Section 1 Carbon CompoundsChapter 3

Objectives

• Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.

• Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules.

• Identify functional groups in biological molecules.

• Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down.

• Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions.

Section 1 Carbon CompoundsChapter 3

Carbon Bonding

• Organic compounds contain carbon (C) atoms and are found in living things.

• Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms.– Carbon dioxide is an example CO2

Section 1 Carbon CompoundsChapter 3

Carbon Bonding, continued

• Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms because it only contains 4 electrons in its outer energy level. (Remember for an atom to be “happy” it wants 8 electrons)

• The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds.

• Single bond, double bond, triple bond

Chapter 3

Carbon Bonding

Section 1 Carbon Compounds

Section 1 Carbon CompoundsChapter 3

Functional Groups

• Functional groups are groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate.• Hydroxyl Ex: Isopropyl alcohol, rubbing alcohol• Carboxyl Ex: Formic acid (stinging ants inject)• Amino Ex: Glycine• Phosphate Ex: Nucleic acid

Functional Groups continued

• Hydroxyl Group– -OH– Makes molecules polar

• Polar molecules are hydrophilic (soluble in water)– EX: Alcohols fit into this group

Section 1 Carbon CompoundsChapter 3

Large Carbon Molecules

• Condensation reactions join • monomers (small simple molecules)• Polymers (monomers joined- called

macromolecules)• EX: carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

• A condensation reaction releases water as a by-product.

• In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to split polymers into monomers.

Section 1 Carbon CompoundsChapter 3

Energy Currency

• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function.

• Example of hydrolysis

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

Objectives

• Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides,and polysaccharides.

• Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure.

• Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action.

• Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids.

• Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

4 main classes essential to life

1. Carbohydrates

2. Proteins

3. Lipids

4. Nucleic Acids

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

1. Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about 1:2:1

• Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms.

• Hydrophilic• Designed to be a source of energy

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

Carbohydrates, continued

• Monosaccharides – Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called

monosaccharides. (simple sugars)– Ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose

– Copy the structure of glucose pg.55

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

Carbohydrates, continued

• Disaccharides and Polysaccharides– Two monosaccharides join to form a double sugar

called a disaccharide. – Ex. Sucrose (combination of fructose and glucose)– A complex sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of

three or more monosaccharides.– Ex. Glycogen, starch, cellulose

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

2. Proteins:• organic compounds composed mainly of carbon,

hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.• Water friendly• Forms of Proteins:

• enzymes• most anti-bodies• Pigments• Hemoglobin• hormones

Proteins continued- Amino Acids

– Proteins are made up of monomers (long chains though) called amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function

– 20 common in plants and animals

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

Proteins, continued

• Dipeptides and Polypeptides– Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds

(covelant bond) to form a dipeptide.– A long chain of amino acids is called a

polypeptide.

Chapter 3

Structure of Proteins

Section 2 Molecules of Life

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

Proteins, continued

• Enzymes– Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind to

specific substrates. – Essential for the functioning of ANY cell.– Many enzymes ARE proteins– Enzyme reactions depend on the physical fit between

the enzyme (active site) and the substrate (the reactant being catalyzed)

– Induced fit model – model of enzyme actions– Bottom of pg 57

Proteins continued- Enzymes

• Without enzymes- chemical reactions in the body would be too slow to support life

• Enzymes are used over and over• If the environment changes-the enzyme may not

work properly because the ACTIVE SITE shape may change!

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

Chapter 3

Enzyme Activity

Section 2 Molecules of Life

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

3. Lipids

• Lipids are large nonpolar molecules (don’t dissolve in water, they DO dissolve in oil)

• store the most energy (larger # of C & H atoms)• an important part of cell membranes.

Types of lipids

• Triglycerides• Phospholipids• Steroids• Waxes• pigments

Chapter 3Section 2 Molecules of Life

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

Lipids, continued

• Fatty Acids– Most (ABUNDANT) lipids contain fatty acids,

unbranched carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end.

Fatty Acids- continued

• When each carbon atom is covalently bonded- the acid is SATURATED

• When the carbon atoms are not fully bonded, and it creates double bonds with other carbon atoms, it is UNSATURATED

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

Lipids, continued

• Triglycerides– Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids and one

molecule of glycerol.– Saturated Triglycerides

– Composed of saturated fatty acids– High melting points-hard at room temp.– Ex: butter, red meat fat

Lipids, continued

• Unsaturated Triglycerides– Composed of unsaturated fatty acids– Soft or liquid– Primarily found in plant seeds– Ex: cooking oils

Chapter 3Section 2 Molecules of Life

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

Lipids, continued

• Phospholipids– make up cell membranes (lipid bilayer)

– pg 59 fig 3-11– consist of two fatty acids (not 3 like lipids) and one

glycerol molecule.

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

Lipids, continued

• Waxes– A wax is made of one long fatty acid chain joined

to one long alcohol.– Waterproof

• Steroids– A steroid is composed of four fused carbon rings.– Hormones– Cholesterol

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

4. Nucleic Acids

• A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic molecule that stores and transports information.

• Made up of C,H,O,N,P• Structure is a double helix• 2 types

• DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA)• RiboNucleic Acid (RNA)

DNA- continued

• Humans- 46 molecules of DNA or 46 chromosomes• DNA is a nucleotide- thousands of monomers• Contains the genetic information for cells• What makes up DNA?

– Phosphate group– Sugar (deoxyribose)– Base group

• Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

RNA- continued

• What does RNA do?– Stores & transfers info from DNA to manufacture

proteins• Can act as an enzyme

Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

Chapter 3

Structure of Nucleic Acids

Section 2 Molecules of Life

Homework!!

•Pg. 34 # 2, 3, 6-8

•Pg. 54 # 1-10