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Section 1 DR
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-Introduction-
Emerging from earlier studies into performance
based architecture the programme is for a theatre,
housing the traditional Indonesian shadow art,
Wayang Kulit. Sited in Java, the island most
associated with this tradition,1 it is situated
along the Citarum river, widely acknowledged as
the most polluted river in the world.2 The river
is a convergence of many current challenges facing
Indonesia - the state of the river which has
deteriorated steadily since the 1980’s3 being a
reflection of the rapid population growth, rapid
industrialisation and extensive deforestation
occurring in the archipelago.4
Taking this context into account the programme
became a combination of the Javanese theatre and
a water treatment centre, combining traditional
arts and contemporary issues.
The purpose of a shadow theatre is both to
entertain and to educate,5 and I intend to apply
this mantra to the water treatment facility, the
water travelling a highly choreographed procession
around waterwheels and down waterfalls. This
process will be driven by a waste-to-power plant,
the idea of which is to encourage the local
residents to dispose of waste here - currently it
is the river which acts as a garbage disposal and
sewer6,7 - and get clean water in return.
Early concept sketch for a highly ornate theatre, suspended above the polluted river with a
scientific language mediating between the two.
1. Hobart 1987, p22
2. Agence France-Presse 2012
3.Roadmap Coordination and Management Unit and Program
Coordination and Management Unit 2011
4 ibid
5 People Like Me 2005
6 Cita-Citarum 2012
7 Agence France-Presse 2012
-Unit 22 Brief and Focus-
Unit 22, operating under the theme of ‘wood
and fire’, is working towards defining a ‘mild
architecture’ - one that welcomes users through
small details and comfortable materials. In
early exploratory exercises we created dwellings
based on the themes of tree house, chocolate
and chimneys. These have led to the final
building project based on the concept of a
‘harbour’. This is to be a more complex project
incorporating the ideas of ‘crafts’ developed in
the earlier work, ‘decks’ referring to open air
and landscaped areas, and ‘provisioning’ meaning
it will acknowledge the complex interchanges
the building will have with supplies and its
environment.
The unit is developing the harbour project in
tropical locations around the globe, mine in
Indonesia. However, for the purposes of the DR
report I will be adhering to British building
regulations.
a. Tree House Dwelling Project:
Musical Play House
b. Chimney Dwelling Project: Ghost
Story Pavilion
c. Theatre Pavilion, Puerto MAMM
Collaboration
d. Chocolate Dwelling Project:
Incense Stall
a
d
b c
-Site-
“ At first glance the village of Sukamaju in western Java has all the charms of rural Indonesia...”Agence France-Presse
-The Citarum River Basin-
Rapid population growth has led to unprecedented levels
of rubbish in the river.12
The Citarum river, christened ‘the most polluted river in the world’ by local government agencies and
NGO’s,8 was once a historical boundary between the two domains of the Tarumanagara kingdom.9 The remnants
of this civilisation, including the oldest Hindu-Buddhist temple complex in Southeast Asia, still endure
along the banks, meaning that there is the potential for the Citarum to be the focus of tourism, as the
Nile is for Egypt.
However, currently the waters are polluted so badly with acres of waste and, even more dangerous, dissolved
pollutants such as mercury, lead, zinc and chrome from the 280 tonnes of toxic waste finding its way into
the river from the textile factories on a daily basis.10 The river is the sole source of drinking water
for 15 million Indonesians,11 and a source of power for many more. The Cita-Citarum roadmap is a current
initiative charged with cleaning up the river which is expected to take place over the next 15 years.
Deforestation on the hills of Pacet. The forests declined from 35,000 ha in 1992 to 19,000 in 2001. This has lead to a great number of landslides into the
Citarum and subsequent flooding and pollution.12
Fertilisers and over feeding in fish farms has led to uncontrolled weed growth and a proliferation of nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur in the river, which is poisonous to fish.12
Project Site
Cisanti springs- The area is used for vegetable farming and cows, polluting the river with pesticides and daily average of 82.4 tones of manure, right at the source
of the river.12
One of 600 textile factories in Majalaya. Just 10% meet
water treatment requirements.12
Karawang District- the ‘rice basket of west Java’- no longer has adequate water supply from the Citarum, if this continues more than 100,000 ha could stop
producing rice.12
8. Agence France-Presse 20129. Roadmap Coordination and Management Unit and Program Coordination and Management Unit 201110. Agence France-Presse 201211. ibid 12. Cita-Citarum 2012
-Ciwalengke Village-
Sukamaju, West Java
Ciwalengke, a kampung of Sukamaju village is host to the specific
site. Here the problems of the river are particularly pertinent.
It is downstream from a conglomeration of more than 40 textile
factories,13 the main source of employment in the area. Not being
situated close enough to a larger municipality such as Bandung
to benefit from treated water and the nearest spring offering
clean water being more than 5km away, residents have taken to
using a sock for filtration14 and boiling the water in their homes
to treat it. Such practice however does nothing to remove, for
example, the dangerous dissolved metals from the factories. As
well as the associated dangers of these chemicals, the villagers,
who make use of communal washing facilities connected directly to
the Citarum, have begun to suffer from skin disorders and stomach
ulcers, appearing amongst the population after the growth of the
nearby textile industry.15
The residents of the area are mostly immigrants, going to work
in the factories or as food sellers.16 It is alleged that the
immigrant background has led to low public awareness of how to
conserve the neighbourhood.17 Therefore, a building that unites
something as crucial as provision of clean water with a traditional
Javanese pastime may help generate a sense of belonging for the
new residents. It is also essential that the water be provided
for a fair price.
