SECRETARIAL TRAINING - ERIC · MORNING SESSION. Harry L Jacobs, President Bryant andStratton College, Providence, presiding. GLEN LEVIN SWIGGETT. This conferenceonsecretarial training

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBUREAV OF EDUCATION

BULLETIN, 1924, No. 1 2

SECRETARIAL TRAININGREPORT OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE HELD AT

THE tOLLEGE OF SECRETARIAL SCIENCE

OF BOSTON UNIVERSITY

OCTOBER 27. 1923

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Prepared by

GLeEN LEVIN SWIGGETTSPECIALAST IN COMMERCIAL EDUCATION

BUREAU OE EDUCATION

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WASHINGTONlk` GOVERgMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1924

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SECRETARIAL TRAINING.

The National Conference on Secretarial Training, called by theUnited States Bureau of Education in cooperation with BostonUniversity, was held at the College of Secretarial Science Saturday,October 27, 1923. The conference was attended by 120 delegates,representing Massachusetts, Connecticut. Pennsylvania, Illinois,New York, New ;Terse'y, Rhode Island, and District of Columbia.

'PROGRAM OF THE CONFERENCE.

CONFERENCE TOPIC: Prifctices and Objectives in Training of Secretaries.Chairman of the conference: Glen Levin Swiggett, Znited States Buresil

of Education.

MoRNING SESSION:Pre8iding: liarey L. Jacobs, president of Bryant and Stratton Colima,

Providence..Topir: Secretarial Training in

Public High Schools..assistant, Girls' Conimercial

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Edward J. McNamara, administrativeHigh School, Brooklyn.

Private Business Schools.H. E. Bartow, secretary, PeirceSchool of Business Administration, Philadelphia.

Discussion by C. M. Grover. head of commercial department,Boxbury High School, Bóston.

AFTERNOON SESSIoN:Presiding: Edward H. Eldridge, director,

Simmons College, Boston.Topic: Secretarial Training in Colleges and

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School of Secretarial Studies,

Universities.W. R. Wagenseller, director, School of Business Administration,.

Drexel Institute, Philadelphia.Mary B. Breed, director, Margaret Morrison Carnegie College,

Caenegie Institute of Technology, Nttsburgli.EdAstisti J. Kilduff, chairman, department of business English,

School Of Commerce, Account* and Finance, New YorkUnIversity. J.

Ann Brewington, division of secretarial trainingt College otCommerce and Business Administration, University of

. . Chicago. ..

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egharrerM. Thonlpson, dean, Coltege of Commertitd Businesi1 , Administration, University ot Illiuolis, trbans, ... -t.

: DIscussIon by Kstharine C. Reiley, assistant to the direetott,-,.. .. ttniVersit.VrEttensioni..Golumbia Vnivers14.,-4,4*,1tork::(11.ty-

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AECRETAR1AL TRAINING.

EVENING SESSION:Presiding: Graph In *Stetson. president of Salem Trust ao., Salem.Topic: Objectives of Secretarial Training.

Business.Arthur L. church. secretary. Baldwin LocomotiveWorks, Philadelphia.

Business Organizations. Harold S. Buttenheim, president.,American City Bureau, New York City.

, Educational and Social Organizations.Mina Kerr, executivesecretary, American Association of University Women, Wash-ington. D. C.

Publi Life.---Charleliee Svbein, managing editor, the GreggWriter, (.:IiisAgo.

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MORNING SESSION.

Harry L Jacobs, President Bryant and Stratton College, Providence,presiding.

GLEN LEVIN SWIGGETT. This conference on secretarialtraining is held in order that representatives of the several types ofbusiness training sehools may help through *discussion in working outa better coordinated, aiticulated, and motivated course of study re-lating to the subject of the conference. Business practice is never thesame. Nevertheless, there must be some essential things in secretarialpractice conunon to every phase of this type of service; ther4must becertain fundamental things which every secretary from stenograpjler-secretary to executive secretary must know and should do. tookiand,texts on this subject, as well as training in school arid college.plainly show that the objectives of secretarial training are confused.Every stenographer is not a secretaeg, but every secredry shouldhave use of stenography. Secretarial service in the last analysis ismediating and c6iiingitinicating. Technique and information must

- function in -relation to thése two objectives, always Kesent, nomatter what the type or grade of service, whether representing indi

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viduals, firms or corporations, associations. institutign, or organiza-tions. Two million business firms in the United States to-day needat least as many stenographer-secretaries, and thikre are only 615,000stenugnphers. Çhain stores, small retail stores, have imperativeneed for a composite service, the basis, of which isfehowever, secre-tarial, a mediating service betweèn the proprietary interests and theconsuming piblic. This type of service will greatly lessen failuresso (ommon and needlessly wasteful among the latter tlass of stores.

Then there are, in additionb, the manufacturing establishments;commercial, bank ingotpd shipping firms; professional and technicalservice, all of which rieed trained secretaries, althóugh many may notknow it. The United States Government stands in a representativeand protective relationship to the American people. Executive de-partments, boards,* commissions, etc., are organized to -carry onpi:actically every kind of service that organized business 'or groùpsof men and women carry on privately. The Goveriiment .needs forsimilar service the same superior tipe of gecretarial service which issatis4ctor7 to business ana private" life. Again, sopial service, 'oppoisilUnities _women jn business, prafessionel) _and public .

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4 SECRETARIAL TRAINING.

for a new type of 5ecretaria1 service, the need for which will liecomeI more apparent in the next 10 years.

Secondary as well as collegiate pha s 'of seci.etarial preparationnlust 6e better understood iu trdvr to dete the relationship ofone to the other and to see hOw articulation can best be imide: toevaluate the one-year, two-year, and four-year courses: tò, considerthe- .degree to 'which this kind of prepa-ration is entitled; to showthat' the training of secretaries for business and trade organizations,for all institutional and associated effort., is secretarial service of a

high order and is to become a part of the nation's secretarial train-ing program. There are basic subjects on which to build and fromwhich to proceed in building.: a .ecretarial training sequence, givinginformation, skill, judgment, and initiative necessary for medliktingservice of responsible secretaries. The committee to be appointed td

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continue the work of the conference will 'endeavor to find out whatthese subjects are.

HARRY LOEB. JACOBS. There is almo'st universal use of tlwword ". secretary " instead of " stenographer." There is need for a

more accurate use of the term in justice to the schools that are reallygiving a secretarial coúrse, and to the product of these schools. Theline of demarcation between stenographic and secretarial workis

difficult to define. Nearly all stenographic work embritces some secre-tarial work. There are gradations in the secretarial field from thehigh-grade stenographer with some secretarial duties up to the con-

fidential and personal assistant with practically an executive rank.'The span between can be materially shortened 14 professional train-ing beyond stenographic work. The secretarial course practicallybegins where the stenographic course ends, although in the formermuch ()tale preparation for the secretarial work has already been

