/3-activity/426-

rubberdee

125

Figure 5.9 Latex

Step 1: Collect the latex

1. Should be wiped clean before the rubber cups for

latex.

2. Clean water tank before use anytime.

3. Do not wear latex leaves into the tank. Rubbers

will dirty to clot faster is hard to filter latex.

4. The latex storage tank should be closures. To

prevent the latex splash out in the water to the

factory of rubber sheet.

Step 2: Cleaning equipment

Cleanliness is the most important in making a good rubber. Equipment to clean

the rubber sheet. Before and after use tool made of rubber sheets should be wet before

each use. For easy cleaning after use is completed.

Equipment needed to do a rubber sheet.

1. The filter the wire No. 40 and 60.

2. Tray.

3. Tanks for the latex supply and water.

4. Rubber massage table.

5. A rolling slip types and kinds of flowering.

6. Greenhouse or shed simple.

7. Cans measuring cup the latex and water.

8. Paddle for stirring the latex.

9. Container mixed acid.

126

Figure 5.10 Latex

Figure 5.11 Latex

Step 3: Filtered the latex

The latexes filter with the filter wire No. 40 and 60

to remove impurity. By placing 2 the filter stacked

above the number 40 and number 60 below.

Step 4: Measuring the trays the latex

Measuring the filtered rubber latex. Add Trays

clean, 3 l.

Step 5: Mix the water with the rubber latex

Fill water into the rubber latex and then put trays, trays liters per 2 is the rate

ingredients. Between rubber latex and water at the rate of 3 per 2 (mixing ratio may

vary. If rubber latex is diluted to such as the case of rain rubber latex or from other

causes).

127

Figure 5.12 Latex

Step 6: Select acid and mixed acid

Solid rubber and so the quality is better. Meet the needs of buyers and industry

should use for Formic acid. The concentration of 90%, which are different from any

other type of acids is a colorless, pungent smell. If inhaled will severely keen nose and

dissolve in water very well.

Advantages of Formic acid.

1. Rubber solid sheets regularly.

2. High Evaporation.

3. Never made sticky rubber.

4. Rubber and flexibility of the original.

5. A house and the rubber smell.

6. Equipment does not make much damage the rubber sheets, to make a

long a lifetime.

Formic acid mixed, rubber sheet to freeze for 30 - 45 minutes to Formic acid

ratio in the acid following the Fort Mick soup mix 2 tablespoons water 3 cans of milk

and stir to combine. Pour the water into the acid. The container should be coated must

be beer or gallon plastic mixed.

Step 7: Use acid water mixed

Used paddle rubber in stirred water trays a 1-2 on the measuring mix and 1 can

of milk and pour acid into water over trays. Pour the acid is mixed with water to paddle

stirring for about 6 flights (Formic acid 1 bottle made rubber is about 90 to 100 sheets.

Step 8: Sweep the bubbles of rubber latex

While Stir the rubber latex with

bubbles. The paddle sweep out bubbles from

trays. A container for a Collected of fine

rubber scrap latex bubbles, if not sweep out.

When smoked the rubber to see the spots the

air in sheets rubber. The rubber quality is

lower than it should be.

128

Figure 5.13 Latex

Step 9:

Use zinc sheets or any other material to prevent dust particles off trays. Or the

dirt in the rubber latex is captured. Leave it for about 30 - 45 minutes.

Step 10: Massage rubber sheets

When the rubber coagulation on it

before the massage. Clean water should be

poured into mold trays for easy pour out of

trays rubber. Rubber tires on a massage

table, massage should be clean are paved

with aluminum or Zinc sheets. Massage

with hands or sticks. Or have a massage

every rubber should be cleaned before

massage. Rubber massages and a thickness

of about 1 cm.

Step 11:

Rolled with rubber Gliding. The rubber sheets massage. Gliding machine 3-4

times, some estimated 3-4 mm.

Step 12: Rubber sheets rolled with rolled flowering

After the rubber sheets rolled machine, rubber sheets and slipped it into the

machine 1 more time flowering will let sheets rubber rolling flowering on stacked and

dry faster when to smoke.

Step 13: To clear sheets rubber

Flowering then rolled sheets of rubber. Rubber should be washed with clean

water to remove acid. And the dirt trapped under the surface of the rubber sheets out.

129

Figure 5.14 Latex

Figure 5.15 Latex

Step 14: Airing rubber sheets

The rubber sheets that washed

with clean water washed with clean

water and sheets of rubber. Rubber

should be airing in the shade. Should

not be taken out to dry in the sun due to

sheets deteriorate rubber easily. Do not

put rubber sheets on the ground, or

laying rubber sheets in the presence of

dust or the dirt easily.

Steps 15: To rubber sheets to storage wait for selling

After airing the rubber sheets for about 6 hours was collected. By resting on the

rail. Greenhouses to pending for sale.

130

Figure 5.16Latex

Dimension

Our company produces high quality of rubber sheets. The rubber sheets quality

have the following characteristics.

1. Rubber sheet regularly, Thickness not exceeding 3 mm.

2. A size of rubber is 38-46 cm long, 80-90 cm.

3. Weighing 0.8 to 1.2 kg / piece.

4. Dirt and mold clean air contamination.

5. A rectangular shape. No color contracted neck regularly.

6. Humidity should not exceed 2% rubber.

7. Has good flexibility. 65

Life Time

Period of the manufacturing rubber sheets. Time to wait for dry the rubber, it

takes about 10 to 15 days then is can be collected and to sell. If will take the rubber to

smoked. After airing of the rubber sheets. When the water stops flowing. Was able bake

or smoked it. To make Rubber smoked sheets. Smoked by the factory. Temperature of

50-60 ° C for about 4-10 days.66

65

http://www.live-rubber.com/para-rubber-articles/51-para-rubber/189-unsmoked-sheet-

rubber-method 66

http://km.rubber.co.th/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4350:2012-

06-05-03-56-20&catid=124:2012-06-05-03-34-48&Itemid=236

131

5.3 Production Process

5.3.1 Ribbed Smoked Sheet Processes

- We collect our "Raw Material" from local farmers, Rubber Sheet as it comes to

us contain humidity and impurity that must be removed during the smoking and

drying process.

- RSS processing starts with the cleaning phase, rubber sheet is immersed in water

tank with soap added, then passed through a cleaning machine to remove

external dirt.

- They are hanged on bamboo stem for drying, the rubber sheets are put into an

oven of dimension of about 4m wide by 8m depth by 6m height and stay there

for 3 to 5 days depends on the thickness of the sheet.

- The oven is heat by wood that we obtain from old rubber tree, because the

temperature inside the oven is maintained constant at about 70 degrees Celsius.

- After smoking, the rubber sheet becomes more transparent, impurity is hence

more visible and removed.

- Smoked sheets are then classified into 5 different grades, namelyRSS1, RSS2,

RSS3, RSS4 and RSS5 depending on many factors such as purity, elasticity,

color, etc.

- For "Bale" packing, the rubber sheet is pressed by hydraulic machine into a cube

shape with dimension 60cm x 60cm and weighs about 111.11

kilogrammes/bales, which comply to international export packing.

- For "Shrink Wrap", the rubber sheet is simply folded, put in a plastic bag of 35

kgs/bales, then 36 bles forms a pallet of 1260 kilogrammes/pallets.67

5.3.2 Concentrated Latex Processes

- Field latex collected and transported to factory, keep in good condition by

ammonia solution added or other included chemicals.

- The field latex properties were adjusted to factory standards.

- The field latex was then centrifuged by centrifugal machine.

67

http://www.thaihua.com/v4/en/factory/rss-process.php

132

- The concentrated latex achieved will be 60% of dry rubber content. The

concentrated latex properties were then adjusted to be standard value and kept in

good condition by ammonia or secondary preservative.

- Concentrated latex achieved are HA (High Ammonia Latex) and MA (Medium

Ammonia Latex).

- The final product is packed in standard drums with the capacity of 205

kilogram‘s, each drum net weight is exactly 205 kilogram‘s.68

5.4 Operating Cost

In the production, Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company use many of

merchandise to manufacture products. All of this we can calculate the operating cost

with is 51,301,780 Baht.

5.4.1 Raw material Cost

Formic acid

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company use a tank formic acid 35

Kilogram, 39 Baht/kg. , so it has 1,365 Baht. In 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber and

Latex Company will pay for formic acid is 3,407,040 Baht.

Latex

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company purchase latex from group of

rubber gardener at the price of 70 Baht/Unit. In 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber and

Latex Company will pay for latex is 17,617,600 Baht.

Water

For mixes latex and cleaning rubber and tools. Our company pays 580

Baht/Month. In 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company will pay for

water is 55,680 Baht

Rubber gloves

Workers of Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company use rubber gloves for

mix latex and activities that are contaminated. Rubber gloves are good quality

and Chemical protection. It has 135 Baht/Pair. So, in 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber

and Latex Company will pay for rubber gloves is 8,573,460 Baht.

68

http://www.reothai.co.th/Present/2555/Market/Eng/Latex60.pdf

133

5.4.2 Direct Labor Cost

Worker salary

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company have workers with 15 people in

every line of production. They are working 8 hours in one day and take with 26

days per month. The salary will be increase 5% every year. So, in 8 years Ton-

Yang Rubber and Latex Company will pay for worker is 13,406,949 Baht.

Minimum wage in Chanthaburi is 300 Baht/Day or 117,000 Baht/Month.