Water can be currently purchased
at Rp. 3500/US gallon, but this
represents a disproportionate
amount of earnings - the monthly
water needs of one person costing
2736% of the average earnings of a
female factory worker in West Java.
a. View of the site looking south
b. Location of the village along the
Citarum
c. Current filtering system: a sock
over a communal pipe dirctly
from the river
d. Textile dye mixing with the water
in the river
a
b c
d
Project Site
13. Cavelle 2009
14. Sutton-Hibbert 2010
15. Agence France-Presse 2012
16. Ministry of National Development Planning/National
Development Planning Agency Directorate Water and Irrigation.
17. ibid
-Majalaya textile district-
Right: Malajay textile district, 1:30000
Below: Ciwalengke Village, 1:
North prevailing winds, November - March
Textile factories lining the Citarum
Site at 1:30,000
South prevailing winds, May - September
Water flow direction
Ciwalengke, 1:1000
-Climate of West Java-
Indonesia’s proximity to the equator and the fact that uniformly
warm waters make up 81% of the archipelago’s area mean that there is
little variation in temperature.18 The average mean temperature is
26-29˚C,19 with diurnal changes making very little impact on this
figure - the city of Jakarta, also located in west Java, is known for
having particularly high night-time temperatures of 25˚C.20
The real seasonal variations of the area are a result of the inter-
tropical convergence zone, ITCZ, which dictates the rainy seasons and
the two distinct prevailing winds.21 The ITCZ moves back and forth
over the equator, creating a pattern where northerly winds dominate
between November and March and southerly winds prevail between May to
September, which is likely to impact any natural cooling strategies
developed for the building. Also significant, is that as the weather
system passes over the archipelago there are a few weeks in April and
October which have very light winds, known as the doldrums.22
In western Java, the monsoon season accompanies the northern winds,
the average annual rainfall being 1650mm.23 In comparison, the average
annual rainfall for London is 752mm.24 Indonesia’s rainfall also tends
to be accompanied by thunderstorms and wind squalls, though the
tropical cyclones tend to be restricted to the extreme southerly
islands of the archipelago.25 The main problem with the rainfall in
western Java26 is the subsequent floods.
Solar gain is also likely to be a problem, as when it is not raining
it is generally sunny. The discomfort that could come from constant
high temperatures and solar gain is likely to be exacerbated by the
high average relative humidity, which is between 70% and 90%.27
According to the department of energy and climate change the hot
climate is likely to increase in the future, there has been a notable
warming trend since the 1960’s, and rainfall could be set to increase
10- 20%, resulting in an increase of extreme flooding.28
In 2001, 100 people were
killed, 20,000 homes and
thousands of hectares of
rice fields were destroyed
on the island of Java.
a.Diagram showing the extent of the inter-tropical convergence zone.
b.Average temperature and rainfall for Jakarta- the nearest major ctiy to my site.
c.Sun path diagram for Jakarta
a
b
b c
Indonesia
18. Frederick and Worden 199319. Met Office 201120. ibid21. ibid22. ibid
23.ibid
24. World Climate
25. Met Office 2011
26. ibid
27. AsianInfo.org 2010
28. Met Office 2011
-Further Site Conditions-
As well as challenging climatic conditions, the site has
other considerations that should be accounted for in the
building fabric.
The archipelago is tectonically unstable; it has more
than 100 volcanoes of which more than 25% are active.29
Java, the proposed site, is the most unstable and is
host to Merapi, ‘mountain of fire’, the most active,
having at least 12 recorded eruptions that have resulted
in fatalities.30 The earthquakes that accompany the
shifting tectonic plates will have to play a large part
in dictating the structural logic of the building.
The shaded orange areas in the diagram indicate places
that the NHS has considered a high risk malaria zones.31
Though more common in urban areas, there is also the risk
of dengue fever, for which there is no vaccine.32 This
problem is particularly pertinent within my project, as
it involves a large gathering of people at night (dusk
till dawn is the peak activity time of a mosquito) in
an illuminated structure above a freshwater river. Since
most of the literature on avoiding mosquito bites advises
to rid the vicinity of standing fresh water33 (impossible
with both my programme and site) the architecture should
offer an alternative.