'done. There is just as much difference between stenographic and realsecretarial training as there is between bookkeepink and accountancytraining. A secretary's knowledge involves experience in many ac-

tivities, with highly specialized knowledge Alf others.tasió subjects in the training öf a secretary and of a first-class

stenographer are shorthand typewriting, and gie English language.The'niore capable the secretary is as a sherdrand writer, tile morehis serytto are in demand and the better are his opportunities foradvancernént: The student should be given thbe greatest possibledegree of skill in this subject and iftypewriting. These two sub-jects, with the English languagewhich he muskknow.its he knowshis shorthand, every detail of it, including literay appréciationform* for purely stenographic work as complete an equipment techeideally as one can expect. These spbjects rilust 136, used over andover again; practically in labbratory work,, until the. te:chnique of

sir wie is Automatic., During ihis wiod the student i madee. P

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first-class stenographer and is now ready for the higher training ofthe secrettiry, to-whom tools are only. adjuncts.., The student must be given a backgrdund and the materials forsecretarial problems that will develop technical Ability. Such sub-jects include the following: Elen9dary, intermediate, and secreta-rial bookkeeping; business arithmetic, rapid calculation, advancedbusiness mathematics; business writing, commercial lettering, com-mercial law.; shorthand theory, diOation, and secretarial practice;elementary, advanced, and special typewriting apd transcription;business English, spelling and word study, and business correspond-ence and composition; office practice and machines, actual office ex-peribnce, office management, business organization; business ethicsand decorum, and secretarial technique; economics and.commerceand industry. In connection with the coursó in secretarial technique,whioh offers problems that develop secretarial power, business sub-jects are handled whenever possible. The student not only acquiresfacility in the use of tool subjects but is given background for thesolution of problems that will be encountered when he enters .busi-

oss life.Secretarial positions are different, depending upon thse kind 15f

oi.ganization or man the secretary serves. Nevertheless, the me-chanics of business are pretty much the same. In consequence thesecretarial cotirse should include subjects that are of practically uni-versal application. The secretary must know about *the techniqueof telephoning; business papérs that relate to the records of a busi-ifess; bills, invoices, statements, forms of remittance; transportationof both goods and products; banking as it relates to the secretary'scontact with it; *office appliances, business and legal papers, alpha-betizing, and filing; business literature,,the business library, refer-ence books and sources of information; business. graphs, postal in-formation, AttrActive forms of business letters; handling dictationefféctively, organizing transcription effectixo haridling of corre-spondence, receiving and giving instructions, directing the wOrk ofstenographers, editing dictated matter, briefing; interviewing callers,organizing memoranda., office örganization, .business orgailization.Problems revolving around all these activities, drawn from actualexperience and presented for solution by the secretarial student,develop judgment and the secretarial techntque that carrles overinto any position. Furthérmore, the AubjecA natufe of histruction'should be so offered as to aivelop secretaris,1 matter and personalquAlities that 'contribute to sticceski. Tio-sécretarial course shou*beinanized with the pture business gttOvth of the student in view.'8ince he is.s potentia'execittive, he must know through office aixilbusinf#;s, organization: something of tWbusimic strpoturii howfunctions; wh4.1.4s,jo0 litads to, e

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.EDWARD J. McNAMARA. Secretarial accomplislu.nent in usi-

ness, business organizations, educatiatal and social organizations,

. and in public life offers wonderful Opportunities for training youngmen and women to- play a -very'important part in the wórhi ofaffairs. The high school does not look upon the secretarial positionas one that can be gained as a'result of technical efhcieney of thehighest orderthe -ability to take dictation And transcribe letters,

to take care of office routine, etc. but seés it wi One in which ailthe objectives of a high-school education are functioning. Tilegf,

objectives are: (a) Education in general, (h) echnical efficiency,

(0 character, (d) attitude toward work amt employer.The educational objective is tile knowledge of literature, economics,

science, history, etc., which enables the. secretary to undeNt and andinterpipi his environment inbusimiss, and to impress others withthe fact that he is intelligent iind well-informed.. Technical efficiency

consists in training in stenography, typewriting, 'accounting. pndbusiness practice in all its elements from a secretarial point of viow

in a superior degree. A secretary often owes advancement to quali-

ties of initiaiive, service, reliability, .good milliners, and a high codeof ethics. His attitude is closely. related to the characteristics he

develops and displays in business; an attitude governed and con-

t.rolled .by business principles, giving and begetf 4 2...con fiden ce . He

serves faithfully and cheerfully, develops enthus4:-.4:m and interest in

the aims of the organization as a whole, and is conscious of itsbusiness responsibility.

.

As to general education the content of the com'se of study forsecretarial work in high schools compares favorably with that of

tile academic course. The 'lour years of English work is in mustschools just as exacting and. just. as broad. In economics there is a

growing tekidency to do much more .than is &Hie in the generalcourse; in history and science, .commercial courses hohl their own.

Tlw outline that appeared in BillIetin, 1916, No. 55, issued- by theUnited States Bureau of Education, has formed. the foundation formoA of the secretarial training courses off4111 in the high schools.The success with which the schools have organized their work mid

the emphasis placed .upon the various details of the outline N.nry.

.In very few courses 'does. one find a proper balance. *or emphasis.

. The business man's.dis5atisfaction with the pkoduct of the schools

is not so much lyith technical inefficiency,.but rather in the lack of

training in 101isiniss ideals, in lack of business character. Secretaries. hav'e suc?eeded without stenographic' ability, extensive. vocabutlarieli,tand ofticieney wthods, but .none have succeeded on 'merit wi :out'intelligent initiative. reliabinty. and a .proper sense retpon.si lity.

twoillernlor .0.tchersi is how to. 10, this a/inept into iheir. Ooti; .,

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and to arrange in their instruction 'situations in which these habitscan funetiob. Emphasis in our pedagogy has lieefi more upon theintellectual than upon the character side. We have not yet reachedthe stage where our teachers feel a personal obligation in this respect.But for the system of dòuble session and part time which breaksdown the personal vontact between pupil and teacher, Inuch morecould and would be done on the habit formation side.

High schools have tried to give this training by changing theciassroon4 into a business office. The teacher has acted as employerOr office manager. Students perform tasks similsr to those exa'ctedin business! and their perforniances are judged by business stlindards.Wtv find great difference in these laboratory methods. Someteachers have developed a high degree of organization in theirclasses. but the work has remained largely imaginative. Experiencedrawn from *reality rather than imagination is the best. teacher.

, In the laboratory work of our profèssional schools the studentworks with the tools and the actual materials of his profession frointhe beginning. Somil of our higb-school classes attempt to securethe same results' by introducing projects. Real assignments aregiven to the class. Business transactions are followed out step bystep in their usual sequence. Mulch study and experimelitation willhave.to-he given to secretarial projects before they are satisfactory.Students should be as.5igned to make verbatim or outline reports ofschool asqembly talks and evening lectures: to .write and send letterst'o-graduates of the.school: to make graphs to be included in replortsfor the principal etc.: be given opportunity -to receive visitorsoft-tend .to the correspopience of the principal and heads of depart-ments. keep 'the files of the school "in good, order, arrange cardcatalogues. etc. Thee young people can do more and are worthmore than the averakis sienographer. Business men must not expect.to.obtain their services for $10. M. or $15.a week. In ordet thatthis training may he effective, the teacher must know business. pro-cedure. Teachers' associations in New York City are meeting withsuceas in sending their membifs to business esta-blishmellito obtaininformation concerning.cletical work,,pf their 'employees.

H. E. BARTOW. In file consideration of strictly cultural subjects.

determine, ,

the school may what constitutes culture and hów it may. be acOired, but it can not dictate the qualification's which the

particular worker should `possegs. It moat 'inquire regarding thetraining the task demandi. The problem of secretarial training,therefore.. can be solved only when we know Oat those Who. employ..

businesssecretaries expect. s continues to e anI the. du iet of,theytecrotitry wilt alto !3econie.-nuire utherefA, must be in the office ; anthtither in( the sehoirooni_

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8 SECRETARIAL TRAINING.{#1

A somewhat arbitrary classificition of secretaries embracesstenographic, executive, social secretaries, and secretaries to publicmen. The four groups will overlap, as regards preparatory train-ing. Me qualifications of the stenoeaphic secretary rest princi-pally upon efficiency. in stenography and typewriting and thoroughEnglish Preparation. It is unfortunate that the term " secretary"

,should have been applied to this gr.oup. When necessary and pos-sible, 'school men must insist upon a good English foundation.Stenographers lose their positions due to lack of it. In every com-mercial school the teacher of stenogilphy and the techer of Englishshould be in every sense oworkers.