Staff salary

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company have staffs with 5 people; 3

people of lab staff and 2 people of technician. Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex

Company will pay money for them with 26 days per month. The salary will be

increase 5% every year. So, in 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

will pay for staff is 6,417,001 Baht.

Lap staff

12,000 Baht/person or 36,000 Baht/Month.

Technician

10,000 Baht/person or 20,000 Baht/Month.

Housekeeper

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company have housekeeper with 1 people.

They are working 8 hours in one day and take with 26 days per month. The

salary will be increase 5% every year. So, in 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber and

Latex Company will pay for housekeeper is 916,714Baht.

8,000 Baht/person or 8,000 Baht/Month.

134

Driver

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company have driver with 2 people for

driving to transport raw material and goods. They are working 8 hours in one

day and take with 26 days per month. The salary will be increase 5% every year.

So, in 8 years Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company will pay for driver is

1,833,429 Baht.

8,000 Baht/person or 16,000 Baht/Month.

Security guard

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company have security guard with 3

people. The salary will be increase 5% every year. So, in 8 years Ton-Yang

Rubber and Latex Company will pay for security guard is 3,265,795Baht.

9,500 Baht/person or 28,500 Baht/Month.

135

Table 5.1 Raw material cost

Table 5.2 Raw material cost

Raw material cost

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Year 2013

Raw material

cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Formic acid 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 40,950 491,400

Latex 182,000 127,400 109,200 182,000 182,000 182,000 182,000 200,200 182,000 182,000 218,400 236,600 2,165,800

Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960

Rubber gloves 87,750 63,180 63,180 70,200 87,750 66,690 66,690 98,280 91,260 103,300 105,300 122,850 1,026,430

Total 311,280 232,110 213,910 293,730 311,280 290,220 290,220 340,010 314,790 326,830 365,230 400,980 3,690,590

Unit:Baht

Year 2014

Raw material

cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Formic acid 32,940 30,500 28,060 42,700 40,260 40,260 36,600 42,700 37,820 45,140 46,360 47,580 470,920

Latex 182,000 109,200 109,200 200,200 182,000 182,000 182,000 200,200 182,000 200,200 218,400 236,600 2,184,000

Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960

Rubber gloves 87,750 63,180 52,650 98,280 66,690 87,750 87,750 98,280 91,260 103,300 105,300 105,300 1,047,490

Total 303,270 203,460 190,490 341,760 289,530 310,590 306,930 341,760 311,660 349,220 370,640 390,060 3,709,370

Unit:Baht

136

Table 5.3 Raw material cost

Table 5.4 Raw material cost

Year 2015

Raw material

cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Formic acid 34,160 30,500 29,280 43,920 34,160 34,160 34,160 43,920 35,380 45,140 45,140 47,580 457,500

Latex 182,000 109,200 109,200 200,200 182,000 182,000 182,000 200,200 182,000 200,200 218,400 236,600 2,184,000

Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960

Rubber gloves 87,750 87,750 87,750 98,280 66,690 66,690 87,750 98,280 91,260 94,770 94,770 122,850 1,084,590

Total 304,490 228,030 226,810 342,980 283,430 283,430 304,490 342,980 309,220 340,690 358,890 407,610 3,733,050

Unit:Baht

Year 2016

Raw material

cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Formic acid 32,940 24,400 26,840 31,720 31,720 31,720 31,720 41,480 39,040 43,920 45,140 48,800 429,440

Latex 182,000 109,200 127,400 200,200 200,200 182,000 182,000 200,200 200,200 200,200 218,400 236,600 2,238,600

Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960

Rubber gloves 87,750 59,670 52,650 87,750 87,750 87,750 87,750 98,280 91,260 98,280 101,790 105,300 1,045,980

Total 303,270 193,850 207,470 320,250 320,250 302,050 302,050 340,540 331,080 342,980 365,910 391,280 3,720,980

Unit:Baht

137

Table 5.5 Raw material cost

Table 5.6 Raw material cost

Year 2017

Raw material

cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Formic acid 31,720 24,400 19,520 42,700 39,040 39,040 31,720 42,700 40,260 42,700 46,360 47,580 447,740

Latex 182,000 109,200 127,400 200,200 182,000 182,000 182,000 200,200 200,200 200,200 218,400 236,600 2,220,400

Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960

Rubber gloves 87,750 70,200 63,180 87,750 87,750 91,260 87,750 98,280 94,770 103,300 105,300 122,850 1,100,140

Total 302,050 204,380 210,680 331,230 309,370 312,880 302,050 341,760 335,810 346,780 370,640 407,610 3,775,240

Unit:Baht

Year 2018

Raw material

cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Formic acid 31,720 24,400 19,520 42,700 39,040 39,040 31,720 42,500 40,260 42,700 46,360 48,400 448,360

Latex 182,000 109,200 109,200 200,200 182,000 182,000 182,000 200,200 200,200 200,200 218,400 236,600 2,202,200

Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960

Rubber gloves 87,750 63,180 63,180 87,750 87,750 87,750 87,750 98,280 94,770 103,300 105,300 122,850 1,089,610

Total 302,050 197,360 192,480 331,230 309,370 309,370 302,050 341,560 335,810 346,780 370,640 408,430 3,747,130

Unit:Baht

138

Table 5.7 Raw material cost

Table 5.8 Raw material cost

Year 2019

Raw material

cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Formic acid 31,720 24,400 19,520 42,700 39,040 31,720 31,720 42,500 45,140 42,700 46,360 48,400 445,920

Latex 182,000 109,200 109,200 200,200 182,000 182,000 200,200 200,200 200,200 218,400 218,400 236,600 2,238,600

Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960

Rubber gloves 87,750 63,180 63,180 87,750 87,750 87,750 87,750 98,280 103,300 103,300 105,300 122,850 1,098,140

Total 302,050 197,360 192,480 331,230 309,370 302,050 320,250 341,560 349,220 364,980 370,640 408,430 3,789,620

Unit:Baht

Year 2020

Raw material

cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Formic acid 31,720 24,400 19,520 31,720 31,720 39,040 42,500 42,500 42,700 42,700 46,360 48,800 443,680

Latex 182,000 109,200 109,200 182,000 182,000 182,000 182,000 200,200 200,200 200,200 218,400 236,600 2,184,000

Water 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 6,960

Rubber gloves 87,750 63,180 63,180 87,750 87,750 87,750 87,750 98,280 94,770 94,770 105,300 122,850 1,081,080

Total 302,050 197,360 192,480 302,050 302,050 309,370 312,830 341,560 338,250 338,250 370,640 408,830 3,715,720