A house by Andrade Morettin Architects in Brazil offers
one such possibility, having façades composed solely out
of 50-foot-tall mosquito nets.34 This prevents mosquitos
entering and does little to encumber the passage of
light and natural air currents. Other options could be
to use light coloured finishes and grow citronella grass
in the gardens, a tropical plant which naturally deters
mosquitoes.35
a. Diagram locating active volcanos, recorded earthquake epicentres and high risk malaria zones in relation to the site.b. Mosquito net house, Andrade Morettin Architects, Brazil
Malaria, earthquakes, volcanoes & dengue fever
Earthquake epicentres
Active volcanos
high risk malaria
site
Merapi
a
b b
Project Site
29. Shipdetective.com 2013
30. Chillymanjaro 2011
31. Fit for Travel
32. ibid
33. Sun Sentinel 2009
34. Kraemer 2010
35. L.M. 2007
-Programme-
Shadow theatre and water treatment plant
-Choreographing the water-
Coagulants mixed with the water Particles to sink to the bottom.Cleaner water is siphoned off at the top. The proposed tank can hold 58.7m3, accounting for losses of particles approximately 58,000l can be cleaned at once. To meet the required total, there needs to be 6 rotations a week, taking 2 hours each.
Ultraviolet rays kill suspended bacteria and viruses by destroying their DNA. Design proposes a 1200l unit, capable of cleaning 12,516l a week. To meet the weekly requirement there would need to be 25 units.
Filters can pass 2.5m3 per m2 of cross section area per day. The design proposal has an area of 11m2, capable of passing 171,875l per day.
Removes dissolved particles that cannot be removed by filtration. The proposed tank requires 2 daily rotations a week to provide the weekly requirement.
The Citarum is slightly alkaline, pH8.3, so chambers provide space to mix in acid en route to the next tank. The proposed design of 2 tanks can hold 70,000l and would require 1 rotation to fill the coagulation tank.
Constructed wetlands have plants which provide oxygen and microbes living on their roots which remove pollutants. The process takes 2-3 days. The proposed design has 2 lagoons holding 115,000l each; there must be 2 weekly cycles to provide the required amount.
M T W Th F S Su
The 311 villagers of the kampung of Ciwalengke require 114 litres per person per day, requiring a weekly reservoir
315,000 litres.
sequence of the 2 weekly rotaions
-Water Treatment Diagram-
Wat
er F
eed
Archimedes screw
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-Water Treatment-pH AdjustmentThe Citarum being slightly alkaline, pH 8.3,36 means it is necessary to provide space to mix in acid to neutralise it. This process is relatively quick and has no by-products.
Coagulation TankHere the chemicals aluminium sulphate and iron chloride are added to the water. They are mixed in and cause the solid particles in the water to clump together and sink to the bottom of the tank.37 The water pressure causes the cleaner water to be siphoned off at the top of the tank, and here I have taken the opportunity to create a waterfall feature out of the tank, as it is pushed out of the top and falls to the next stage of the process. This is potentially the most environmentally unfriendly aspect of the treatment as there are large amounts of ‘sludge’ drawn out at the bottom of the tanks. So as not to place the particles and waste chemicals back into the river, there is an option to dry out the waste and burn it in the waste to energy plant, though care must be taken to ensure filters stop any hazardous gases
escaping from the burning chemicals.
LagooningThe ‘lagoons’ are constructed wetlands of reeds, where microbes living on the plants and their roots clean much smaller particles from the water.38 These are very environmentally friendly and unlike most aspects of a water treatment plant, their efficiency improves over time as the wetland becomes established.39
They are not often used in big plants as they require a lot of space, however the amount of water needed to be produced for the kampung is relatively small and the lagoons can form part of the landscape of gardens and waterfalls. Though slower than more industrial options, lagoons are popular in rural areas as they are very economical and their efficiency can be improved with the addition of bio-domes. These are equally economical, requiring only the amount of energy that is needed to power a 75watt bulb and can vastly improve the water turnover as they create ideal conditions between aerated layers of plastic for the microbes to grow. The lagoons can also make use of the algae fern, azolla, which can further purify the water, and, like most algae, is capable of dramatic growth, so that it will create a source of biofuel for the plant.
Biodome Biodome sectionConstructed wetland
Lava rock Water filter-cut through
Exchange process
UV treatment of water
Rainbow trout in atreatment centre
Rainbow trout
UV paint fluorescing flower
Coagulation tank- plan view
Iron chlorideAluminium sulphate
Hydrochloric acid
Coagulation tank- section
Azolla
FiltrationFiltration is the final stage of removing undissolved particles. Whist many plants incorporate sand filters I have chosen to use naturally porous lava rocks, which are used in the construction of the project and is locally available in this highly seismic region.
ElectrodeionizationWater is held in a tank with charged cathodes and anodes which remove dissolved metals that could not be removed by any level of filtration.40 This is a particularly important step here as the metals from the textile factories, mercury, lead, zinc and chrome, have very high levels here and are linked to cancer
and organ damage.
UV treatmentThe final stage of treatment is to disinfect the water with ultraviolet light - the waves of radiation kill off the dissolved bacteria and viruses that are too small to be filtered out.41 There are other alternatives to this process which are cheaper such as adding chlorine,42 but these leave chemical residues in the drinking water and using UV lights offer the chance to enhance the gardens surrounding the theatre, as simply adding tonic water (which contains quinine) can make the flowers fluoresce under the lights. The tanks would have to be surrounded by glass that filters out any potentially harmful radiation.
