Section 1. General Physics Course Notes

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A-Level Course Notes: PHYSICSSECTION I: General Physics

SECTION I

General Physics

CIE A-Level [AS and A2]

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Course Notes

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Syllabus e!ails______________________



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"# Physical $uan!i!ies and %ni!s_______________

C&n!en!

"#" Physical 'uan!i!ies [AS]"#2 SI %ni!s [AS]

"#( The Av&)adr& c&ns!an! [A2]

"#* Scalars and vec!&rs [AS]

Learnin) &u!c&+es_____________________________________

Candida!es sh&uld be able !&,

(a) sh& an unders!andin) !ha! all .hysical 'uan!i!ies c&nsis! &/ a nu+erical

+a)ni!ude and a uni!

From the syllabus...



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(b) recall !he /&ll&in) SI base 'uan!i!ies and !heir uni!s, +ass 01)3 len)!h 0+3 !i+e

0s3 curren! 0A3 !e+.era!ure 043 a+&un! &/ subs!ance 0+&l

5ase $uan!i!y %ni! Sy+b&l

length meter m

mass kilogram kgtime second s

electric current ampere A

temperature kelvin

amount o! substance mole mol

(c) e6.ress derived uni!s as .r&duc!s &r 'u&!ien!s &/ !he SI base uni!s and use !he

na+ed uni!s lis!ed in !his syllabus as a..r&.ria!e

E6a+.le &/ derived uni!s

(d) use SI base uni!s !& chec1 !he h&+&)enei!y &/ .hysical e'ua!i&ns

"ach side o! an e#uation must have the same base units

F $ m % a

&N' $ &kg' &ms(2'

&mkgs(2' $ &kg' &ms(2'

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(e) sh& an unders!andin) &/ and use !he c&nven!i&ns /&r labellin) )ra.h a6es and

!able c&lu+ns as se! &u! in !he ASE .ublica!i&n Signs, Symbols and Systematics 0The

ASE Companion to 16–19 Science3 2777

CON8ENTIONS 9O: TA5LES 09r&+ !he syllabus

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CON8ENTIONS 9O: G:AP;S 09r&+ !he syllabus

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(f) use !he /&ll&in) .re/i6es and !heir sy+b&ls !& indica!e deci+al sub+ul!i.les &r

+ul!i.les &/ b&!h base and derived uni!s, .ic& 0.3 nan& 0n3 +icr& 0


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(j) dis!in)uish be!een scalar and vec!&r 'uan!i!ies and )ive e6a+.les &/ each

8ec!&r, uantity ith both magnitude and direction

Scalar, uantity ith only magnitude

() add and sub!rac! c&.lanar vec!&rs



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(l) re.resen! a vec!&r as !& .er.endicular c&+.&nen!s#

6"" 78" 69



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2# =easure+en! Techni'ues___________________

C&n!en!

2#" =easure+en!s2#2 Err&rs and uncer!ain!ies

Learnin) &u!c&+es_____________________________________

Candida!es sh&uld be able !&,

(a) use !echni'ues /&r !he +easure+en! &/ len)!h3 v&lu+e3 an)le3 +ass3 !i+e3

!e+.era!ure and elec!rical 'uan!i!ies a..r&.ria!e !& !he ran)es &/ +a)ni!ude

i+.lied by !he relevan! .ar!s &/ !he syllabus#

In .ar!icular3 candida!es sh&uld be able !&,

> +easure len)!hs usin) a ruler3 vernier scale and +icr&+e!er



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• :hen using a ruler; be care!ul o! paralla% errors

> +easure ei)h! and hence +ass usin) s.rin) and lever balances

> +easure an an)le usin) a .r&!rac!&r

> +easure !i+e in!ervals usin) cl&c1s3 s!&.a!ches and !he calibra!ed !i+e-

base &/ a ca!h&de-ray &scill&sc&.e 0c#r#

> +easure !e+.era!ure usin) a !her+&+e!er as a sens&r

> use a++e!ers and v&l!+e!ers i!h a..r&.ria!e scales> use a )alvan&+e!er in null +e!h&ds

A


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> use a ca!h&de-ray &scill&sc&.e 0c#r#

4E? CONT:OLS@#

• ime base, ime taken !or beam to pass through one hori>ontal division &6ec?div'

• @ertical ampli!ier gain, he vertical scale control &@olts?div'

> use a calibra!ed ;all .r&be

5asic S!ruc!ure &/ a ;all .r&be@

• A small piece o! semi(conductor material placed perpendicular to the

magnetic !ield

• A current is paced through the semi(conductor

• A voltage 8all voltageB is measured hich is proportional to the magnetic

!lu% density



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(b) use b&!h anal&)ue scales and di)i!al dis.lays

(c) use calibra!i&n curves

• ecord value !rom instrument

• Dse calibration curve to read o!! the corrected Ereal value



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• (d) sh& an unders!andin) &/ !he dis!inc!i&n be!een sys!e+a!ic err&rs

0includin) er& err&rs and rand&+ err&rs

:and&+ Err&rs, "rrors that can not be predicted.

Sys!e+a!ic Err&rs, "rrors hich are the same !or each measurement

(e) sh& an unders!andin) &/ !he dis!inc!i&n be!een .recisi&n and accuracy

Precisi&n, 6mall random error

Accura!e, 6mall systematic error

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(f) assess !he uncer!ain!y in a derived 'uan!i!y by si+.le addi!i&n &/ ac!ual3

/rac!i&nal &r .ercen!a)e uncer!ain!ies 0a ri)&r&us s!a!is!ical !rea!+en! is n&!

re'uired#

Absolute uncertainty, 6i>e o! an error and its units

Fractional uncertainty, Absolute uncertainty ? measurement7ercentage uncertainty, Fractional uncertainty % 100G

Addition and 6ubtraction

5. H0.)m I 3. H0.+m $ .+ H1.4m add absolute errorsB

). H0.)m ( 3. H0.+m $ 3.0 H1.4m add absolute errorsB

9ultiplication and Jivision

5.) H0.5m % 2.) H0.5m $ 15 HKKm

0.5 ? 5.) $ 0.0+ 0.5 ? 2.) $ 0.1

6um o! relative errors $ 0.2+

Absolute error $ 0.2+ % 15 $ 4.2m

FNAL AN6:" $ 15 H4 m

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5ac1)r&und :eadin)_________________

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Section 1. General Physics Course Notes