Unit:Baht

139

Table 5.9 Direct Labor Cost

Direct Labor Cost

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Year1, 2013

Direct Labor

Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Worker salary

117,000

117,000

117,000

117,000

117,000

117,000

117,000

117,000

117,000

117,000

117,000

117,000

1,404,000

Staff salary

56,000

56,000

56,000

56,000

56,000

56,000

56,000

56,000

56,000

56,000

56,000

56,000

672,000

Housekeeper

8,000

8,000

8,000

8,000

8,000

8,000

8,000

8,000

8,000

8,000

8,000

8,000

96,000

Driver

16,000

16,000

16,000

16,000

16,000

16,000

16,000

16,000

16,000

16,000

16,000

16,000

192,000

Security guard

28,500

28,500

28,500

28,500

28,500

28,500

28,500

28,500

28,500

28,500

28,500

28,500

342,000

Total

225,500

225,500

225,500

225,500

225,500

225,500

225,500

225,500

225,500

225,500

225,500

225,500

2,706,000

Unit:Baht

140

Table 5.11 Direct Labor Cost

Year2, 2014

Direct Labor

Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Worker salary

122,850

122,850

122,850

122,850

122,850

122,850

122,850

122,850

122,850

122,850

122,850

122,850

1,474,200

Staff salary

58,800

58,800

58,800

58,800

58,800

58,800

58,800

58,800

58,800

58,800

58,800

58,800

705,600

Housekeeper

8,400

8,400

8,400

8,400

8,400

8,400

8,400

8,400

8,400

8,400

8,400

8,400

100,800

Driver

16,800

16,800

16,800

16,800

16,800

16,800

16,800

16,800

16,800

16,800

16,800

16,800

201,600

Security guard

29,925

29,925

29,925

29,925

29,925

29,925

29,925

29,925

29,925

29,925

29,925

29,925

359,100

Total

236,775

236,775

236,775

236,775

236,775

236,775

236,775

236,775

236,775

236,775

236,775

236,775

2,841,300

Unit:Baht

Year3, 2015

Direct Labor

Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Worker salary

128,992.50

128,992.50

128,992.50

128,992.50

128,992.50

128,992.50

128,992.50

128,992.50

128,992.50

128,992.50

128,992.50

128,992.50

1,547,910

Staff salary

61,740.00

61,740.00

61,740.00

61,740.00

61,740.00

61,740.00

61,740.00

61,740.00

61,740.00

61,740.00

61,740.00

61,740.00

740,880

Housekeeper

8,820.00

8,820.00

8,820.00

8,820.00

8,820.00

8,820.00

8,820.00

8,820.00

8,820.00

8,820.00

8,820.00

8,820.00

105,840

Driver

17,640.00

17,640.00

17,640.00

17,640.00

17,640.00

17,640.00

17,640.00

17,640.00

17,640.00

17,640.00

17,640.00

17,640.00

211,680

Security guard

31,421.25

31,421.25

31,421.25

31,421.25

31,421.25

31,421.25

31,421.25

31,421.25

31,421.25

31,421.25

31,421.25

31,421.25

377,055

Total

248,614

248,614

248,614

248,614

248,614

248,614

248,614

248,614

248,614

248,614

248,614

248,614

2,983,365

Unit:Baht

Table 5.10 Direct Labor Cost

141

Year4, 2016

Direct Labor

Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Worker salary

135,442

135,442

135,442

135,442

135,442

135,442

135,442

135,442

135,442

135,442

135,442

135,442

1,625,306

Staff salary

64,827

64,827

64,827

64,827

64,827

64,827

64,827

64,827

64,827

64,827

64,827

64,827

777,924

Housekeeper

9,261

9,261

9,261

9,261

9,261

9,261

9,261

9,261

9,261

9,261

9,261

9,261

111,132

Driver

18,522

18,522

18,522

18,522

18,522

18,522

18,522

18,522

18,522

18,522

18,522

18,522

222,264

Security guard

32,992

32,992

32,992

32,992

32,992

32,992

32,992

32,992

32,992

32,992

32,992

32,992

395,908

Total

261,044

261,044

261,044

261,044

261,044

261,044

261,044

261,044

261,044

261,044

261,044

261,044

3,132,533

Unit:Baht

Year5, 2017

Direct Labor

Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Worker salary

142,214.23

142,214.23

142,214.23

142,214.23

142,214.23

142,214.23

142,214.23

142,214.23

142,214.23

142,214.23

142,214.23

142,214.23

1,706,571

Staff salary

68,068.35

68,068.35

68,068.35

68,068.35

68,068.35

68,068.35

68,068.35

68,068.35

68,068.35

68,068.35

68,068.35

68,068.35

816,820

Housekeeper

9,724.05

9,724.05

9,724.05

9,724.05

9,724.05

9,724.05

9,724.05

9,724.05

9,724.05

9,724.05

9,724.05

9,724.05

116,689

Driver

19,448.10

19,448.10

19,448.10

19,448.10

19,448.10

19,448.10

19,448.10

19,448.10

19,448.10

19,448.10

19,448.10

19,448.10

233,377

Security guard

34,641.93

34,641.93

34,641.93

34,641.93

34,641.93

34,641.93

34,641.93

34,641.93

34,641.93

34,641.93

34,641.93

34,641.93

415,703

Total

274,097

274,097

274,097

274,097

274,097

274,097

274,097

274,097

274,097

274,097

274,097

274,097

3,289,160

Unit:Baht

Table 5.12 Direct Labor Cost

Table 5.13 Direct Labor Cost

142

Year6, 2018

Direct Labor

Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Worker salary

149,325

149,325

149,325

149,325

149,325

149,325

149,325

149,325

149,325

149,325

149,325

149,325

1,791,899

Staff salary

71,472

71,472

71,472

71,472

71,472

71,472

71,472

71,472

71,472

71,472

71,472

71,472

857,661

Housekeeper

10,210

10,210

10,210

10,210

10,210

10,210

10,210

10,210

10,210

10,210

10,210

10,210

122,523

Driver

20,421

20,421

20,421

20,421

20,421

20,421

20,421

20,421

20,421

20,421

20,421

20,421

245,046

Security guard

36,374

36,374

36,374

36,374

36,374

36,374

36,374

36,374

36,374

36,374

36,374

36,374

436,488

Total

287,801

287,801

287,801

287,801

287,801

287,801

287,801

287,801

287,801

287,801

287,801

287,801

3,453,618

Unit:Baht

Year7, 2019

Direct Labor

Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Worker salary

156,791.19

156,791.19

156,791.19

156,791.19

156,791.19

156,791.19

156,791.19

156,791.19

156,791.19

156,791.19

156,791.19

156,791.19

1,881,494

Staff salary

75,045.36

75,045.36

75,045.36

75,045.36

75,045.36

75,045.36

75,045.36

75,045.36

75,045.36

75,045.36

75,045.36

75,045.36

900,544

Housekeeper

10,720.77

10,720.77

10,720.77

10,720.77

10,720.77

10,720.77

10,720.77

10,720.77

10,720.77

10,720.77

10,720.77

10,720.77

128,649

Driver

21,441.53

21,441.53

21,441.53

21,441.53

21,441.53

21,441.53

21,441.53

21,441.53

21,441.53

21,441.53

21,441.53

21,441.53

257,298

Security guard

38,192.73

38,192.73

38,192.73

38,192.73

38,192.73

38,192.73

38,192.73

38,192.73

38,192.73

38,192.73

38,192.73

38,192.73

458,313

Total

302,192

302,192

302,192

302,192

302,192

302,192

302,192

302,192

302,192

302,192

302,192

302,192

3,626,299

Unit:Baht

Table 5.14 Direct Labor Cost

Table 5.15 Direct Labor Cost

143

Year8, 2020

Direct Labor

Cost Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Worker salary

164,631

164,631

164,631

164,631

164,631

164,631

164,631

164,631

164,631

164,631

164,631

164,631

1,975,569

Staff salary

78,798

78,798

78,798

78,798

78,798

78,798

78,798

78,798

78,798

78,798

78,798

78,798

945,571

Housekeeper

11,257

11,257

11,257

11,257

11,257

11,257

11,257

11,257

11,257

11,257

11,257

11,257

135,082

Driver

22,514

22,514

22,514

22,514

22,514

22,514

22,514

22,514

22,514

22,514

22,514

22,514

270,163

Security guard

40,102

40,102

40,102

40,102

40,102

40,102

40,102

40,102

40,102

40,102

40,102

40,102

481,228

Total

317,301

317,301

317,301

317,301

317,301

317,301

317,301

317,301

317,301

317,301

317,301

317,301

3,807,614

Unit:Baht

Table 5.16 Direct Labor Cost

144

Figure 5.17 Logistic Figure 5.18 Logistic

Figure 5.19 Map Chantaburi to Rayong

Logistics Management

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company send finish goods (rubber) to customer at

D.S Rubber and Latex Company69

Address: 160 SukhumvitRd. Moo 4, T.KongDin,

Amphoe Klaeng, Rayong 22160. Tel.038-806357-8 and SHUN THAI Rubber Gloves

Industry Public Co.,Ltd70

Address: 9 HatYai - Chandi Rd, Moo 4, T.Kachet, Amphoe

Muang, Rayong 21100. Tel.038-634072-3 by truck. Start from transportation rubber

from Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company by truck.

Transportation rubber and latex of the Ton-Yang rubber and latex Company. We

will take the route Sukhumvit Road 3 / AH123 from our company in Chantaburi

province to Rayong province.This route will through the Amphoe Klaeng before to the

Amphoe Muang Rayong.Distance112 Km. And length 1 hour 33 minutes.71

69

http://dsrubberlatex.com/web/home/ 70

http://www.108company.com/rubber-industry/249-shun-thai-rubber-gloves-industry-

public-coltd 71

https://maps.google.co.th/maps?hl=th&ie=UTF8&gl=th&daddr=%E0%B8%88.%E0

%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87&saddr=%E0%B

8%88.%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B

8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5&panel=1&f=d&fb=1&dirflg=d&geocode=KUNyV

OwLdgMxMYEXznkgQ9jH%3BKSE_wzg4_AIxMYhAJVrvHvvA&ei=73n6UPO6Mt

HprQfmroGQAQ&ved=0CC0Q-A8wAA

145

Figure 5.20 Rubber Figure 5.21 Rubber

Figure 5.22 Rubber Figure 5.23 Rubber

Our company will purchase latex from agriculturist in Chanthaburi province and

neighboring provinces. The price of the purchase and sale of a used tire in the central of

the rubber market because the price is reasonable and the price of rubber in each month

is different.72

72

http://www.rubber.co.th/menu5.php

146

5.5 Conclusion

As we knew that our products are Concentrated Latex and Ribbed Smoked

Sheets. About the Concentrated latex, we would controlled from even the collection of

fresh field latex from small holders, the latex that we were chosen would be pure and is

one of the most clean raw material in terms of rubber. Fresh field latex is preserved with

added chemicals and centrifuged to obtain concentrated latex of 60% DRC (dry rubber

contents) and we will use ammonia to be added during the process to enhance the

preservation of latex but depending on specific requirements of the customer, various

degrees are added to the concentrated latex. About the Ribbed Smoked Sheets are used

in various industries due to their variety in the requirements on cleanliness and tear

strength of the sheets. For this kind of product could be classified in to 5 grades; RSS1,

RSS2, RSS3, RSS4 and RSS5. The difference in the grades is the result of the

preparation of the coagulated field latex during the production of the Unsmoked Sheets.

The sheets will be selected and smoked at a controlled timing and temperature window

to ensure that they are properly smoked without causing negative impact on the rubber

properties and the grades of Ribbed Smoked Sheets are still depend heavily on visual

inspection.

147

Chapter 6:

Administration analysis This chapter will be consists information following:

Management Analysis

Facility Cost

(Electricity, Telephone,

Fax, Etc.)

Salary

Conclusion

148

Figure 6.1 Unit of electricity

Chapter 6: Administration Analysis

6.1 Facility Cost

6.1.1 Electricity

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company have separated the electricity expanse

into 2 sections including factory and office. In addition, Rate electricity consumption in

each month is not equally because the seasons of rubber are different in each month.