For this particular 'type of secretary I am more co'ncerned abouteducation. Education will teach one how, but not when, to do; willteach one how, not where, to go. Only culture will do the latter.

,Educittion will produce a stenographic secretary who does well what.she is told to do, but culture added to education *will make theexecutive secretary who needs not to be told what to do. Thelatter conies in the second group. He is a stenographer with thekriowledge of rhetoric and literatuire. He knows how to preparea brief and amplify an abstract. He can write a letter that haslifeand spirit and personality: He must have a practical knowl-edge of business procedure and understand general bankingpractices; have adtbquate knowledge of commercial law and ele-mentary accounting. Since an important part of his work is oftenthe prepaiation of- financial statements for his employer, he mustbe familiar with modern office.appliances, filing systems, loose-leafrecords, duplicating and calculating machines, and devices for han-dling mail; must possess a trained mein667;. and know how to aceiveinstructions from his chief and pass them on to his subordigates.

A banker has said that a private jaecretary to the head of ti greatcorporation, a lawYer, or a man at the head of a partnership shouldbe alert, well educated, prompt in his attention to the desires antwitnts of his principal, and be ablik to frame a proper letter in re:'sponse to all inquiries. He should bi tactful and resourceful, and

. gnder no circums.tances whatever should he betray the confidence ofhis principal.

The sociai secretary requires almost as thorough commercial train-ingiiss the executive secretary. She will often disburse thousandsof dollars a year for charities in .which6her employer is interested,and. from the funds of organitations in which her principal isactive; will keep household aii4 persorial .accounts; understand in-vestaent and banking prócedure; and' know how to keep twec6rdsof investment returns.:--. She will have to4epen4, more upon her own

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business man, for her principal knows less about such matters thanthe man of affairs. She must know in addition the ixaditions,*cus-- toms, and rules of society, and have a speaking knowledge of oneor two foreign languages and some exferience as a traveler. Asocial secretary .of considerable experience has stated that the wonlanshould first of all be a gentlewoman; know the various 'kinds offormal and informal invitations and the replies suitable to etteh;.be able tio arrange an attractive luncheon or (firmer table, to takethe aetail of entertaining, and tactfully to step into situations tosave the hostess possible embarrassments; should understand thecare of personal and social correspondence. The matter of cheêkbooks and accounts and sborthand and typewriting, of course, aretaken 'for granted.

Secretaries to public men form the last group. They should bemen of strong physique, upon. whom long journeys, little rest, andirregular meals have little effect; should be thorough business menand .póliticiaiis and masters of themselves. Their knowledge ofpsychology 'and human nature makes them adepts in handling menindividually or in crowds.

The outline of secretarial courses offered by the Peirce School in-cludes, in addition to shorthand and typewriting, such subjects asEnglish, arithmetic, elementary accounting, commercial la*, corre-spondence money and finance, investments, office managtment, eórn- .

merce, and transportation. The subjects of such a course should betaughf by those specially prepared for their work by trainiiig andexperience.

The qualifications of secretaries are such that the talk of pre-them is neither easy nor simple. N is indeed doubtful

hethe it should be regarded as the task of the public high schoOl.The tau; high-school commercial course, with two yenta in aeademicsubjects nd two yearsin commercial studies, is certainly not suf-ficen preparation. Ntither is the+igh-school graduate at the ageof eat's mature enough to fill such a position. Commercial train-ing in the high school should be regarded as preparatory to addi- .

tionar training either in a mere advanced school of commerce orin actual business. We admit the necessity of high-school, college,and technical traijAng,for the professions. Why not therefore time' piat least itigh-scit.00l with two years' subsequent techniCal trainingfor the- profeision of secretary/ The task of the high sch 1 should'be to lay a foundation in thoiough training in basic §ubjects.

Private-school meil have p&haps overstressed 'he short, 4ncourse. Whether -they 4ve followed a demand for shortorereatea that demand ist- (potion ,which should have csreful consideratitn. Edutational ideals do na .sugftr thpugh 'the, 0, er

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higher 'salaries and the promotional opportunities' of *he bettefgrade of secretarial positions as motives for thorough preptirationt

Directors and ipstructors of secretarial courses should have knowl-edge of business conditions from practical. persohal.'experiences. Inthe training of teachers for secretarial courses' it*ould seem evidenst

that the instructors of these teachers should tliemsOves have hadpiiactical business experience. 1-1(iw else can they carry out a hibora-

tory progrdm in solving practical business problems?Is a secretary a specialist. or is he not rather a man of broad ecluca-

tion, one who possesses wide knowledge of many subjects,.and whois proficient in yiany things?

C. M. GROVER. Secretarial training in high school is for themost putt dealing: in future values. Information and skill theregfven will be used to demonstrate in inferior positions a capabilifywhich attracts notice under competition and leads to larger .oppor-tunity.. Denmnstration of supertor a.bility in ordinary rofitine

quires certain qualities of character- that must accompany technical

skill, the possession or lack of which determines advancement into

executive responsibilityfor exa.mple, ambition, courage, thorough-

ness, accuracy, courtesy, etc.Successful training of secretaries as a uniform product presupposes

some kind of selective pro"cess and will eventually require as a pre-.requisite a high-schoollfiploma. Such training in high schools1 if itsignifies production, is not vocationally a correct. term. It is a pre-paratory, not a finishing. course. Its aim is to start the studentsalong a path*which leads somewhere, provided. it is pursued to itsdestination; The coutse must be vocational. technical, and social.

Good citizenship, economic interest, cooperative impulses must be

provide4 for by the. sócial sciences, by related vocational subjects,

or thrOugh neuro-muscular activities. The well-ba4nced curricula'of this public high school, by reason,of,its public support, will con-

tinue io furnish social values. One-third to. one-bali of the cur-

riculum can then proiwrly be devoted to technical and vocational

ends. They are closely Correlated and can not be separated without

. loss of: effectiieness. teacher of distinctive technical coursesleading to secretarial training should have the vision and the knowl-

edge of a vocational adviser. She should be ible to quicken ambi4

tion, shape intelligence, and provide inbformation. There shouldbe lectures ón the -duties of a biographies of successful' sec- It

retaries, description of educational opportunities in the community,and appeals to right 'regard for upright chatarter.- All this can be

bestgasibmplished by math* conditions' in the technical work which

its. fai as ptissible call lor creative e ort im the part 'of t e pupil.estîon -ifocational. ituidawie,

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SECRETARIAL TRAINING. 11reserved for such pupils as demlmstrate superior ability. Not only teclose the door of opportunity is a negation of the principle of demog-racy, but examination of any given professional field reveals the factthat within that field are individuals ranging in capacity from highto low degrees. In some there exists a minimum standard of ex-cellence expresseti in examinations of qualification, but such titndardsdo not guafantee uniform excAlence amongwthe members of the pro-

Secretarial service 'is not so standardized. A high' school,therefore, which enforces any artificial selective process for ad--mittance to.its course is on the defensive.