Safety ControlsSome plants use rainbow trout, a fish particularly sensitive to chemicals, to detect acute water pollution.43 This would not only be a check that the plant is functioning properly, it also offers the opportunity to have aquariums amongst the gardens.
The Selected Processes1
2
3
4
5
6
7
36. Roadmap Coordination and Management Unit and
Program Coordination and Management Unit 2011
37. HM Revenue & Customs 2011
38. City of Onkaparinga 2010
39. Lesikar
40. Merit Partnership Pollution Prevention
Project for Metal Finishers 1997
41. US Environmental Protection Agency 2006
42. West 2013
43. Salehimad 2010
-Wayang Kulit-
Javanese shadow theatre, the most famous among the archipelago, is unusual as spectators choose to watch the show from both sides of the screen. The arrangement of the audience is very loose compared to traditional western theatre with rows of seats and stalls - a performance begins at around 9pm and often goes on until dawn with the audience coming and going as they please. Other activities around the standing spectators such as card games are played and stalls sell food and drink (as shown opposite). The only fixed arrangement is the area of the screen and the arrangement of the ‘dalang’ (puppet master) the two ‘tututan’ (assistants) and the four ‘juru gender’ (musicians).44
There is need to use the theatre in the day as well, as ‘wayang lemah’, the daytime performance without a screen, though primarily a religious exercise, also draws spectators.45
In larger cities the crowds drawn can be from 300 to 500 spectators, though the size of the kampung that the water theatre serves and the fact that it is mostly men who attend the wayang kulit suggests a theatre catering for
150-200 spectators would be more than sufficient.
a. Image showing the informal nature of the performances.
b. Other on-going activities in the theatre.
c. The ‘Gagunungan’- representing the mountain of the gods. It is the most significant puppet and indicates the beginning and scene changes.
The art of shadow theatre
lime juice coffee tea betel-nuts
fruit and nutsceki rice cakesa
cb
b b b
b b b
44. Hobart 1987, p129
45. Ibid p130
-Design Development-
-Indonesian Vernacular-
Being stylistically open-ended, most new buildings in tropical
cities “adopt air-conditioning as a panacea”46 However, with
tropical countries poised to become world leaders in terms
of economic and urban development,47 it seems imperative that
new architecture in these places is equally forward thinking,
creating a more sustainable typology for the tropics.
In shaping a new environmental architecture, however, my project
looked back to the archipelago’s rich vernacular tradition. This
enabled many generations to inhabit the islands comfortably
before the emergence and reliance on air conditioning.
There is staggering variety amongst the indigenous building
varieties, from the tongkonan, ancestral houses of the Toraja48
to the tiered pagodas of Bali. Something that unites many of
them however are the features of being raised off the ground,
on stone platforms or numerous wooden posts, and the presence
of a large overhanging pitched roof. 49
The buildings being lifted off the ground is testament to the
numerous wild snakes on the islands and a tendency to flood,
whist the huge roof constructions not only provide a strategy
to protect from the considerable rainfall but are also a means
of natural ventilation, through the stack effect.
My project aims to take these ancient forms as a starting point
for an ecological architecture, and drive this forward with the
technological capabilities offered today.
a b
d
ec
a.Sumba House
b.Bali Pagoda
c.Tongkonan
d.Nias House, constructed without nails
e.Diagrams of the tongkonan house
46. Bay and Ong 2006, p347. ibid48. May 2010, p15849. Sidharta 2006, p12
-Architectural Precedent-
Abu Dhabi Louvre- Jean Nouvel
The layered lace-like construction of Jean
Nouvel’s Abu Dhabi Louvre is designed to
mediate the harsh desert solar radiation and
create an interior illuminated by a ‘rain of
light’.
Also positioned above a body of water, it has
been calculated that the enormous metal canopy
will amass vast quantities of condensation.50 My
much smaller scale project can take advantage
of other materials, for example layers of
delicately carved wood which could, rather than
be a surface to condense against, act rather
as a sink for the humidity. Intricate patterns
could serve my building similarly in reducing
solar gain, and this aesthetic resonates with
the largely Islamic cultural heritage of the
island.
a
b
c
e
d
50.Personal knowledge gained on a Unit trip to Abu
Dhabi
-Early References-
Monumental construction of Java’s Borobudur temple.
Indonesian bamboo bridge.
Traditional paper theatres as a basis for the gardens.
Indonesian headdresses- the most important feature of a shadow puppet it dictates the character. The concept of multiple thin layers making up volumes has been adopted into the design.
1:500 concept mdoel
b.
a.
c. d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
-Preliminary Studies-
a. View looking south from the river
b. Detail of water dispensing device
c. View of theatre from the village
1:500 Model details
a b
c
-Pathways-
Visitor’s pathway
Water’s pathway
Visitor’s entrance is framed by two giant waterwheels.
Pathway passes under the coagulation tank and between the
waterfalls this creates.
The nerve centre of the water treatment plant which also serves as an exhibition space about water treatment and
the river. WC’s downstairs.
Bridges form the theatre entrances and additional garden
space.
Theatre behind the screen- space for 75 spectators, 4
musicians, 2 assistants and 1 dalang.
Theatre infront of the screen- space for 75 spectators.
Small food bazaar below theatre. WC’s below.