Reference: http://www.eppo.go.th/power/pw-Rate-PEA-Char.html#6

Office

22 meter pressure in the normal rate1 3.6246 Baht

Estimate use of electricity 450 Units/month

Add (+) Service expense 228.17 Baht

Total electricity expense for office per month 1,859.24 Baht

149

Figure 6.2 Unit of electricity

Reference: http://www.eppo.go.th/power/pw-Rate-PEA-Char.html#6

Factory

Estimate units in peak TOU (2.6950 x 7000) 18,865.00 Baht

Estimate units in off peak TOU (1.1914 x 1,000) 1,191.40 Baht

Estimate highest demand of use (132.93 x 500) 66,465.00 Baht

Add (+) Service expense 228.17 Baht

Total electricity expense for factory per month 86,749.57 Baht

So, total estimate electricity expense of Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

per month is 88,608.81 Baht, but we will record the transaction at 89,000 Baht that

increase or decrease depending on seasonal of suppliers.

150

Figure 6.3 Brand

Figure 6.4 Brand

6.1.2 Telephone and Internet

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company use the

internet off 3BB in the company. We are

choosing the internet package download speed

up to 13Mb upload 1Mb.We install the telephone package added in the company to use

to contact with both customers.

Internet Expense (Package/Month)73

900 Baht

Estimate Telephone Expense/Month (1.50 Baht/Minute)74

1,500 Baht

Estimate Fax (2 Baht/Time) 200 Baht

Total telephone and internet expense per month 2,600 Baht

6.1.3 Fire Insurance

Our company purchased the fire insurance from

Bangkok insurance. We have to pay 12,290 Baht/Year

included the tax in the insurance class one of each

year.75

Total fire insurance 12,290 Baht/Year

73

http://www.3bb.co.th/promotion/promotion_detail.php?id=2017 74

http://www.3bb.co.th/promotion/promotion_detail.php?id=2018 75

http://www.tqm.co.th/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0

%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E

0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2

151

Figure 6.5 Brand

6.1.4 Car Insurance

Our company purchased the car insurance from

Thanachart insurance (One lite) .We have to pay

10,000 Baht/Year included the tax in the insurance

class one of each year.76

Total car insurance 10,000 Baht/Year

6.1.5 Estimate Water Expense77

580 Baht/Month

6.1.6 Gasoline Expense78

3,500 Baht/Month

6.1.7 Stationary expense 2,000 Baht/Month

6.2 Team management

Manager (1 position)

Job Description

-Planning and developing the structure of the organization.

-Develop and manage the implementation of the company.

-Find and solve the problem which occurs in the organization.

-Ensure orderly and good maintenance of office environment, including

office space planning.

-Decision Making.

Qualification

-Male/female, age over 35 years old.

-Thai nationality.

-Have high responsibility and leadership skills.

-Good management skills.

76

http://www.cymiz.com/insurances/cat1-one-lite-tnci/

77

http://www.pwa.co.th/service/tariff_rate.html

78

http://www.eppo.go.th/retail_prices.html

152

-Can handle with the problem Planning and developing the structure of the

organization.

-Find and solve the problem which occurs in the organization.

-Decision Making

Assistant Manager (2 position)

Job Description

-Collaborate with the president and also each department.

-Act for the manager in some task.

-Find and solve the problem which occurs in the organization.

-Decision Making

Qualification

-Male/female, age over 30 years old.

-Thai nationality.

-Have high responsibility and leadership skills.

-Good management skills.

-Can handle with the problem Planning and developing the structure of the

organization.

-The highest authority to staff the employee.

-Find and solve the problem which occurs in the organization.

-Decision making

Human Resource Department (2 position)

Job Description

-Developing the employees in the organization.

-Collaborate with other department to recruiting the employees

Qualification

-Male/female, age over 27 years old.

-Thai nationality.

-Bachelor degree or higher in the field of Business Administration or other

153

related field.

-Good relationships and understand task in the organization.

-Good Computer skill Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)

Customer Relation Manager (1 position)

Job Description

-Contact with the supplier and customers.

-Promote the organization such as public relation and communication.

-Collaborate with other department in term of information

Qualification

-Male/female, age over 27 years old.

-Thai nationality.

-Bachelor degree or higher in the field of Business Administration or other

related field.

-Good personality and relationship.

-Good Computer skill Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, and Power Point)

-Good command in English is considered.

-The experiential work is considered.

Customer Relation Assistant (2 position)

Job Description

-Help customer relations manager to contact the task

Qualification

-Male/female, age over 23 years old.

-Thai nationality.

-Bachelor degree or higher in the field of Business Administration or other

related field.

-Good personality and relationship.

-Good Computer skill Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, and Power Point)

-Good command in English is considered.

-The experiential work is considered.

154

Sale and Marketing department (4 position)

Job Description

-Contact with the supplier and customers.

-Recommended information rubber and price of rubber and sale of rubber

-Promote the organization such as public relation and communication.

Qualification

-Male/female, age over 25 years old.

-Thai nationality.

-Bachelor degree or higher in the field of Business Administration or other

related field.

-Good personality and relationship.

-Good Computer skill Microsoft Office (Word, Excel and Power Point).

-Good command in English is considered.

-The experiential work is considered.

Accountant department (4 position)

Job Description

-Handle full set of account.

-Related to the field of accounting.

-Analyzing and planning the money that used in the organization.

-Manage and control the budget of the firm.

-Prepared the accounting statement.

Qualification

-Male/female, age over 25 years old.

-Thai nationality.

-Bachelor degree or higher in the field of Accounting Management or

Financial Management.

-Good Computer skill Microsoft Office (Word, Excel and Power Point).

-Accountable person and cautiousness.

-The experiential work is considered.

155

Table 6.1 Salary

6.3 Salary

*Salary will be increased every two years per once about 8%

Description Position Salary (THB) Total(THB)

Manager 1 25,000 25,000

Assistant Manager 2 18,000 36,000

Human Resource Department 2 15,000 30,000

Customer Relation Manager 1 15,000 15,000

Customer Relation Assistant 2 12,000 24,000

Sale and Marketing department 4 13,000 52,000

Accountant department 4 13,000 52,000

Total Salary Expense/Month 16 111,000 234,000

156

6.4 Organization Chart

Manager

Assistant Manager

Human

Resource

Department

Customer

Relation

Department

General Staff Sale and

Marketing

department

Customer

Relation

Manager

Customer

Relation

Assistant

Drivers Export

department

Accountant

department

Housekeeper

Security Guard

157

Table 6.2 Administrative expenses

Administrative expenses

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Administrative expense Year1,2013

Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Estimate electricity office

1,860

1,900

1,900

2,080

2,500

1,980

2,450

2,600

2,450

2,330

2,180

2,680

26,910

Estimate electricity factory

86,750

86,750

87,700

87,700

87,980

87,500

87,990

88,000

87,990

86,870

87,850

88,540

1,051,620

Estimate

telephone and internet

2,600

2,600

2,600

2,600

2,850

2,650

2,770

2,770

2,770

2,850

2,600

2,930

32,590

Fire Insurance

12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -

12,290

Car Insurance

10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -

10,000

Estimate water

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

6,960

Estimate gasoline

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

42,000

Estimate stationary

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

24,000

Salary

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

2,808,000

Total

353,580

331,330

332,280

332,460

333,410

332,210

333,290

333,450

333,290

332,130

332,710

334,230

4,014,370

Unit:Baht

158

Administrative expense Year2,2014

Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Estimate electricity office

1,860

1,880

2,050

2,080

2,500

1,980

2,450

2,450

2,450

2,330

2,380

2,680

27,090

Estimate electricity factory

86,750

86,750

87,500

87,900

88,200

86,960

87,990

88,000

87,990

86,870

86,870

88,540

1,050,320

Estimate telephone and internet

2,600

2,600

2,600

2,600

2,850

2,650

2,770

2,770

2,770

2,850

2,600

2,930

32,590

Fire Insurance

12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -

12,290

Car Insurance

10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -

10,000

Estimate water

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

6,960

Estimate

gasoline

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

42,000

Estimate stationary

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

24,000

Salary

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

234,000

2,808,000

Total

353,580

331,310

332,230

332,660

333,630

331,670

333,290

333,300

333,290

332,130

331,930

334,230

4,013,250

Unit:Baht

Table 6.3 Administrative expenses

159

Administrative expense Year3,2015

Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Estimate electricity office

1,880

1,880

2,050

2,150

2,470

1,980

2,430

2,450

2,450

2,330

2,380

2,680

27,130

Estimate

electricity factory

86,750

86,750

87,500

87,900

88,200

86,960

87,990

88,000

87,990

86,870

86,870

88,540

1,050,320

Estimate telephone and internet

2,600

2,600

2,600

2,620

2,850

2,650

2,690

2,810

2,760

2,800

2,610

2,930

32,520

Fire Insurance

12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -

12,290

Car Insurance

10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -

10,000

Estimate water

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

6,960

Estimate gasoline

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

42,000

Estimate stationary

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

24,000

Salary

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

3,032,640

Total

372,320

350,030

350,950

351,470

352,320

350,390

351,910

352,060

352,000

350,800

350,660

352,950

4,237,860

Unit:Baht

Table 6.4 Administrative expenses

160

Administrative expense Year4,2016

Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Estimate electricity office

1,860

1,900

1,900

2,080

2,500

1,980

2,450

2,600

2,450

2,330

2,180

2,680

26,910

Estimate

electricity factory

86,750

86,750

87,700

87,900

88,100

87,500

87,990

89,350

87,990

86,870

87,850

89,500

1,054,250

Estimate telephone and internet

2,600

2,600

2,600

2,600

2,850

2,650

2,770

2,770

2,770

2,850

2,600

2,930

32,590

Fire Insurance

12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -

12,290

Car Insurance

10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -

10,000

Estimate water

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

6,960

Estimate gasoline

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

42,000

Estimate stationary

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

24,000

Salary

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

252,720

3,032,640

Total

372,300

350,050

351,000

351,380

352,250

350,930

352,010

353,520

352,010

350,850

351,430

353,910

4,241,640

Unit:Baht

Table 6.5 Administrative expenses

161

Administrative expense Year5,2017

Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Estimate electricity office

1,860

1,880

2,050

2,080

2,500

1,980

2,450

2,450

2,450

2,330

2,380

2,680

27,090

Estimate

electricity factory

86,750

86,750

87,500

87,900

88,200

86,960

87,990

88,000

87,990

86,870

86,870

88,540

1,050,320

Estimate telephone and internet

2,600

2,600

2,600

2,600

2,850

2,650

2,770

2,770

2,770

2,850

2,600

2,930

32,590

Fire Insurance

12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -

12,290

Car Insurance

10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -

10,000

Estimate water

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

6,960

Estimate gasoline

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

42,000

Estimate stationary

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

24,000

Salary

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

3,275,251

Total

392,518

370,248

371,168

371,598

372,568

370,608

372,228

372,238

372,228

371,068

370,868

373,168

4,480,501

Unit:Baht

Table 6.6 Administrative expenses

162

Administrative expense Year6,2018

Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Estimate electricity office

1,920

1,870

2,050

2,150

2,370

1,980

2,430

2,500

2,450

2,330

2,380

2,680

27,110

Estimate

electricity factory

86,940

86,750

87,500

87,900

88,200

86,960

87,990

88,320

88,010

87,990

88,050

88,590

1,053,200

Estimate telephone and internet

2,600

2,600

2,600

2,740

2,850

2,680

2,780

2,810

2,770

2,800

2,900

2,930

33,060

Fire Insurance

12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -

12,290

Car Insurance

10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -

10,000

Estimate water

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

6,960

Estimate gasoline

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

42,000

Estimate stationary

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

24,000

Salary

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

272,938

3,275,251

Total

392,768

370,238

371,168

371,808

372,438

370,638

372,218

372,648

372,248

372,138

372,348

373,218

4,483,871

Unit:Baht

Table 6.7 Administrative expenses

163

Administrative expense Year7,2019

Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Estimate electricity office

1,900

1,870

2,050

2,050

2,270

1,980

2,430

2,500

2,380

2,430

2,380

2,680

26,920

Estimate

electricity factory

86,940

86,750

87,500

87,900

88,500

86,960

87,990

88,600

88,010

87,990

88,050

88,590

1,053,780

Estimate telephone and internet

2,600

2,600

2,600

2,740

2,850

2,680

2,780

2,810

2,770

2,800

2,900

2,930

33,060

Fire Insurance

12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -

12,290

Car Insurance

10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -

10,000

Estimate water

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

6,960

Estimate gasoline

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

42,000

Estimate stationary

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

24,000

Salary

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

3,537,271

Total

414,583

392,073

393,003

393,543

394,473

392,473

394,053

394,763

394,013

394,073

394,183

395,053

4,746,281

Unit:Baht

Table 6.8 Administrative expenses

164

Administrative expense Year8,2020

Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Estimate electricity office

1,860

1,900

1,900

2,080

2,500

1,980

2,450

2,600

2,450

2,330

2,180

2,680

26,910

Estimate

electricity factory

86,750

86,750

87,700

87,900

88,100

87,500

87,990

89,350

87,990

86,870

87,850

89,500

1,054,250

Estimate telephone and internet

2,600

2,600

2,600

2,600

2,850

2,650

2,770

2,770

2,770

2,850

2,600

2,930

32,590

Fire Insurance

12,290 - - - - - - - - - - -

12,290

Car Insurance

10,000 - - - - - - - - - - -

10,000

Estimate water

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

6,960

Estimate gasoline

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

42,000

Estimate stationary

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

24,000

Salary

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

294,773

3,537,271

Total

414,353

392,103

393,053

393,433

394,303

392,983

394,063

395,573

394,063

392,903

393,483

395,963

4,746,271

Unit:Baht

Table 6.9 Administrative expenses

165

6.5 Conclusion

Now, the rubber is very popular and the income of agriculturist in Chanthaburi

province. Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company is interested in manufacturing and

exporting natural rubber sheet rubber type RSS3 (Ribbed smoked sheet3). RSS3 is to be

smoked natural rubber 100% of their own sheet then through the smoke, 75 to 100c°

with the heat on through the RSS3 rubber smoked, then aged for upto 8-12 months, can

be transported long distance by no more mold be processed into rubber STR 20,the

rubber compound and the most preferred type of rubber on the world market.

Our company will purchase latex from agriculturist in Chanthaburi province and

neighboring provinces. The price of the purchase and sale of a used tire in the middle of

the rubber market because the price is reasonable. The Company will purchase latex

directly in order to obtain fresh latex to produce rubber RSS3 (Ribbed smoked sheet3)

to the best quality for export. Because the price of rubber smoked sheet grade 3 in

agricultural products futures markets is important to the agriculturist and the company

export rubber. Terms of reduced Price Risk in the future of rubber in order to decide on

the operator a valid.

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company invest at Chanthaburi province. Our

company has 16 staffs which are 1 manager, 2 assistants manager, 2 human resources

department, 2 staffs of customer relation department, 1 customer relation manager, 2

customer relation assistants, 4 staffs of sale and marketing and 4 staffs of accountant

department. For our customer we emphasize to the employee have higher skill. Ready to

cooperation with the product exported company and increase the responsibility to work.

The employee has the high effectiveness in the future.

166

Chapter 7:

Financial Analysis This chapter will be consists information following:

Financial Assumption for

Business.

Profit/ Loss Statement

Cash Flow

Balance Sheet

Conclusion

167

Chapter7: Financial Statement

There are 3 main statements in the financial analysis including: income

statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows.79

Income statement

The income statement presents the results of the entity's operations during a

period of time, such as one year. The simplest equation to describe income is;

Net Income = Revenue - Expenses

Revenue refers to inflows from the delivery or manufacture of a product or from

the rendering of a service. Expenses are outflows incurred to produce revenue.

Income from operations can be separated from other forms of income. In this

case, the income can be described by;

Net Income = Revenue - Expenses + Gains - Losses

Where gains refer to items such as capital gains, and losses refer to capital

losses, losses from natural disasters, etc.

Balance sheet

The balance sheet is based on the following fundamental accounting model:

Assets = Liabilities + Equity

Assets can be classed as either current assets or fixed assets. Current assets are

assets that quickly and easily can be converted into cash, sometimes at a discount to the

purchase price. Current assets include cash, accounts receivable, marketable securities,

notes receivable, inventory, and prepaid assets. Fixed assets include land, buildings, and

equipment.

Liabilities represent the portion of a firm's assets that are owed to creditors.

Liabilities can be classed as short-term liabilities and long-term liabilities. Current

liabilities include accounts payable, notes payable, interest payable, wages payable, and

taxes payable. Long-term liabilities include mortgages payable and bonds payable.

Equity is referred to as owner's equity in a sole proprietorship or a partnership, and

stockholders' equity or shareholders' equity in a corporation. The equity owners of a

business are residual claimants, having a right to what remains only after the creditors

have been paid.

79

http://www.quickmba.com/accounting/fin/statements/

168

Statement of Cash flows

The statement of cash flows is useful in evaluating a company's ability to pay its

bills. For a given period, the cash flow statement provides the following information:

Sources of cash

Uses of cash

Change in cash balance

The cash flow statement represents an analysis of all of the transactions of the

business, reporting where the firm obtained its cash and what it did with it. It breaks the

sources and uses of cash into the following categories:

Operating activities

Investing activities

Financing activities

The information used to construct the cash flow statement comes from the

beginning and ending balance sheets for the period and from the income statement for

the period.

Payback Period

=

=

= 1.3 years

*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period

169

NPV: Net Present Value

Initial Investment = (65,409,299) Discount Rate = 10%

Net cash flow in year 1 = 34,917,615.22 baht

Net cash flow in year 2 = 51,529,634.80 baht

Net cash flow in year 3 = 60,688,848.36 baht

Net cash flow in year 4 = 68,110,360.71 baht

Net cash flow in year 5 = 75,696,836.81 baht

Net cash flow in year 6 = 83,715,156.61 baht

Net cash flow in year 7 = 91,206,435.51 baht

Net cash flow in year 8 = 107,038,768.66 baht

NPV = 572,901,714.26 – 65,409,299 baht

= 507,492,415.26 baht

So, we will show the table of income statement, balance sheet, and statement of

cash flows of the Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company for eight years following by;

170

Income Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.1 Income Statement

171

Income Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.2 Income Statement

172

Income Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.3 Income Statement

173

Income Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.4 Income Statement

174

Income Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.5 Income Statement

175

Income Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.6 Income Statement

176

Income Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.7 Income Statement

177

Income Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company Table 7.8 Income Statement

178

Cash Flow Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.9 Cash Flow Statement

179

Cash Flow Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.10 Cash Flow Statement

180

Cash Flow Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.11 Cash Flow Statement

181

Cash Flow Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.12 Cash Flow Statement

182

Cash Flow Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.13 Cash Flow Statement

183

Cash Flow Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.14 Cash Flow Statement

184

Cash Flow Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.15 Cash Flow Statement

185

Cash Flow Statement

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.16 Cash Flow Statement

186

Balance Sheet

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company

Table 7.17 Balance Sheet

187

Table 7.18 Balance Sheet

188

Table 7.19 Balance Sheet

189

Table 7.20 Balance Sheet

190

Conclusion

Our business is a good business, as we knew that rubber and latex are popular in

Thailand for nowadays. So we will get the profits back within 1.3 years, because we

have investment just at the beginning and the equipments and machines can be use for a

long time and another reason is around Amphoe Kaenghangmaew areas there no have

rubber factory on that area. But on February and March we may get just a little bit of

profit because most of rubber farmers they will stop to get rubber water because of the

reason and this season is not got to do that.