Thchnica) training is the third requirement of a course in seem-taryshipi,. Shorthand and typewrding. the .basis of the course, are,rightly given in the eleventh and twelfth grades. To stenographicskill the ability to take dictation of nontechnical material given at100 words a minute in letter form. and to transcribe it .correctly,must be added skill in office routine and initiative in assembling anddisposing of office records and reports. The course in office practice

_aims to do these things. Merged with shorthand and typwiting,or as an independent elective, whatever distinctive work in secretarialtraining is being done is to be found in this course. Possibly the'future will bring courses in office management and control. Instruc-tion in office practice includes the use of office machines, both dupli-

. cating and computing, with provision of carefully planned job slwetsand responsible supervision; study and practice of tiling; officemethods of handling mail; meths:Ids of auditing sales in a derailmentstore; checking as a Yital factor in assembling reports; -the use ofgrAphs in representtneg statisfics and of hooks of reference. If pos-sible a special room should be ivovided and equipped for this work

4cated near the main school A* andloce so that there may be coopera-tion with the work of the office.4While this is clerical and riot sec-retarial out of its pérforinance emerge certain lesotis. Thepupil learns to estimate correctly time requirements for office tasks;acquires a knowledge of system; leans to reduce facts to records andhow to make records available,to large numbers of persons throughthiplicating devices. d

The material that may enter into'any.course of secretarial train-ing includes accOunting items,correspondence, legal papers, officeprocedure, soprees of information, and office organization. Thismaterial embraces dieory and practice and is spread through a *Om-ber of subordinate. courses, like office ptactice, bookkeeping, law,shovthand, typewriting, business organization, etc. .

.MEYER ZINMAN, Girls' Coirimerciat High .S600l, Brook'N. stated that iwtiTiiy York the toms ",..stiriogtapheil' arid sec_.r4a. ,, were collifusid.-; that .after 'many ,yearkot-

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never realized until this conference the wonderful opportunities thata young man or woman could have if they were properly trained assecretaries to become assistants to executives, etc. He expressed thehope that there may soon be established in New York City a. schoolfor training executive secretaries similar to the summer school of'Northwestern University: that a one-year p.ostgraduate high-schoolcourse for additional training in secretarial work be added and thatthis work be then extended to two years, becoming a kind of juniorcollege preparatory to the work norf given at New York University.

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Edward H. Eldridge, Director School of Secretarial Studies, SimmonsCollege, Boston, presiding.

Mr. ELDRID(a4,. If we accept Doctor Swiggett's larger iiew ofsPcretarial training, we mean a great deal more than we have ever at-telnpted. The entire emphasis of all dictionary definitions of a sec-retary is on the side of correspondence. The essential part of hisduties will have to do with correspondence, ¡words, budgets, min-utes, etc.

'the first 33 rerilia to Alacement inquiries recently sent to athousand graduates 'of the school of secretari41 studies of SimmonsCollege. indicate. the following charticter of employment: Secreta-ries to lawyers, 5; engaged in statistical work and filing, 1; elassi-fication of a private library, 1 partnership and individual accounts,1; secrétary to a psychologist, 1; to an advertising manager, 1; .re-search assistant secretary to a nutrition laboratoiy, I.; in chafge ofplaceinent work, 1; in statistical work, 1; medical secretaries, 3 ('oneof thew iri.charge*of the household accounis) ; secretary in Charge ofthe work of the chemical department of a large university, 1; .writ-ing newspaper advertisements, 3 or 4; assistant treasurer of alargecorporation, 1; secretary in a large college, 2 (one to the treasurirand the other to the president) ; office supervisor, 1; retail sales cor-respondent of a large corporation, 1; manufacturing correspondent,I: corre,spondent supervisor, 1; editorial work, 1; in charge of an:office with siwen assistants, 1; running.a large city club, 1; in 'chargeof an office organizatioh of home nurses, 1; managing clerk of-dor-mitories' departments, 1; purchafting Eiupplies for a school departement, 1; head policy clerk in an insurance office, 1; taking testimonyin court, 5; passed the examination for the Massachusetts bltr, 1;passed the examination for court reporter in the State of Massachtvsetts, 1; ottendingeto stocks and bonds .for employer, 1; making outincome tax reports, 8 or 4; buyer for two stores, 1; office manager, . I;secretary for the preisiderit to a bond concern, and in addition bondsalciswomin,. 1; secretary to the head of a large film. corporatio0 &Acteditór of the titles tò the films, 1; executive secretary of a schòol, 14.11' charge- oi ofik imployment, 1; preparing advertisements forbooklets, 1; matiager of girls' camp ant.in charge of .the entire, eorespondence, 1i in -charge of numerical.014 alphabettcal .111* .1"; óep

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pamphlets. I ; bookkeeper for cooperative concern, 1; correspondence

supervisor, 1; installing files ip several offices. 1: psychological con-

sultant for an employment bureau, t; trained statistician, 1. Tape

salaries Of these 33 girls range from $1,000 to $3,500 and traveling

expenses.Technical work should be,based upon a broad academic founda-

tion. Simmons College has endeavored to make the academic work

about two-thirds of a type which has direct hearing upon the tech-

nical work. Three things must be taught in college: First, subjects

recognized by tfadition and general experience as being essential

to the well-being of any well-educated man or woman: second. ele-

mentary technical subjects which .may just as well be given in the

high school so far as skill in those individual subjects is concerned;

and, third, courses in advanced economics, statistics, and busines

organization, distinctly college courses. The standard in profes-sional woPli is different from that in academic work. in the-former

the student must work for accuracy. Experience is to be added to

the three college requirements. There was an opening as secretary

to the president of a large machine plant for one of our best grad-

uates last yftr. Owing ,to lack of special vocabulary used in the

business, she will go in as a fil:st-class stenographer at a salary com-

mensurate with the position and will be promoted as secretary to the

president at the end of six months. In certain types .of business

experience in the individual job is neevssary before the secretary can

be really useful. A special cotirse for secretaries to doctors should

include chemistry, biology, scientific German, and chemical ap

parat us. S

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Simmons College requires for entrance 15 units: English, 3; a

single modetm language, 3; mathematics. '2.algebra 1 and geometry

1; history, 1. Four units of any substantial high-school subject,

which would include shorthand, boblikeeping, .commercial law, or

any subject, of that type, can be admitted in that group. One year

pf academic work must he taken ))efore any technical work is al-

lowed. Penmanship is offered the first year without credit. Six

electives, three a which are academic, run through two years. Our

graduates must have three years of English, the third year of a

laiiguage, and at least one year of history And one of science.

Shorthand and typewriting iun through the three 3Tars, accounts

one year, and elective the second. A special .elective course in short-

hart, given the.fourth year, Kepares for actual reporting work.

W. R. WAGENSELLER. The Iequireinnts for adtnissioh to the

7 ;.two-year find: the degree or four-year ..tvollege .biecietaiial c9utse of

xel.l.notituti .ar*.-I. ti:yrove0 units.. Xtequirid: Englioh, .9;..bis-

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(algebra or plane geometry), 2; free units, 6, 2 of which may beffranted for technical commercial branches. Drexel Institute ad-tft

howei7er, on probation, worthy graduates of a high-school corn-mercitil course who meet all requirements for entrance except thatthey are short one or two- units, if the regulation that not more thantwo units be allowed for commercial work is l*tpplied. They mustalso have the approval of the principal of the high-school fromwhich they come. The two-year course is planned primarily as avocational course: however, in its ai:rangement a more remote ob-jective, that of future growth, has been kept *in mind. In additionto the llighly technical work of stenography, secretarial accounting,and office management, there is found in the curriculum of thiscourse college work in economics, psychology, commercial and finaß-cial organization and management, American Government, especi-ally in relation to indtistry, and two years of cultural English.. Thegraduates of this course are much sought for as private secretariesto the officials of normal schools, colhiges, and universities, as wellas the officials of the better class of business firms found in Drexel'sterritory.