Paper theatre gardens.
Two pH adjusting tanks, can hold 70,000 litres each.
Coagulation tank. Holds 58,000 litres. Requires three
weekly rotations.
Two lagoons, hold 100,000 litres each. Two weekly rotations
lasting two and a half days each.
11m2 of filter, capable of processing 171,875 litres per
day - an on going process.
Design proposes a 1200 litre UV unit, capable of cleaning 12,516 litres per week. To meet the weekly requirement
there would need to be 25 units.
Reservoir- capable of holding the weekly requirement of 315,000 litres, with room for an extra 10,000 litres reserves for the dry season.
6.
7.
8.
5.
4.
3.
2.
1.
a
b
c
d
e
f
a b
c
d
e
f
1
2
3
5
6
4
8
7
-Structure-
The two approaches to creating earthquake proof structures;
Create something very strong and stiff that is unmovable, or Create a structure that incorporates a degree of flexibility that can move with and absorb the energy of the earthquake without it being transferred to the structural members causing their failure. The approach I have taken is to create massive unmovable pillars from which a more flexible structure is held. There has to be a very careful balance between stiffness and flexibility - having a structure that incorporates flexibility in all aspects would be far too unstable. The flexibility, rather, should be orchestrated at specific points which can absorb energy and leave the primary members untouched. For example, hospitals in earthquake zones, which have the highest priority of not only remaining intact but also functioning, often have very stiff foundations and a very stiff frame but a more flexible system in between. Seismic isolators, for instance, can allow that whole framework of a building to be displaced by approximately 50cm, taking the stresses from the elements in the rest of the construction.51
Option 1 proposes that the very sturdy columns hold an equally stiff system of slabs upon which all the enclosures sit. All the flexibility would be in the seismic isolators between these two unmoving systems. However, should the horizontal slabs fail in an earthquake this would result in total failure for all the enclosures resting upon them and cantilevering off narrow slabs could limit the design.
The second option suggests that the enclosures could be sat upon cradles of steel cables, within which is the degree of flexibility. Sitting on a web of elements means if one fails it doesn’t necessarily entail failure for the rest of the structures. However, negotiating the circulation of the building with a nest of cables running below the enclosures led me to select option 3.
Suspending the structures in the manor of a suspension bridge would allow for easier junctions between the elements and the cables. If the hanging structures are positioned at the right height, their movement in the middle could be made to perform as tuned mass dampers.
1
1
22
3
3
Possible Approachesseismic isolator here
1 1
2 3
23
3 2
a
c
b
a. Movement of structures in an earthquake, the high degree of displacement creates high stresses at the base of the structure.
b. Structural movement with the presence of a tuned mass damper, which resonates with the frequency of the building, moves in the opposite direction and therefore reduces the amount of overall displacement and the corresponding stresses.
c. Tuned mass damper in Teipei 101, by C.Y Lee & Partners
Steel structural elements tensile and compressive forces andesite (lava stone) columns
51. Structural lecture- Roberto Mann
-Overall Structural Strategy-
‘Umbrella’ internal steel - supports the individual ‘bamboo spokes’ in compression and provides a movable
seismic joint in the event of an earthquake
Bamboo framework- supporting the façade system
Steel hoop- runs through the bamboo framework- provides a stable point for the columns to anchor to
Bundles of steel cables, transferring the weight of the structures to the columns in tension
Andesite stone (lava rock) columns, transferring the tensile forces from the cables in compression to the
foundations
Deep pile foundations (concrete) anchoring the structure to the ground
-Structural Strategy-
The Pillar Family
Material: Andesite stone (black lava rock)
Performance: Stone is an appropriate choice structurally as the column’s function is to take all of the tensile forces from the suspended structure and transfer them through compression, which is where stone’s strength lies, to the ground.
However, despite beginning with and trying to maintain a degree of symmetry across the structural members, perfect symmetry is incompatible with the building if it is to perform programmatically. Therefore, with different horizontal forces the columns are likely to try and bend, exerting tension on the side with the lower weight.
Stone being very poor in tension, one option could be to construct the brick columns like some brick houses are constructed, with gaps that have steel rods and poured concrete, and adapt the positioning of this reinforcement in such a way that rebalances the columns. However, a more elegant and potentially stronger solution is to overlap the bricks with strategic holes running through the whole structure. Through these holes steel cables, which should be set into the concrete foundations before bricklaying begins, are threaded and tightened at the top. This forces the brick structure into compression and when loads try to force one side of the column into tension the ties bricks push against each other, making use of their natural compressive ability to resist deformation. These cables can also be placed strategically within the columns to counter inequalities caused by the differing building forms.
The Cable family
Material: Steel ropes
Performance: The cables are in tension, carrying the weight of the building back to the columns.
Multiple cables between each weight distribute the loads of the building, meaning the cables are less likely to be over-stressed in an earthquake.
Initial plans for a more symetrical building which would carry mor even loads accorss the columns.
Steel cables running through the overlapping bricks to compensate for the tension caused by uneven loading.