191

Chapter 8:

Risk Management This chapter will be consists information following:

External Risk

Internal Risk

General Risk

Conclusion

192

Chapter 8: Risk Management

For risk, it means the opportunity of Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company will

be excellent with the problem expected to occur in the future. Operating is losses or

cannot perform a successful plan or target. The implementation of all activities will be

faced with the risk 2 types. First, risk is the certainty risk that is caused by factors within

the company. It will occur at the level of rubber to face certainly and do not avoid.

These risks can happen from the first phase of operations and currently operating.

Second, risk is uncertainty risk 2 or the risks happen to external factors. Rubber cannot

be predicted and beyond the control but can prevent or eliminate the risks incurred. The

company has identified risks that may occur as follows.

8.1 External Risk

8.1.1 Politic

The government of Thailand is much supported agriculture because it is one of

the main incomes. Especially rubber, but if business rubber will open will need to

accept inspection by law from government. Which is will be affected if the occurrence

of conflicts such as rubber prices demonstrating the problem, rising oil prices. The tax

will be charged. These problems have been affected enable the company and may have

a decreased the export of rubber. Government policies cannot satisfy the needs of all

groups concerned with the proper and timely. If the company does not advance planning

will make production or transportation may lead to failure as well. Companies need to

be well planned and thoughtful, Check income every month. Preparation or will need

spare and researching new things to deal with state changes.

8.1.3 Economic

Economic indicator to forecast the economics are incomes, GDP, standard of

living and the rate growth of the business. It may be at risk for new and small

businesses, and may pose a risk to our business, especially agriculture. The company

will have an effect on the price of natural rubber. Because our company we purchase

and export it. Use rates of the Central Market. We will use price as an indicator of the

market. If the market price of rubber would decrease or increase the impact to the

193

company directly, as if rubber prices fall. Companies will have lower money. And

cannot control or guessing the production or export of rubber. Therefore, the risk

management organization is faced with a changing of economic.

8.1.2 Social

Our company has a need to build a factory and warehouse for the productions of

rubber and rubber sheets. Social and community risk may be affected directly from our

factory, such as smell, noise pollution, water pollution, solid waste. Cause trouble or

danger to the public may not be accepted in this society. To avoid the risk with this is

that the factory has been certified or licensed by the Ministry of Industry. And must be

controlled or closely monitored by industry standards. Our company and employees

help maintain control. Do not let society or community has been affected by pollution in

the factory.

8.1.4 Technology

Modern technology is an important to the process. Companies use in the

development, production and service. Support the operation. Communicate To make a

successful business, well done. In the factory need to have modern technology and are

of international standards. Therefore, the risk of technology is to train employees to be

knowledge the new technology. The purchase new machines may be made in the

Company's cost quite a lot. The company has greater development. Productivity and

quality get the standard. They make business successful generates revenue and more

profits.

8.2 Internal Risk

8.2.1 Employee

The company will be to succeed, dependent employees who have the knowledge

and ability to work. May have to change the environment or work harder and make

always stress to the pressure. This sometimes makes it vulnerable to physical health and

mental health and the performance of the employees. Therefore, managers should pay

attention to the details of the employees. Have activities to bring fun and function

together in harmony. Attention for all employees.

194

8.2.2 Safety and Health

The company is a business about the rubber. In the production process, may

sends smell of mixture pollution of rubber, adversely affect the environment and

machinery in the factory may pose a hazard to employees. Therefore, we should

maintain the equipment regularly. Check the availability every time before use and after

use. Have training to use it properly and the training to use it properly to manufacture

process for the employees, health and safety of employees.

8.2.3 Operational

Rubber in the production process is a complicated process, and in every step of

manufacturing so considering the quality. The products are of good quality and meet the

demands of the market. At each step, there is a risk that the non-standard products. If

this risk happens, businesses will lose revenue and profit. Therefore, Our Company

focuses on these risks in order to process all under the control of specialists to ensure

that the product is in good quality and standard.

8.3 General Risk

8.3.1 Risk from fire

Because of characteristic of rubber plant is easy to burn up so, to be on fire of

industry is the main risk. The solution, Install fire safety devices and fire extinguishers

around the factory, fire insurance. When the fire situation has happened, the insurance

will pay back for any losing property.

195

8.3.2 Financial Risk

Financial risk of our company have 2 articles are Sales increases, Cost/expense

increased by 5%,10%,15% that Sales decrease and Cost/expense decrease by

5%,10%,15%.

Decrease in sale

- If sale decrease 5% that will effect to sale revenue as following;

Year 1, 2013 sale revenue is 63,819,810 baht

Year 2, 2014 sale revenue is 89,343,803 baht

Year 3, 2015 sale revenue is 117,533,111 baht

Year 4, 2016 sale revenue is 143,812,535 baht

Year 5, 2017 sale revenue is 172,335,975 baht

Year 6, 2018 sale revenue is 208,878,272 baht

Year 7, 2019 sale revenue is 249,906,401 baht

Year 8, 2020 sale revenue is 321,554,101 baht

- If sale decrease 5% that will effect to Net Cash Flow as following;

Year 1, 2013 Net Cash Flow is 34,988,371.15 baht

Year 2, 2014 Net Cash Flow is 57,307,272.45 baht

Year 3, 2015 Net Cash Flow is 74,238,999.75 baht

Year 4, 2016 Net Cash Flow is 91,792,551.64 baht

Year 5, 2017 Net Cash Flow is 112,472,574.30 baht

Year 6, 2018 Net Cash Flow is 136,927,077.40 baht

Year 7, 2019 Net Cash Flow is 164,177,755.70 baht

Year 8, 2020 Net Cash Flow is 21,213,0871.70 baht

196

Payback period of sale decrease 5%

=

= 1.42 years

*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period

NPV of sale decrease 5%

= 610,909,798.30 baht

- If sale decrease 10% that will effect to sale revenue as following;

Year 1, 2013 sale revenue is 60,124,210 baht

Year 2, 2014 sale revenue is 84,296,725 baht

Year 3, 2015 sale revenue is 110,993,663 baht

Year 4, 2016 sale revenue is 135,882,743 baht

Year 5, 2017 sale revenue is 162,893,850 baht

Year 6, 2018 sale revenue is 197,505,692 baht

Year 7, 2019 sale revenue is 236,363,121 baht

Year 8, 2020 sale revenue is 304,234,236 baht

- If sale decrease 10% that will effect to Net Cash Flow as following;

Year 1, 2013 Net Cash Flow is 31,567,749.65 baht

Year 2, 2014 Net Cash Flow is 52,260,194.95 baht

Year 3, 2015 Net Cash Flow is 67,699,551.00 baht

Year 4, 2016 Net Cash Flow is 83,862,759.64 baht

Year 5, 2017 Net Cash Flow is 103,030,449.30 baht

197

Year 6, 2018 Net Cash Flow is 125,554,497.40 baht

Year 7, 2019 Net Cash Flow is 150,634,475.70 baht

Year 8, 2020 Net Cash Flow is 194,811,006.70 baht

Payback period of sale decrease 10%

=

= 1.56 years

*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period

NPV of sale decrease 10%

= 417,648,086.85 baht

- If sale decrease 15% that will effect to sale revenue as following;

Year 1, 2013 sale revenue is 67,515,410 baht

Year 2, 2014 sale revenue is 79,249,648 baht

Year 3, 2015 sale revenue is 104,454,214 baht

Year 4, 2016 sale revenue is 127,952,951 baht

Year 5, 2017 sale revenue is 153,451,725 baht

Year 6, 2018 sale revenue is 186,133,112 baht

Year 7, 2019 sale revenue is 222,819,841 baht

Year 8, 2020 sale revenue is 286,914,371 baht

- If sale decrease 15% that will effect to Net Cash Flow as following;

Year 1, 2013 Net Cash Flow is 28,147,128.15 baht

Year 2, 2014 Net Cash Flow is 47,213,117.45 baht

198

Year 3, 2015 Net Cash Flow is 61,160,102.25 baht

Year 4, 2016 Net Cash Flow is 75,932,967.64 baht

Year 5, 2017 Net Cash Flow is 93,588,324.32 baht

Year 6, 2018 Net Cash Flow is 114,181,917.40 baht

Year 7, 2019 Net Cash Flow is 137,091,195.70 baht

Year 8, 2020 Net Cash Flow is 177,491,141.70 baht

Payback period of sale decrease 15%

=

= 1.74 years

*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period

NPV of sale decrease 15%

= 283,848,803.85 baht

Increase in cost/expense

- If cost/expense increase 5% that will have sale revenue as follow;