The four-year or degree secretarial course was estabMhed to meetthe demands of the Woman who desires the advantages of a collegeedacation which can be put to a financial use should the necessity,arise. It is a practical course, with quite a touch of the cultural;all education outlined to fit the needs of bwiness. as well as those of a

society, and although Manned Only, for the female student, we nowfind many male students taking advantage of it. The work of thefirst two years is the same as in the,general business administration°course, specialization beginning with the third year. In additionto the thorough secretarial technique offered in the two-year course,there is intensive"training jrn business fundamentals. The aim is todévelop persons who through their breadth of vision, capacity forwork, and their adaptability will eventually be placed in the execu-b .

tive positions. They.have not only the means df immediate entrance .

into busintss, but an undeestanding of the principle's .and duties ofthe various departments and divoilsions*of the typical commercialenterprise. It is true the methods peculiar to a certain firm can beleatned only through employment with that firm, but the studentwho is drilled- in the fundamentals underlying those 'peculiar meth.:ods can grasp them much more quickly than the cine ,.

without thatknowledge.

rexel grants a diploma to the graddates of the twowyear secivii,

tatial Aourse, and confeir the degree of 4bachelòr .àf stience in :secret;7, :1

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mites of all other four-year commercial courses, including the com-

mercial teacher training coursez have conferred upon them the degreeof bachelor of science in commerce; *One of .the qualifications re-quiré,d .of teachers is ii college degree, and wherever possible outsideexperience in the subject to be taught. Through its cooperativedepartment Drexel keeps in. dose touch with the industrial fil'ins ofPhiladelphia and its vicinity, and although it does not yet have acooperative business administration course, a number of the business'administration tudents have been placed in part-time positions.

. MARY B. BREED. The department of secretarial studies is thelar¡Rst in the Margaret Morrison Carnegie College, the women'scollege of the Carne!rie Institute of Technology.' It includes threemain groups of students: (1). Those who intend to become seeiVta-ries or teachers of commercial subjects in high schools; (2) thosewhose bent is rather more literary. and who are allowed to substituteEnglish, foreign language, and history for som'e. of the strictly tech-nical subjects; (3) college graduates who are given a one-year inten-sive course in shorthand, typewriting. and other .commercia4 subjects.Requirement for entrance is the completion of a satisfactor four-year high-school course. Out of 15.units, only 2 may be d

in vocational subjects. The best preparation for a technical collegeis an academic high-school course. Vocational courses in high ,schoolare intended as trainirig for those pupils who finish their ifirmaleducation upon gradating from the bkh school itself, and who lackeither the ability, financial or otherwise or the desire to take a col-

lege course. High-school courses in commercial subjects are excel-lently and carefully planned for the purpose which they have' inview. It is asking too much of them to provide the blim6kground inEnglish and modern languages, ilgebera, geometry, .science, bothphysiCal and biological, and history, which it is ne-cmsary to demandfor work of college grade. The pupil who has specialized in commer-cial work in high school is obliged to carry many courses in colligewhich to him or her seem to be, 'at least in part, a repetition of theOmlFes 'already carried. It goes without saying that the collegecourses in these subjects are pitched to a different key the cor-responding high-school courses; but to the pupil the difference in keyis not' at once apparent. .

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The commercial oourse is lacking in such subjects as algebra,gempetry, and appreciation counes in English literature, which

. develop the ability to deal with symbols and abstract idfts. TheyOa .oftelack foreign language 4 order to get any real. funda,

%wasp of English as !i to4 the student needs to know at leasth'siik.: language; preterably li tighly ipitlytio -spa inflected 'one.

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we experience full effects of new and economical methods ofin primary schools. If and when this occurs, and the boy or girlean carry in the 12 grades not only the full amount of wicationalcommercial work. thenfthe college can and will expect the enteringfresitman to write 125 words a minute and its curriculum will bechanged accordingly.

The Margaret Morrison Carnegie College offers at present a four'-year course for the degree of hacheloi of wience and a one-year coursefor colley.e graduates. No two-yepr or three-year courses are offeredby the college. It has refused to offer such courses for several

,reasons. As a private institution it is conscious of the responsibilitywhich rests upon it for a certain kind of educational leadership.By holding fast to the four-year course it is creating a standard andexample which may bear fruit later. If specializatiOn is to producenot only technical results but. leadership, it should come late rathertitan early in the life of the tioy or girl. This consideration gavernsthe maVe-up of the curriculum as well. The Carnegie Institute ofTechnology was only opened for iw-truction in the year 1906. Commpromistes cen therefore more safely be made by older institution&

The curriculum of the four-year course for the- of science(1e01'ee begins with two years in which about tbree-fourths of thework is required of all students in the college, irrespective of theirmajor departments. This core of required park, around which themajor tichnical traiiiing is built, consists at present of three mainsubjectsEnglish, history, and scienze throughout the two Vim.Modern languages, mathematics, sociology, and pther subjects are.eledive. in the secretarial department, shorthand and typewritingare required throughout three years of the four-year *course for thebachelor of science degree. A good deal of aCcounting is also offered.Other subjects include economies, commercial law. business organiza-lion. commercial geograPhy, office practice, filing. and indexing.The recruiting of, the secretaria1 department staff is difficult, eg-pecially when one. holds to the ideal of technical ability, acaqemictraining, and general breitdth of culture combined in one individual.It is not easy to decide 'between the individual who has been too muchcommercialized .by contact with 'the actual problems for which thecotirse prepares its graduates and tle more 'academically trami;erson who sometimes hag a better personalitybutjs too theoretical."

The purpose of the .college is to train young women for responsible.pos. Rims in the businessovorld. in. educational, scientific, and philansthropic institutiohs, and as teachers. It is our belief that, pur train-ing will lead to.pbs s of leadership; *Id 'while *6 11e is yet.;w-veil yowit cóltegti?,.we substantial beginning&

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_ unavoidable regularity. But we are not unduly cast down'by this,

fot we feel that a good secretary is a pretty good sort of woman, and

when we see the kind of citizens they make, we-are less inclined to

alter our entrance requirements, our curriculum, or our. general

standands.EDWARD JONES KILDUFF. Before it is possible to plan a

suitable curriculum f9r students intending to go into a specialized field

of activity, it is first advisable to make a study of that field to de-

, termine what. actual requirements are for success in that field and

then to decide upon the program of subjects the college di- uni-

versity should offer to help the students as much as possible to

me4t- those requirements. In 1913 the faculty of New York -Uni-

versity School of Commerce, Accounts, and Finance was made

aware of the fact that there was a demand on the part of Xew

York business Men for persons trained to do speretarial work: that

various students were asking for instruction in secretarial work,

so that they could apply for such positions as they knew were open

or would he open to them: and that persons already engaged in

secretarial work wished to train themselves for further advancement

in 'their field. A committee was appointed to make a study of the

situation and to recommend to the faculty a curriculum in private

secretarial trai4ing for those persons who planned to become private

secretaries irk -business; .