Lava column profile and steel cable attachments
Columns and Cables
1
1
2
3
2
3
-Facade Construction Study-
Bamboo Frame
Steel Node
Layer of carved limewood
Layer of coloured perspex
Mosquito netting
-Structural Strategy-
Bamboo, as a hollow tube, is in keeping with the overall structural principles of having heavy columns supporting a lightweight frame. It is also an appropriate material to use in a seismic region; Having no ‘rays’ it is a lot stronger than timber, especially in sheer.52 Cellulose fibers that run through the length of the bamboo act in the same way steel bars do in concrete. In the event of structural failure, these usually remain intact and return the bamboo to its original shape when the loads are removed, which could ensure the primary structure stays intact during an earthquake.53
In 2001, 20 bamboo houses remained intact near the epicentre of an earthquake that reached 7.5 on the Richter scale.54 Another advantage of its natural structure is that it does not suffer from creep, as timber does. This gives the opportunity to fashion the bamboo into a sophisticated facade system incorporating glass and metal nodes.55
Vo Trong Nghia’s ‘Water & Wind’ cafe detail
The diagonal bracing is provided by the façade sections which, as they need to be flat, must form triangular panels.
Construction of the bamboo theatre
Umbrella supports made of steel and concrete. The steel core of the concrete is surrounded by a membrane allowing it to move freely of the concrete. In this way, it not only supports the structure but can also protect it in the event of an earthquake- the core and exterior sliding by one each other deflects energy away from the rest of the structure.
Metal nodes are kept, in order to attach the prefabricated facade
Bamboo Frames
1
3
2
3
1
52. Janssen 2000, p24
53. Janssen 2000, p66
54. Janssen 2000, p77
55. Janssen 2000, p76
2
-Long Section-Not to scale
1. Andesite stone columns2. Subterranean waste-to-power plant3. Waterfeed: wheel and Archimedes screw4. Steel cables 5. Control space and exhibition6. Large theatre behind the screen7. Clean water reservoir capable of holding a week’s supply8. Water dispensing device9. Suspended ‘paper theatre’ gardens10. Garden bridge to access the theatre11. Bamboo plantations12. River bed13. Waterline14. Fire escape stair15. Funnels to supply the plant with waste16. Coagulation Tank17. Lagoon18. Café below the theatre19. Concrete foundations (lava rock aggregate)20. Umbrella internal supports
1
2
3
4
9
10
11 15
16
17
18
20
19
12
14
13
5
6
7
8
-Plan-Not to scale
1. Andesite stone columns2. Citarum river3. Waterfeed: wheel and Archimedes screw4. Steel cables 5. Control space and exhibition6. Large theatre behind the screen7. Clean water reservoir capable of holding a week’s supply8. Water dispensing device9. Suspended ‘paper theatre’ gardens10. Garden bridge to access the theatre11. Bamboo plantations12. Small theatre infront of screen13. Entrance to bridge from the south14. Mosque15. Funnels to supply the plant with waste16. Coagulation Tank17. Lagoon18. Entrance to the bridge from the north
1
3
2
4
5
6
7 8
9
10
11
12
13
13
14
15
16
17
18
-Acoustic Strategy-
The open nature of the skin to provide ventilation means that noise pollution could potentially enter from the site. However, though a road runs past the river, this is a very rural area and it is unlikely to cause significant noise pollution during the performance times, which run from around nine in the evening until dawn.56 Furthermore, the surrounding background noise from the site, such as wind through the trees and running river below the theatre could help provide a level of acoustic privacy and help mask out the conversations taking place on the periphery of the space.57
Sound travels in a straight line - it would hit and be absorbed into a horizontal flat surface whilst a curve would reflect the sound into itself indefinitely until it is absorbed. Having angular flat planes and applying a hard smooth finish to the materials should reflect the sound waves back into the space.
The façade is not one thickness but a series of thin sheets, which are more likely to reflect the sound than thicker materials which tend to absorb the sound waves.
I have made the theatres as open as possible, with only the necessary structural elements obstructing the space. This not only guarantees views of the performance but also that it will be clearly heard, air being the best medium to transmit sound.
The unwanted noise from the potentially noisy cafe below will have to be reflected back down and contained. To do this I have suspended a landscape of acoustic absorbers from the ceiling. This also serves the space, distinguishing circulation spaces from the occupied ones (above the bar) where the ceiling droops down.
The space has need to amplify the speaking voice of the ‘dalang’ and the accompanying music of the four musicians, who require a much longer
reverberation time. 58
Masking sounds generated by the rural site- estimated 30-40 dB.
Multiple thin layers composing the facade.
1
2
3
4
1
4
2
Amplifying the ‘Dalang’
To accommodate both speach and music, I have compromised between the two ideal reverberation times, RT, and set a target RT between 1.5- 2.5 seconds.59
Architectural potential of
bespoke acoustic ceiling panels.
SUBdV, Sonic Studio rehearsal
space.
1 performing ‘dalang’& 4 musicians with acoustic instuments
Small cafe
Running water
Tall trees
Rural road
56. Hobart 198757. Watts 2006 p2058. Watts 2006 p 1959. Nave 2013
-Disabled Access-As this is a public building and one which provides a new access route to the north side of the river, it is important that it is easily accessible.. The height of the structure required to climb over the river and still allow passage of small boats, means that ramps would be inappropriately long, and since certain ambulant disabilities require stairs instead of ramps.60 I have chosen to go for a more compact option of providing a series of lifts which enable all users to cross the bridge and access both sides of the theatre.