Year 1, 2013 sale revenue is 71,211,010 baht

Year 2, 2014 sale revenue is 99,437,958 baht

Year 3, 2015 sale revenue is 130,612,009 baht

Year 4, 2016 sale revenue is 159,672,119 baht

Year 5, 2017 sale revenue is 191,220,225 baht

Year 6, 2018 sale revenue is 231,623,432 baht

Year 7, 2019 sale revenue is 276,992,961 baht

Year 8, 2020 sale revenue is 356,193,831 baht

199

Payback period of cost/expense increase 5%

=

= 0.77 years

*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period

NPV of cost/expense increase 5%

= 1,097,400,833.68 baht

- If cost/expense increase 5% that will have Net Cash Flow as follow;

Year 1, 2013 Net Cash Flow is 41,829,614.15 baht

Year 2, 2014 Net Cash Flow is 67,401,427.45 baht

Year 3, 2015 Net Cash Flow is 87,317,897.25 baht

Year 4, 2016 Net Cash Flow is 107,652,135.60 baht

Year 5, 2017 Net Cash Flow is 131,356,824.30 baht

Year 6, 2018 Net Cash Flow is 159,672,237.40 baht

Year 7, 2019 Net Cash Flow is 191,264,315.70 baht

Year 8, 2020 Net Cash Flow is 246,770,601.70 baht

Payback period of cost/expense increase 5%

=

= 1.20 years

*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period

200

NPV of cost/expense increase 5%

= 724,581,097.25 baht

- If cost/expense increase 10% that will have sale revenue as follow;

Year 1, 2013 sale revenue is 74,906,610 baht

Year 2, 2014 sale revenue is 104,485,035 baht

Year 3, 2015 sale revenue is 137,151,458 baht

Year 4, 2016 sale revenue is 167,601,911 baht

Year 5, 2017 sale revenue is 200,662,350 baht

Year 6, 2018 sale revenue is 242,996,012 baht

Year 7, 2019 sale revenue is 290,536,241 baht

Year 8, 2020 sale revenue is 373,513,696 baht

Payback period of cost/expense increase 10%

=

= 0.73 years

*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period

NPV of cost/expense increase 10%

= 891,655,540.73 baht

- If cost/expense increase 10% that will have Net Cash Flow as follow;

Year 1, 2013 Net Cash Flow is 45,250,235.65 baht

Year 2, 2014 Net Cash Flow is 72,448,504.95 baht

Year 3, 2015 Net Cash Flow is 93,857,346.00 baht

201

Year 4, 2016 Net Cash Flow is 115,581,927.60 baht

Year 5, 2017 Net Cash Flow is 140,798,949.30 baht

Year 6, 2018 Net Cash Flow is 171,044,817.40 baht

Year 7, 2019 Net Cash Flow is 204,807,595.70 baht

Year 8, 2020 Net Cash Flow is 264,090,466.70 baht

Payback period of cost/expense increase 10%

=

= 1.11 years

*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period

NPV of cost/expense increase 10%

= 597,336,743.66 baht

- If cost/expense increase 15% that will have sale revenue as follow;

Year 1, 2013 sale revenue is 78,602,210 baht

Year 2, 2014 sale revenue is 109,532,113 baht

Year 3, 2015 sale revenue is 143,690,906 baht

Year 4, 2016 sale revenue is 175,531,703 baht

Year 5, 2017 sale revenue is 210,104,475 baht

Year 6, 2018 sale revenue is 254,368,592 baht

Year 7, 2019 sale revenue is 304,079,521 baht

Year 8, 2020 sale revenue is 390,833,561 baht

202

Payback period of cost/expense increase 15%

=

= 0.70 years

*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period

NPV of cost/expense increase 15%

= 739,981,434.57 baht

- If cost/expense increase 15% that will have Net Cash Flow as follow;

Year 1, 2013 Net Cash Flow is 47,639,284.15 baht

Year 2, 2014 Net Cash Flow is 77,495,582.45 baht

Year 3, 2015 Net Cash Flow is 100,396,794.80 baht

Year 4, 2016 Net Cash Flow is 123,511,719.60 baht

Year 5, 2017 Net Cash Flow is 150,241,074.30 baht

Year 6, 2018 Net Cash Flow is 182,417,397.40 baht

Year 7, 2019 Net Cash Flow is 218,350,875.70 baht

Year 8, 2020 Net Cash Flow is 281,410,331.70 baht

Payback period of cost/expense increase 15%

= = 1.05 years

*We used the average annual income to estimated for payback period

NPV of cost/expense increase 15%

= 498,884,868.39 baht

203

8.4 Conclusion

Ton-Yang Rubber and Latex Company is likely that there is always a risk.

May be affect the company's revenue. The business not successful is based the plan.

Social risks in the company's affect the lifestyle of people in the community,

although the smell pollution of water. Risks in technology will may occur because we

have new technology. It has many competitors. Because the technology is very much

essential to business. The political risk. If the business does not pass from the law, or

legal standards. The company will be temporarily closed for upgrade and manage. To

produce is reduced, resulting in loss of revenue. And economic problems. The purchase

of new equipment for the rubber industry. Market demand reduction and lower the cost

of rubber. We will focus on financial risk. In addition, we will focus on the

implementation of risk management internally. Because there the complexity of the

production process and requirements, every step is sensitive. Risk in general, we have to

consider the logistics, fire, theft, employee error. And we have for the protection the

safety of our assets and provide importance of our employees. We should also require

the development and learn in order to cope with the risks to the company.

204

Chapter 9:

Summary

205

Summary

Rubber industry is getting popular in Thailand for nowadays. We decided to do

this project because we can see that this business would be perfect for us because rubber

and latex can make a good profit, more income but we just invest at the beginning of

business and then in a couple of year we could get all of costs that we have invested

back. Trend of rubber for nowadays is getting higher and higher and will be growth up

more and more in each year. Our factory is located in 8 moo 7 Tambol Khunsong,

Amphoe Khaenghangmaew, Chanthaburi province. At the beginning of business we

will invest just a few areas of factory and in the 3rd

we would to enlarge or expand our

factory to be bigger and we will get a rubber from rubber farmer by pick the rubber

from their garden and put it in tank of our factory, when we get enough of rubber we

will take it in to the tank with a truck and then take it to D.S. rubber and latex company

that is located in Rayong province, that is just 58 km from our factory. Our business is

will get a good of profit and income because around Amphoe Kaenghangmaew areas

until another district that connected with Amphoe Kaenghangmaew district no more

rubber factory. We may get a little bit problem of this business, such as in the rainy

season we may not get more rubber because rubber tree could not make rubber for us as

well and the quality of rubber may not good if it come from wet rubber tree but in the

winter we can get a lot of rubber and the quality is good for this season.

206

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Overview of Thai rubber industry, http://www.thaitrade.com/trade_detail.php?id=257:

2011; (21 December, 2011). The Office of International Economic Industrial

June 2011

Power Buy. Price of electric appliances.2012;. [cited (2012 Dec 16)]Available from:

http://www.powerbuy.co.th/ProductDetail.aspx?itemNo=PWB000197698

Progress on the garden.2012;. [cited (2012 Dec 8)]Available from:

http://forum.fernsai.com/index.php?topic=554.0.

Provincial Waterworks Authority. Water Tariff Table.2010;. [cited (2012 Dec

23)]Available from: http://www.pwa.co.th/service/tariff_rate.html

211

Price of sieve. [cited (2012 Dec 17)]Available from:

https://sites.google.com/site/salestakong1/

Price of truck.2007;. [cited (2012 Dec 20)]Available from:

http://www.truck.in.th/checkprice.php#HINO

Printing services.2013;.[cited (2012 Dec 9)]Available from:

http://chanthaburicity.olxthailand.com/69-iid-196513732

Quantity and the buying-sale price of rubber in central market. [cited (2012 Dec

8)]Available from: http://www.rubberthai.com/price/price_index.htm.

QuickMBA. The four financial statements.2010;. [cited (2012 Dec 24)]Available from:

http://www.quickmba.com/accounting/fin/statements/

RSS3 of the central rubber market. [cited (2012 Dec 8)]Available from:

http://www.rubberthai.com/price/price_index.htm.

Replanting Relief Fund. News Year 38: edition of 141, Rubber History in Thailand,

http://www.yangpara.com/gernaral/history.htm: (2012 Dec 3).

Rubber plantation areas in the eastern of Thailand. [cited (2012 Dec 8)]Available from:

http://www.rubberthai.com/statistic/stat_index.htm.

Rubber Research Institute Songkhla,The central market rubber in Songkhla Province:

Rubber Rubber World Industries L.L.C,

http://www.gulfoflex.com/new/index.html; (5 December, 2012).

Scgexperience. Sanitary ware.2012;. [cited (2012 Dec 16)]Available from:

http://www.scgexperience.co.th/en/product/searchs-Bathroom-B04-B0408.aspx

Shun Thai. Our commitment. 2010;.[cited (2012 Dec 8)]Available from:

http://www.shunthaiglove.com/main.html.

Siamturakij. Rubber decline because of economic or political.2012;.[cited (2012 Dec

1)]Available from:

http://glamdring.baac.or.th/ViewContent.php?ContentID=8250.

212

Sirichai. Agriculture exporter.2009;. [cited (2012 Dec 19)]Available from:

http://www.sirichai-intertrade.com/product_detail.php

Sukonrutchai.T. Situation and trends rubber. [cited (2012 Dec 3)]Available from:

http://www.cad.go.th/cadweb_org/ewt_news.php?nid=14689

s4design. Promotion of security camera.2013;, [cited (2012 Dec 16)]Available from:

http://www.s4designtech.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=53&pr

oduct_id=148

TQM insurance. Fire insurance.2010;. [cited (2012 Dec 23)]Available from:

http://www.tqm.co.th/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8

1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0

%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2

TRA Membership. [cited (2012 Dec 4)]Available from:

http://www.thainr.com/en/index.php?detail=member.

