Section 1: Rebuilding the Nation Standard 8.10.7 Explain how the war affected combatants, civilians, the physical environment, and future warfare. Standard

Section 1: Rebuilding the Nation

Standard 8.10.7 Explain how the war affected combatants, civilians, the physical environment, and future warfare.

Standard 8.11.1 List the original aims of Reconstruction and describe its effects on the political and social structures of different regions.

Standard 8.11.3 Understand the effects of the Freedmen’s Bureau and the restrictions placed on the rights and opportunities of freedmen, including racial segregation and “Jim Crow” laws.

Chapter 12 Reconstruction and the New South (1863 – 1896)

Preparing for Reunion

President Lincoln and Congress did not agree how to bring the Union back together.

•In December 1863, Lincoln introduced the Ten Percent Plan.

•As soon as ten percent of a state’s voters swore an oath of loyalty to the U.S., the voters could organize a new state government.

•The plan included amnesty for former Confederates who took the loyalty oath.

•Amnesty did not apply to Confederate government leaders and top military officers.


Preparing for Reunion

President Lincoln and Congress did not agree how to bring the Union back together.

•Congress passed a much stricter plan for Reconstruction called the Wade-Davis Bill.

•The bill would require 50 percent of voters to sign a loyalty oath.

•Anyone who had voluntarily fought for the Confederacy did not have the right to vote.

•Lincoln did not sign the Wade-Davis Bill, so it never became law.

•Supporters of strict Reconstruction policy were known as Radical Republicans.


The Freedmen’s Bureau

The Freedmen’s Bureau provided education and economic help to freed slaves and poor whites.

•Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau in March 1865.•The bureau’s first duty was to provide emergency relief to people displaced by the war.•Schools were set up to teach freedmen to read and write.•Public schools began to educate blacks and whites.•The Freedmen’s Bureau helped freedmen find jobs and resolved disputes between whites and blacks.


Lincoln is Murdered

Abraham Lincoln’s assassination ended the chance of a lenient Reconstruction.

•Lincoln was shot dead on April 14, 1865, five days after Lee’s surrender.•John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer, shot him while the president was watching a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington.•Booth was killed two weeks later after he was trapped in a barn in Virginia.•Eight people were convicted and four were hanged for their part in the plot to kill Lincoln.


Section 2: The Battle Over Reconstruction


Standard 8.11.4 Trace the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and describe the Klan’s effects.

Standard 8.11.5 Understand the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution and analyze their connection to Reconstruction.


A Growing Conflict

Andrew Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction plan was rejected by Congress.

•After Lincoln’s death, Andrew Johnson began putting a lenient plan into effect, without consulting legislators.

•In January 1865, Congress approved the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery.

•Johnson issued a broad amnesty to most former Confederates.

•He allowed southern states to organize new governments and elect representatives to Congress.


A Growing Conflict

Andrew Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction plan was rejected by Congress.

•Many of the representatives and senators elected were former Confederate leaders.

•Congress quickly rejected Johnson’s approach.

•Congress refused to seat the southern senators and representatives.

•Many states had implemented black codes, or laws used to control African Americans.

•Some states did not allow African Americans to vote or serve on juries.


The Fourteenth Amendment

Alarmed by violence against African Americans in the South, Congress approved the Fourteenth Amendment.

•Congress approved the Civil Rights Act of 1866.•The act granted citizenship rights to African Americans and guaranteed the civil rights of all people except Native Americans.•President Johnson vetoed the Act, but it was passed by a two-thirds vote in Congress.•Congress wrote the 14th Amendment to define a citizen as anyone born or naturalized in the U.S.


The Fourteenth Amendment

Alarmed by violence against African Americans in the South, Congress approved the Fourteenth Amendment.

•The amendment declares that states may not pass laws that take away a citizen’s rights.•The 14th Amendment was passed in 1868


Radical Reconstruction

During Radical Reconstruction, African Americans played an active part in the political life of the South.

•By 1867, the Radical Republicans had won enough support to implement Radical Reconstruction.•The Reconstruction Act of 1867 got rid of the governments of all southern states that had refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.•It also imposed military rule on these states.•Each state was required to write a new constitution, ratify the 14 th Amendment, and let African Americans vote.




•African Americans were elected as sheriffs, mayors, judges, and legislators.•16 African Americans served in the U.S. House of Representatives between 1872 and 1901•During Reconstruction, southern states opened public schools for the first time, gave property rights to women, and rebuilt bridges, roads, and buildings destroyed by the war.




•The Republican Party built a strong following based on three key groups:•The Scalawags were southern whites who were opposed to secession.•Freedmen made up the second group.•Carpetbaggers were northern whites who went south to start businesses or pursue political careers.




•The Radicals attempted to impeach Johnson in 1868.

•The House voted to impeach him, but the Senate was one vote short of removing Johnson from office.

•Ulysses S. Grant, a moderate, was elected easily in November 1868.

•Radicals began losing control of the Republican Party.




•The 15th Amendment was approved by Congress in 1869.•The amendment barred states from denying African American males the right to vote.•It did not prevent states from requiring voters to own property or pay a voting tax.•Secret societies like the Ku Klux Klan were formed by some angry white racists to terrorize African Americans and their white allies.


Section 3: The End of Reconstruction

Standard 8.11.2 Identify the push-pull factors in the movement of former slaves to the cities in the North and to the West and their differing experiences in those regions (e.g., the experiences of Buffalo Soldiers).



Reconstruction’s Conclusion

A deal between President Hayes and southern Democrats led to the end of Reconstruction.

•By 1869, Republican opponents began to take back the South.•By 1877, Democrats controlled all southern states.•The election of 1876 did not produce a clear winner and had to be decided by Congress.•Rutherford B. Hayes, a Republican, was appointed president by a special commission with the understanding he would end Reconstruction.•Once in office he removed all federal troops from the South.


African Americans Lose Rights

Laws passed by southern states after Reconstruction cost African Americans most of their civil rights.

•African Americans began to lose their political and civil rights in the South.•Southern states imposed a poll tax, a personal tax to be paid before voting.•Another law required voters to pass a literacy test.•A grandfather clause allowed a voter to skip a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867.


African Americans Lose Rights

Laws passed by southern states after Reconstruction cost African Americans most of their civil rights.

•Southern states created a network of laws requiring segregation, or enforced separation of races.•These “Jim Crow” laws barred the mixing of races in almost every aspect of life.•The Supreme Court consistently ruled that Jim Crow laws were constitutional.•In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Court said a law could require “separate” facilities, so long as they were “equal.”


A Cycle of Poverty

Freedmen farmers were forced into a cycle of poverty nearly impossible to escape.

•Poverty forced most rural African Americans to become sharecroppers.•Sharecroppers hoped to save money to eventually buy land of their own.•They usually became locked in a cycle of debt.•Opportunities dwindled in southern towns and cities as skilled jobs were often closed to African Americans.


Industrial Growth

By the 1880s, the South had begun to develop its own resources and industries.

•Agriculture recovered within 10 years after the end of the war.•Cotton production and tobacco production grew rapidly.•The textile industry became an important component of the southern economy.•The South began to develop its own resources.•New mills and factories grew up to use the South’s iron, timber, and oil.


Documents

Section 1: Rebuilding the Nation Standard 8.10.7 Explain how the war affected combatants, civilians, the physical environment, and future warfare. Standard