All doors have a greater clear width than the minimum of 800mm specified in Approved Document M required for the passage of a wheelchair. To further facilitate easy passage to the main spaces, there will be automatic sliding doors.
All the walkways have a greater diameter than 1500mm to allow a clear turning circle of a wheelchair.
Areas in the building accessible by a wheelchair
a.Disabled access in the buildingb.Theatre floor plan, not to scalec.Theatre support spaces, plan not to scaled.Exhibition plan- not to scalee.North side entrance, not to scalef.South side entrance, not to scale
Lift large enough to cater to a wheelchair
60 HM Government 2010b, 1.19-1.25
a b
cd
e
f
-Means of Escape-
[Academic use only]
a. Theatre Plan- Not to scale
b. Supporting spaces below the theatre- Cafe & WC’s. Not to Scale.
c. Fire escape stair- plan, not to scale
d. Position of fire escape stair in section.
e. Lava rock oven
f. Lava rock fire pit
g. Porosity of lava rock
Due to the problems associated with applying preservatives to bamboo (discussed in section 3) I believe it would be difficult to get the fire rating up to 60 minutes on this material and decided to introduce the aesthetic of the lava columns into the enclosures. This is a fireproof material, being used in applications such as fire pits and furnaces. The naturally formed air pockets make it an excellent insulator, capable of withstanding temperatures of 1000˚C.
To comply with ‘Approved Document B2’ from the building regulations I have provided at least two exits from every part of the building and two exits for rooms with an expected occupancy of more than 60 people.
The travel limitations for this type of building are specified as no more than 18m in one direction and no more than 45m in more than one direction to a protected area.
All escape routes are more than 1050mm wide, which is the necessary minimum for occupancies of more than 220 people and therefore should be more than sufficient for the planned occupancy of 150 people.
a
b
dg
f
e
c
Theatre
Escape routes always further apert more
than the minimum 45˚ necessary.
Accumulated distance to fire protected
stair- 31.35m (less than the max 45m)
60 minute fire rated door
final exit
18m radius from exit 118m radius from exit 2
18m radius- all horizontal travel distances are encompassed within and are therefore less than the maximum
allowed travel distance. Wheelchair refuge
1
2
-Means of Escape-
Water treatment exhibition centre
The second fire stair ensures that the building complies with approved document B2 4.44a, “There is at least one internal escape stair from each part of every storey”.
This stair also provides a 60 minute fire rating, by way of the thick lava rock walls.
The small size of the exhibition space ensures that escape distances are well within the maximum travel distance of 18m.
Exhibition space- Not to scale
Exhibition WC’s- Not to scaleEscape stair section- not to scale
As this fire stair is also used for circulation, for staff to gain access to the plants below, the door must be equipped with an automatic release mechanism actuatedby an automatic fire detection and alarmsystem.
Refuge
To further safeguard against fire, there will be a series of ‘suction hoses’ available for use, which are able to tap water directly from the river.
final exit
All fire stairs equipped with hinged x-vents
-M&E/ Sanitation Systems-
Though the village is serviced with electricity, unusual for rural areas in Indonesia61, the supply is likely to be a very limited supply to each house.62 The large electrically driven plant would represent an unacceptable drain on this service and the decision was taken early on to incorporate a waste to energy plant within the scheme.
Though the process of burning waste is ordinarily only an option after all other options of ‘reduce, reuse and recycle’ have been explored, here there is no infrastructure to support proper waste management and the current practice that is ingrained in the population is to treat the river as waste disposal. Therefore the plant will not only have the normal associated advantages (it has been claimed that for every ton of waste disposed of in a waste-to-energy plant and ton of greenhouse gasses is avoided)63 it will, through the incentive of clean water, draw waste away from the river and provide a place to dispose of waste substances produced during the water treatment process.
The potential smell and acoustic disturbance accompanying a plant that burns waste at more than 1700˚F64 led to this being positioned below ground, as well as the plant room. Access to this space will be a non-public route through the water management centre base.
The oversized columns, which are already designed to have hollowed sections for the steel cables to run, will carry the services also. Unlike the structural cables which will be deep within the structure to protect from corrosion, the services will be towards the periphery of the columns, which will not be performing structurally, and as such provisions can be made to access them from the outside for maintenance.
The space provides 10 WCs,65 below the theatre and below the water management centre. I have planned this in such a way that all WCs and wash basins can be serviced by just 3 supply and drainage pipes. Since the water in the river is so heavily polluted the water treatment centre was designed in such a way that it could treat sewage. As such the waste from the WC’s can be fed into the beginning of the treatment process.
I have ensured that there is ample space within the floor construction to conceal the electrical and water supply pipes.