TRP furniture. Price of furnitures.2012;. [cited (2012 Dec 17)]Available from:

http://www.taradplaza.com/tirapol/

Thai Hua Rubber PCL All right reserved,

http://www.thaihua.com/v4/en/product/rss.php;

1999 – 2013; (5 December, 2012).

Thai Hua Rubber PCL All right reserved,

http://www.thaihua.com/v4/en/product/latex.php :1999 - 2013; (5 December,

2012).

Thai Hua Rubber. Ribbed smoked sheets process.1999;. [cited (2012 Dec 21)]Available

from: http://www.thaihua.com/v4/en/factory/rss-process.php

Thai Rubber Latex Corporation (Thailand) Public Company Limited.

Introduction.2006;. [cited (2012 Dec 8)]Available from:

http://www.thaitexgroup.com/main_page/index_our_company.php.

Thai-Tour.com. Map Chanthaburi. [cited (2012 Dec 13)]Available from:

http://www.thai-tour.com/eng/chanthaburi/map.htm

213

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,Rubber History,

http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/rubber-history.html; 2011:

(2012 Dec 3).

The Provincial Electricity Authority. Electricity tariff.2001;. [cited (2012 Dec

23)]Available from: http://www.eppo.go.th/power/pw-Rate-PEA-Char.html#6

Thon buri. Price of gift. [cited (2012 Dec9)]Available from:

http://www.thonburipremium.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Ntype=9

Topcoolair. LG Air Condition. [cited (2012 Dec 15)]Available from:

http://www.topcoolair.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=394554&Nty

pe=18

Yangparatrang club. The rubber. [cited (2012 Dec 17)]Available from:

http://www.yangparatrang.com/

3broadband. Promotion of calls. [cited (2012 Dec 23)]Available from:

http://www.3bb.co.th/promotion/promotion_detail.php?id=2018

3broadband. Promotion of internet. [cited (2012 Dec 23)]Available from:

http://www.3bb.co.th/promotion/promotion_detail.php?id=2017

214

Appendix

215

Company Limited Registration

Fee Rate for Registering Company Limited

Registration Company Limited Baht

1. Registering the memorandum of association

1.1 Registered capital of no more than 1,000,000 Baht

1.2 Every 100,000 Baht of the increase of registered capital

(fraction of 100,000 Baht shall be counted as 100,000 Baht)

1.3 Registered capital of more than 50,000,000 Baht

500

50

50

25,000

2. Register for company limited‘s establishment

2.1 Registered capital of no more than 1,000,000 Baht

2.2 Every 100,000 Baht of the increase of registered capital

(fraction of 100,000 Baht shall be counted as 100,000 Baht)

2.3 Registered capital of more than 50,000,000 Baht

5,000

500

500

250,000

3. Registering the company‘s merger 5,000

4. Registering the medication

4.1 Registering the extraordinary resolution

(capital increase/capital decrease/company‘s merger)

4.2 Registering the capital increase

(Calculate according to every 100,000 Baht of the increase)

(Increase for more than 50,000,000 Baht)

4.3 Registering the capital decrease

4.4 Registering the modification of every clause of the

memorandum of association

4.5 Registering the modification of every clause of the regulation

4.6 Registering for new directors

4.7 Registering for partners‘ resignation (no limit)

4.8 Registering the modification of directors‘ authority

250,000

400

500

250,000

400

400

400

400/person

216

4.9 Registering the change of location of head office and/or

branches

4.10 Registering the modification of seal

4.11 Register other transactions that should be publicized

400

400

400

5. Registering the company‘s liquidation 400

6. Registering the change of liquidators 400

7. Registering the modification of liquidator‘s power and authority 400

8. Registering the modification of liquidation office 400

9. Registering the completeness of liquidation 400

Soure: http://www.dbd.go.th/mainsite/index.php?id=659

217

218

219

220

221

222

Depreciation Expense

Year1, 2013

Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Building

30,000,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

1,500,000.00

Machine

2,203,500.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

440,700.00

Equipment

2,499,599.00

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

499,919.80

Vehicle

10,392,000.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

2,078,400.00

Total

45,095,099.00

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

4,519,019.80

Unit: Baht

Year2, 2014

Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Building

30,000,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

1,500,000.00

Machine

2,203,500.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

440,700.00

Equipment

2,499,599.00

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

499,919.80

Vehicle

10,392,000.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

2,078,400.00

Total

45,095,099.00

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

4,519,019.80

Unit: Baht

223

Year3, 2015

Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Building

30,000,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

1,500,000.00

Machine

2,203,500.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

440,700.00

Equipment

2,499,599.00

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

499,919.80

Vehicle

10,392,000.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

2,078,400.00

Total

45,095,099.00

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

4,519,019.80

Unit: Baht

Year4, 2016

Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Building

30,000,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

1,500,000.00

Machine

2,203,500.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

440,700.00

Equipment

2,499,599.00

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

499,919.80

Vehicle

10,392,000.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

2,078,400.00

Total

45,095,099.00

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

4,519,019.80

Unit: Baht

Year5, 2017

Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Building

30,000,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

1,500,000.00

Machine

2,203,500.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

440,700.00

Equipment

2,499,599.00

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

499,919.80

Vehicle

10,392,000.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

2,078,400.00

Total

45,095,099.00

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

4,519,019.80

224

Year6, 2018

Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Building

30,000,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

1,500,000.00

Machine

2,203,500.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

440,700.00

Equipment

2,499,599.00

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

499,919.80

Vehicle

10,392,000.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

2,078,400.00

Total

45,095,099.00

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

4,519,019.80

Unit: Baht

Year7, 2019

Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Building

30,000,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

1,500,000.00

Machine

2,203,500.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

440,700.00

Equipment

2,499,599.00

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

499,919.80

Vehicle

10,392,000.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

2,078,400.00

Total

45,095,099.00

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

4,519,019.80

Unit: Baht

Year8, 2020

Amoung Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Building

30,000,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

125,000.00

1,500,000.00

Machine

2,203,500.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

36,725.00

440,700.00

Equipment

2,499,599.00

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

41,659.98

499,919.80

Vehicle

10,392,000.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

173,200.00

2,078,400.00

Total

45,095,099.00

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

376,584.98

4,519,019.80

225

Income Statement (Sale decrease 5%)

Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)

226

Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)

Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)

227

Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)

Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)

228

Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)

Income Statement (Sale decrease5%)

229

Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)

Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)

230

Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)

Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)

231

Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)

Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)

232

Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)

Income Statement (Sale decrease10%)

233

Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)

Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)

234

Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)

Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)

235

Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)

Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)

236

Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)

Income Statement (Sale decrease15%)

237

Income Statement (Cost increase5%)

Income Statement (Cost increase5%)

238

Income Statement (Cost increase5%)

Income Statement (Cost increase5%)

239

Income Statement (Cost increase5%)

Income Statement (Cost increase5%)

240

Income Statement (Cost increase5%)

Income Statement (Cost increase5%)

241

Income Statement (Cost increase10%)

Income Statement (Cost increase10%)

242

Income Statement (Cost increase10%)

Income Statement (Cost increase10%)

243

Income Statement (Cost increase10%)

Income Statement (Cost increase10%)

244

Income Statement (Cost increase10%)

Income Statement (Cost increase10%)

245

Income Statement (Cost increase15%)

Income Statement (Cost increase15%)

246

Income Statement (Cost increase15%)

Income Statement (Cost increase15%)

247

Income Statement (Cost increase15%)

Income Statement (Cost increase15%)

248

Income Statement (Cost increase15%)

Income Statement (Cost increase15%)

249

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)

250

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)

251

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)

252

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)

253

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)

254

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)

255

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)

256

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 5%)

257

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)

258

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)

259

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)

260

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)

261

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)

262

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)

263

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)

264

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 10%)

265

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)

266

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)

267

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)

268

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)

269

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)

270

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)

271

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)

272

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense decrease 15%)

273

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)

274

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)

275

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)

276

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)

277

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)

278

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)

279

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)

280

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 5%)

281

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)

282

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)

283

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)

284

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)

285

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)

286

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)

287

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)

288

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 10%)

289

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)

290

Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)

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Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)

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Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)

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Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)

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Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)

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Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)

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Cash Flow (Cost/Expense increase 15%)

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Group members

1. Mr.Nattapat Trinit ID: 5031207009

Tel: 085-0909974

E-Mail: Yogi_bear_nut@hotmail.com

2. Miss Tralinee Boonmapood ID: 5031207010

Tel: 083-2007928

E-Mail: squeeza_31@hotmail.com

3. Miss Warangrat Chutikachusanapong ID: 5231205126

Tel: 081-3985091

E-Mail: guide.gapp@gmail.com

4. Miss Lalita Sentard ID: 5231205191

Tel: 085-7053297

E-Mail: guitar_lalita@hotmail.com

5. Miss Wanalee Dejkhakew ID: 5331203104

Tel:082-3273643

E-Mail: piglet_gallery@hotmail.com

6. Mr.Watchara Pornsivakul ID: 5331203109

Tel: 083-5708688

E-Mail: bankyoblack@gmail.com

7. Mr.Pacharakorn Kanin ID: 5431203051

Tel: 084-8121126

E-Mail: pacharakorn.tle@gmail.com

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