A survey made of secretarial work in a number of business or-

ganizations in and near New York City showed the title of " privale

secretary" to be rather elastic. It was used to designate various

types of workers, ritnging all the *ay from a $15.. .-week stenogra-

pher to an $8,000-a-year secretary to a financier. view of this

fact, it became necessary to determine in some inannit the class of

secretarial positions for which a university curriculum might pre-

pare students, for it was obvious that a curriculum to train students

to fill aseptably the higher-salaried secretarial jobs would differ

consideMy from one to give sufficient training to enable students

take so-called secretarial positions at a salary of from $15 to $20

a week. The committee decided that the secretarial curriculum

adoptécl by the New York University School of Commerce, Accounts,

sand.Finance .should be'one that would aim to prepare students for

the better and.

higher' salaried positions.

. The survey also disclosed the fact that 'theie were comparatively

few *ell-paid semtarial positions for either men or women, and

-at limn enerally did not remain long in .secretarial pqpitiont, but

.inovecV.on iir. were adyançed t.o, better j9bs. The committee decided,

`...-',, that certainly. so Jar as .rneti. were conperned .the .position..

considered'ofprivate secretary '..shoulçi be 4194aide ..a steppingstone posi, .., s

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tarial work might be considered to be a permanent vocation, althougha majority used the position as an entering wedge into business.In light of these conchisionsq and in vielw of the fact that a universityshool of business should prepare its students for their permapentvocations, the committee decided thmt a pniversity curriculum train-ing students for secretarial positions should also train them for theirpermanent N.Ocations in business beyond the secretarial or temporaryvf.cation by requiring them . to specialize in some one branch of .

business.The next step was to ascertain what specialized information re-

garding secretarial work should be included in the curriculum. Tosecure this information a number of private secretaries holding im-portant secretarial positions were asked to answer the fóllowingquavt ions (1)-What kind of work does the secretary to the busipessman perform ? (2) What educational qualifications should a secretaryhave? (3) Would a specialized training in secretarial work offeredby a çollege or university help? (4) What should this specializedtraining consist of ? The first fact disclosed by a careful examina-tion of the information collected was that great disparity existedamong the types of work Performed by the various secretaries. Forexamples: One financial secretary devoted most of his time to thebuying and selling of real estate, to the managing of hiseemployer'smany properties, and to the watching and safeguarding of his invest-ments -the secretary to the president of a commercial business busiedhimself chiefly in solving the problems having to do with the con-ducting a department-store business; the secretary to an ex:governor.gave much of his time to prepaying speeches, to keeping informedabout the various groups within the party organizations. and todoing party work. After consideration of this fact, our commit:tee definitely concluded that it was certainly not advisable, evenif possible, to plan a curriculum to, give specialized information inthe performance of all duties of all types of private secretaries; dintit w:ould be impossible to give such specialized training as to fitstudent's to fill immediately and satisfactorily any kind of secretarialposition.

Th( second fact disclose& by the invtbstigation was that, despitethe differences obtaining in the work of various private secretaries,there a.ppetired fiat* cert a in few duties coMmon to almost all secretariesto business men. Some of such common duties. were (1) handlinga considerable proportion of the correspoidence for the employer,12) managing the office, (3) keeping accounts,. and (4) meetinkcallers. Our committee deaded tat suéh subjects should %be pro,

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vide4 in the secretarial 'cuiriculum is. votOd prepare. students :to per?.*rn tbe.se coinnion 4uies. eximp)e, .business Xpglish was .putf;

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in to teach students how io write business letters;- principles -of ac-counting, to instruct students to keep accounts; private .secretarialduties, to give general information regarding the duties and amenitiesof the position, and to instruct students in such nmtters as managing .

c.allers, handling secretarial corresporidence, the keeping of personalaccounts and filing. Further study of the information that hadbeen collected indicated that a general knowledge of business washighly desirable because, since. the rcretary's value to his chief de-pended upon the degree to which he could assist. him in his business,the more the secretary knew about business the more helpful lie wouldbe. The fact fitted in with a previous conclusion of the committeethat *the position of private secretary, should riot be cofisidered a per-manent vocation in business for men. Hence such general coursesin business were included as political economy and practical economicproblems, business finan.ce, and pririciples of business administration.

The cùrriculum planned for the find year, with number of points 'allowed in each, is as follows: Private secretarial duties, 2; businessEnglish, 4; policitcal .economy .and practical economic problems, 4;contracts and agencie.s, 4; business finance, 4; essentials of advertis-ing, 4; principles of business administrAtion, 4; markets and market-ing methods, 4; mid principles of accounting, 2.

After the first year the students should begin to specialize in fields-for which they feel some aptitude. For example, a student that is

desirous of. becoming a private secretary should attempt after thefirst year to aim to prepare himself to become a private secretary Insomeone field of business. He. can specialize.* New _York IThis

versity School of Commerce, Accounts, and Finance in banking aridfinancial work, in advertising, in marketing, in insurance, etc. Thisspecialization will not only make him better fitted to carry on thesecretarial work of an employer engaged in any one of these fields,but will also prepare him for later advancement in that field. ,To

;this. end, the student is. aillowed to elect subjects tfiat will train himin tit specialized branch of business.

The following program, with number of points allowed, is a con-'Crete illustration of the courses, that would be elected by a studentwho is planning to become a private secreta'ry.and who feels that hehas a bent toward The finincial field.

Day 801t001, aecond year.Money and credit, 2; financial historyof the Unit* States; 2; statistic41 methods and application, 4; trust

Avoyk of banks and trust companies, 4; analysis of corporation re-ports 4; investments, 4; advanced business correspondence, 2; firstyear commercial French, or second year ctrinmérciai French, or

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SECRETARIAL TkAINING. 21

first or second years of Spanish, German, etc., 4; commercial paperand bonds, bankruptcy, etc., 4; and principles of Accounting, 2.

Day school, third year. 4; .banking practice, 2; thework of Wall Street, 4: functions of the buying department of bondhouses and moneyed institutions, 2; credit problems and colléctions,2: literature of business, 4; second year commercial French, or third .

year commercial French, or second .or third year of Spanish, Ger-man, etc., 4; mortg.ages and real estate, 4: office management, 2;psychology of business, 4.

ANN BREWING'FON. The secretarial course in the School ofCommerce and Administration of the University of Chicago isplanned to meet the needs of students, especially young women whowish to prepare themselves for business secretarial positions or forsuch other 'capacities as office manager* registrars, and 4ssistants topublic officials. since it is becoming increasingly clear that thoroughtraining is necessitry for the highest siwcess in such positions, pro-vision has been.made for (a) a well-rounded general education, in-cluding training in English compogition and 'modern language, and(b) a central core of subjects to provide the- basic training necessary

. for any type of secretarial. work. This includes (1) bthe foundationCourses coni.serned with the physical and social environment of busi-ness and with the -basic functions of business, and (2) secretarial-methodicourses, such as facilitating, measuring, and communicatingaids of administration. These will be supplemented by coursesing toward .the particular type of secretarial work in which the stu-dOt is interested, whether in business, education, philanthroPicEurvice, or other fields. Training in shorthand and typewriiing isrecognized as a necessary part of secretarial equipment, and studentsmust demonstrak reasonable proficiency in suCh tèchnique.

Students conWmplating busiliess- secretarial positions will follow,in the main, the Course outlined below, with further requirements inbusiness correspondence, secretarial work, etc. Those contemplatingsecretarial positions in other fields will be provided with a programof studies selected from cofirses offered in other departments of theuniversity, correlated.according to the needs of the individual case:Flint 'year-- English composition, industrial society, economic andcommercial geography, business administration, geography and re-sources of North America, and value and price; Second yearstand.