The building skin has been designed in such a way that it will work hard to eliminate solar gain and facilitate natural ventilation- detailed in the performance section. This not only has the environmental advantage over mechanically ventilated spaces, it also greatly reduces the amount of space that needs to be dedicated to risers for ductwork. The façade system, however, is electrically controlled as to orientate itself to the changing wind directions and to make use of a building energy management system66 whereby a series of sensors and actuators will ensure
that the internal temperatures remain comfortable.
61. EnDev
62. Schlapfer 1999
63. Pyper and ClimateWire 2011
64. Pyper and ClimateWire 2011
65. This should comply with the required number for 150
people, ref Littlefield 2008
66. Nicholls 2001
[Academic use only]
[Academic use only]
-Construction Sequence-
n
To avoid disruption to the existing buildings and users, I have located the necessary construction spaces on the far side of the river (the north side) as this is far more sparsely populated and the river can offer a natural boundary separating potentially dangerous works and the general population.
This decision entails the need for a temporary bridge structure capable of holding heavy loads to enable deliveries to be made from the ‘Desa Sukamaju’ road. To ensure minimum impact, this will be a simple prefabricated structure that will be craned into place.
The other disruptive aspect of this building which cannot be so easily avoided is that to the river. To ensure that the river keeps flowing while the foundations are placed, this would be achieved in 2 stages, providing a dam around area ‘A’ and working here until the columns have reached several metres above the waterline, then dismantling this dam and repeating this process in area ‘B’.
The majority of the on-site work should be choreographed to take place during the dry season (May- September). This would not only reduce the risk of floods hampering the building progress, but also ensure that the water treatment centre is calibrated to the slower flows and water volumes present in these months. The failure of many other schemes tasked with providing water to the rural spaces in Indonesia has been attributed to the construction taking place during the wet season and subsequently neglecting to provide adequate flows during the dry.67
Sequence:
1. Site prepared, removing only the necessary palms (orange dots) and placing temporary site offices. 2. Crane the prefabricated concrete bridge, which should be pre- stressed with steel cables into place.3. Construct a dam around area ‘A’.4. The waste-to-energy plant and adjacent plant room installed below ground. 5. Concrete pile foundations in zone A made, ensuring that the steel cables which will be threaded through the structure are in place.6. Andesite stones columns in zone A made7. Dam ‘A’ dismantled and materials where possible used in the construction of dam ‘B’8. Concrete pile foundations in zone B made, ensuring that the steel cables which will be threaded through the structure are in place.9. Remaining stone columns made10. Cables running through the columns tensioned at the top.11. The bamboo ‘spokes’ are prefabricated to ensure they fit with the nodes and façade sections. The secondary structure, due to the size of the spaces, however must be completed on site. These are then craned into place and hooked onto the cable system.12. External walkways craned into place.-mobile cranes can reach from the banks to an extent of 60m 13. Prefabricated façade panels are craned into place. The team can now make use of the internal floors to choreograph this delicate process from the inside of the bamboo skeletons.14. Mosquito net facades added15. Internal fixtures and fittings.
Temporary Bridge
Unloading Area
Temporary Site offices
Extent of proposed building
76. Fauzan 2011
[Academ
ic use only]
A
B
-Risk Assessment-
Hazard Persons at Risk Risk Control
Site
Malaria All on-site participants Offer the option of malaria resistance tablets to all persons who will work on site.
No work to be done at night- when the mosquitos are active.
All team members to be briefed on the early symptom warning signs of malaria.
Earthquakes All on-site participants Site to be equipped with newly developed early warning system, which will sound an alarm 30 seconds before the quake occurs.
All staff to be instructed on the emergency procedure, including securing tools, getting off scaffolding and if possible proceeding to the prepared safety area.
Drowning All on-site participants Climbing harnesses to be used throughout to ensure anyone falling does not fully fall into the water.
Safety boat present at all times.
Staff instructed on relevant safety procedures and how to use supplied equipment including ample throw lines.
When particularly precarious work is undertaken ensure buoyancy aids are worn.
Water borne diseases- (especially those associated with the high levels of a pollution associated with the Citarum)
All on-site participants All participants instructed to wash hands and face at the clean water provided in the temporary buildings upon contact with the water.
Protective clothing to be worn during dam construction.
Construction
Injury from bamboo scaffolding All on-site participants All poles treated with preservative methods and checked regularly for signs of damage or insect infestation.
Any scaffolding intended for use for longer than 1 month should be provided with a waterproof canopy.
All persons to be instructed on carrying poles in twos.
Helmets to be worn in designated construction areas.
Injury from falling objects All on-site participants
Spectators
Hard hats to be worn by staff.
Spectators to be kept at a safe distance- as much of the work as possible to be completed on the north (less occupied) bank.
Excavation risks All on-site participants Though the lack of infrastructure in the area means it is unlikely a water or gas pipe would be hit, a survey should be carried out to ensure this.
A fence should be erected around excavated areas.
Hard hats to be worn by all involved in the excavation.
Excavation equipment to be used only by adequately trained persons.
Materials stored at least 1.5m away from the edge of the excavation.
Excavation area should be amply supported.
There should be multiple ladder exits should the dam be breached or the excavation supports fail.
Equipment Failure All on-site participants All equipment to be checked before use and any that is suspect to be removed from the site.
Regular checks and maintenance.
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