,..-.ards, reports and records, financial organization of society, introduc..tory psychology, the manager's administration of finance, psychology

dtpf business procedure, risk and .risk-bearing, and English; Third¡liar worker in econdrnic society; market administiation,- the:..manager's administration of..l.abor andI.

of..prod4ction; 'and :Pouttii,;.,-,',.:

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constitute regular work inwany.one year. Opportunity for selection isoffered to meet this re.quirement. These selections must include atleast three majors lying in the special field of secretarial work.

Students expecting to enter .tbis division are advised to take, in

their secondary-school training. English, French or German, mathe-matics, history, psychology, physics. chemistry, mechanical drawing,and shorthand and ty*writing. . Students who have met the require-¡Dents of the graduate school are admitted and may pursue coursesleading to thee master's degree in the secretarial division. It is as-

sumed that such stAlents will have secured in their under graduatework thorough training in English composition and in modern lan-guages and some appreciation of the physical and social environmentof business. Then the graduate work will cover the seitretarial-method courses and cöurses along the line of the student's vocationalinteests.

C. M. THOMPSON. In the College of Commerce and BusinessAdministration of tlw University of Illinois are 12 rather closelyrelated curricula that cover four 'ears of work and lead to tir de-

gree of oachelor of science. The chief purpose of the curriculum fortrade *and civic secretaries is to train college men and women fortechnical leadership in chambers of 'commerce and trade.A.organiza-tions, and to make our graduates, better and more appreciative mem-

bers of the various organized groups with which. as business men,

they may reasonably expect to become affiliated. The 15 requiredentrance units include English literature and cymposition, algebra,geometry, and a laboratory science. During the first two yearsstudents are limited to subjects offered in the College of LiberalArts and Sciences, and to, the fundamentals of economics and ac-

counting offered in the .,CI,11ege of commerce. Included among theuhiversity fredits, coOitilting about S. per cent of the total re-

quiredfor graduatioi, is ttr subject of rhetoric. About iro per cent

of the student's entire woi* for four years is given to the requirecisubjects of the curriculum.

Subjects which deal with\the fundamentals of business in generalinclude elementary accounting, economic resources, and economichistory, in the freshm4n 341ar; intermediate accounting, principles'of economics money and bapking, hftiness letter writini and prin.,&pies of business organizatiO in ihe sophomgre year; methods ofmarketing, corporation mana and financt, public financei laborproblems and businesti law, the junior year ; advanced economictheory, personnel ad inmist ra1ion, principles of transpo'rtationi andkndaTéntais of advertising, in the .senjor year. ftieçifie subjectsinclude course s. in goverMten mm0401- State,. and nationak cityt*ining,...administration of c Mitt*: srholpgy.--kdesciiptive kudlibiAiatoiy7-od tirgaisniutiiön g4miniittratip44 Therf'are:stir

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minimum group requirements, 8 hours of modern language, 10.4r of ma mthe itics or cliemistry or physics, and 12 hours of socia

sciences. in which are included history, philosophy, psychology,political sci nee. and sociology.

When. the student has secured credit for something like 1054 dr110 of :the 1 O hours necessary for graduation, he is advised in thematter of ch osing free electives to the best advantage. nhose whointend to go LA() chamber of c9I1ìrne1'ce work are urged. for exaiiiple,to take pubi c speaking, retailing, sociology, and public utilities,while those NN h9 look forward to becaiIiiig trade secretaries are ledto determine s fully a% possible just what field they expect to enter.To meet such a vairillty of deiriim(18, -appropriate courses are offeredin a number o fields, of which the following are illustrative: Indus-trial relations including labor problems,. labor legislation, and- per-sonnel "work 34rinciples and methods of production; various typesand kinds 6f;...1 mrketing; and advamed business law.

It is difficalti to find-students able and willing to undergo the ap-prenticeship' nOdent to successful secretarial careers. Some appearto have abt tjr: some are anxious to undertake the work; corn-paratively fi4,1 however, are both able

.and angious. Such a posi-

tion calls for 'eadership which only thebetter and more maturecollege graduate possesses.

A number ofplans have been tried with fair succéss at the Univer-sity of Illinois for interesting 'students in secretarial careers. Weeklyclass conferencOs are held early in the freshman year to near dis-cusskofis of the+ best methods of study and of opportunities in thetrade and civiel secretarial field. Fatal member of the class is urged.to confer with oorne designated member of the teaching staff. Organi-zation of a ch4lber of commerce, composed entirely of students andofficered by them,. is known as the Illini Chamber of CominericeThis chamber iis affiliated with the Illinois Chamber of Commerceand 'has the cobpereation of its Officers and directors. The presider*.of the latter, ti man of laige affairs, Ins spent .seeral days in con-ference with students. The State association of chainber of 'com-

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secretariesmerce holds mOetings rather regularly in our CoinmerceBuilding. ,

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committee secretarial this . .associationon training oassists in the hoosing afid training of young .seeretaries. Files ofhouse organs,j 'chamber o. f .commerce btilletins, and other similarpublications re made accessible to the students. Personal workamong: junior and seniors is done with çareful study of temperaments and peOonalitip. s

I Upper .claigiíen may enter only on the pert vitsgm. of Qie iiistili&'tor a courae -ot: igned exclusively for prospective secreta-r*.- A- $.1,.:

woody insta. Advisorr4syste for, isiijors'eptbies. one: to_ choose..,

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positions in which the conditions of employrwt are fully known.Another source of supply for trade and civic secretaries may be

found among college grjduates with 5 or 10 years of business ex-

perience. We are constaitly oil the lookout for those of our alumniwhose experience seems to fit there. for secretarial work.

Technical preparation fór trade and civic secretaries would be ofmuch greater value if it could be'postpQned beyond the bachelor'sdegree. Since they have less direction from employers Ulan is

.usually the case in lines of general business, the need for additionaltraining and maturity beconis greater. A year of graduate workis ordinarily .more maturing than several years of undergraduatework. The University of Illinois hoi)es to be able to furnish tradeorganizations and chambers of commerce with young men and wo-

men properly trained as undergraduates in econonOs and allied sub-

jects who have had at least a year's graduate work in the Particularfield wh'ich they expect to enter. It is impossible to malee in theundergraduate curriculum the clear-cut distinction bet.ween prepa-ration for chamber of commerçe and trade organization work ;, toassemble courses appropriate to the student's ohjective; to have himcarry on an investigation and formulate his conclusions in an accept-

able thesis; to bring him in contact with typical problems he willbe called on to solve.

In addition to Jormal training students must be placed wherethey can get aotual practice in a natural environment. Our studentsare advised to attend the National School for Trade and Civic Secre-taries held for two weeks each year at Northwestern University,under the auspices of thesecretaries' association and fathered by

the Chamber of Commerce of the United States. Our chief experi-ence up to the present time in helping -our prospective secretariesmake proper contacts has been with chainbers of commerce; for ex-,ample, cominittee secretaryships in large city chambers and generalsecretaryships in large towns and small cities. So far practicallynothing has been done in the sway of securing apprenticeshipqrainting for inexperienced men and women who are planning to go intotrade secretary positions.

ICITHAIIINt C. REILEY.- Secretarial studies at. Columbia:University were begun in university extension in 1911 when aéourse of film years, leading to a certificate of proficiency, wasestablished for high-school graduates. When in 1916 the School ofBushiest; was organized, the subject was Omitted to its curriculumas a separate program with the regular degree of the school, B. -S.

in business. At the same thine the school arranged a coursa,of one

. year.. for graduates /eluting to a certificate. Simultaneously$th.of e4-te. its 'Course.: three

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The major interest in the development of secretarial studies atColumbia University now- lies in the course in the School of Busi-ness. The requirements for admission are the satisfactory comple-tion of two years of general college work. The period of studymust include two years of English, two years of a modern. languagebeyond the entrance requirement, and one year of economics. Ifthe candidate .has not taken business organization and economicgeography while in college he must offer these subjects in his techni-cal progral in the School of Business. The requirement for thedegree is two full years, or 6O points of work, in scientific business.Secretarial students must now offer, during this period of study,stenography and typewriting, one year of accounting, bankingand business, corporation finance, statistics, business law, businesseconomics, and secretarial correspondence. These- are precisely thecourses required of the regular students in the school, with the ad-dition of stenography, typewriting, and secretarial corresppndence.:

A far more elastic program is arranged for the students din theone-year course for college graduates. The required subjects areonly stenography and typewriting. The 18 semester hours re.quiredin addition for tbe certificate may be freery _combined from any-other course in the School of Businest. A year is a very shorttime in which a student may gain useful knowledge of any specialdfild. Many college graduates come to the school with definite' ideasof the business field that they plap to enter. To assist them to ar-range -programs giving special training to carry .out these clearlydefin6d purposes, great freedom must be allowed the official advisers.

In the arrangement of 'secretaiial studies at Columbia, difficultieshave chiefly centered in the work in stenography and typewriting.Until the current year the time allowedin the degree oourse was 46semeiter hours, 40 in the first year in the school and 6 in the seem&In the one-year course the requirement was 40 semester hours. Thisrequirement proved to be one of grilling severity. It is true thatskilled instructors turned out .excellett shorthand writers and typists.In too large a percentage, however, the strain of this deadening classdrill resulted in an overténsion and drain of nervous for,nme, andbrought allot i defeat of the purpose sought. In all .cases littletime .or fresh energy was left for the difficult subjects. in scientificbusiness. It has accordingly 'been decided, i.nasmueir as these stu-dents in their college years have received discipline in the voluntiry.control of their attenticiA and habits of study, to give them edit('iions of greater freclom in the 4tudy of shorthand sod typewriting.Only 22 semester hours of actual classroom aVenc4ine are nit", te,i

kquirt*. 'The same final tests of speed and accuracy musthereti)fore: 4 t

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The purpose of the two-year course foi- high-school graduatesoffered by the department of uniMvsity extension is primarily totrain students for positions as stenographers, equipping them at the

same time with some technical training in ikractical business and

also including general college.courses in English, modern language,

etc. This additional training is designed to give them the power to

rise to positions of mare executive type. Three units of Englishmust be included in the admission requirements. The certificate re-

quirements, in addition to stenography and typewriting. are freshman

English, secretariid and business English. two years of a modern

language the elements of busine,4 organization. bookkeeping. typog-

raphy, oral English, and one elective. The requirenwnt in stenog-

raphy and typewriting amounts to at least 40 semeter hours. andusually to 46.

The essential foundation Of secretarial training must be the Eng-

lish language. To give the power of ready, precise. and appEo-priate use of English, both written and spoken. is a far longer and

harder task for the American -educator than the teaching of steno-graphic signs. To reach this result no pains are spared. either

instructor or student. Every seuretatial student. whether from high-

school or college, must on beginning her studies take an examinatiofi

in elementary English. This examinatioii is a rigid test in gram-mar, punctuation, sentence structure, capitalization and spelling.

Oral English is also demanded unless the candidate 'has satisfied the

requirement elsewhere or can convince the examiner that she uses a

standard pronunciation of her mother tongue.-. These curricula of secretarial studies have been primarily devel-

oped for women, for these formed originally i.vith few exceptions

'the gioup of .secretarial students. Recently an increasing numiwir

of Imp have enrolled, but thus far it is not indicated that the cowses

need modification on that account.

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EVENING SESSION.

Graydon Stetson, President Salem Trust Company, Salem, presiding.-

ARTHUR L. CHURCH. Secret Arial -. science is the unwrittenscience. because Were i4 so little in print which bears on it, notwith-standing the. fac '.hat it i:- one of the oldest of professions or occu°-pations. as old as civilization itself. You never can tell where a sec-

,retary is going to come from. I am the secretary of an engineeringconcern and was. educated as an engineer in all the discipline whichgoes with a theoretical course. an education in the shop, draftingoom, and in practice. An extremely able secretary studied law as a

Preliminary. Another came to it thibugh banking experience andstill another graduated from a college into a secretarial department Of

- a great organization and has been its secretarial bend for many years.'Another was a bookbinder. Many businesses select their secretaries I

from a department of the organization and not always from amongthose who are brought up from- the beginning in secretarial lines.lt is natural thatthis should be so. for it is only by experience and. ,

length of service that a person can be imbued with the tradition of It'business and knowledge of its personnel which will enable him to dothe things he will have to do in a secretarial position.

A secretary is much more than a clerk to give notice of meetings,-to take minutes and record them and preseinfethem and to see thatactions cif the board of directors or other governing body are trans.,/mitted to the officers to be carried out. .These things, however, are .

% ail important. 4nd must be done without failure and on time. Even ,

the composition of the minutes requires good taste and good English.1

A secretary who can read and write English and take notes andtranscribe .them and do the daily task is somewhat like a musicalperformOr, but that one who wiMies to make himself felt, who willbe equal to whatever emergency may arise in his profession, wouldbe like the musician, only that his sphere of knowledge ought to brmuch wider. for it may take in any art or science or several of theand require a wi.de knowled¡ze of affairs and Ot inen. He shouldcultivate the power of keeping his counsei, the ability to be intrustedwith knowledge of the various experiences of a bitsiness, those thingsbetween dephrtmehts for instawe which some one person must know,'or a small gebup of persons, example, nries of all oft-chits, and of departmental lixttA!!.: the cy :which a business ik to .,.

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or a dozen other things which should not he spread broadcast anymore than should the details of -a person's private affairs. Ile van

notle successful unless he may be depended upon to carry out andfinish those tasks which are imposed upon him by Custom in hisown business or by the board of directors or other governing bodyof the organization.

In addition to the purely secretarial duties which take up a veryconsiderable pail of the secretary's time, the activities of some secre-taries are those of housekeeper of the building in which the executiveoffices are located, such as a large office building, to see that it is

maintained in good condition, select the personnel of his own office.

to engage undersecretaries, bookkeepers, clerks, correspondents.stenographers, and typists. The employment bureau, filing room,

and library are-likely to be under his direction. The secretary of a

large corporation usually finds on his desk many letters, the answer-ing of .which is difficult to assign to any department. He receives

and answers, to meet the views of the directors and governing officers,

referenda of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, ques-tionnaires of the Federal and State Governments. etc. In manycases he prepares yearly statistical data for city, State, and FederalGovernments.

Countless requests are made to corporations by mail and ien personfor charities, chui-ch organizations, fraternal and political organiza-tions, etc. The officers of a corporation have no legal. or moral rightto donate stockholders' money unless some return is to be expected.The secretary bears the burden..pf -deciding on these subscriptions.The secretary attends public meetings as the representative of thecompany, meets persons with or without experience who have schemes

for the betterment of the corporation or axes .to grind for them-selves. In some organizations niws is given to #ie press by him.The transfer and registration of stock falls in the secretarial jurisçliction. .

The transfer of stock and its details can be taught in the schools,

but the other duties referred to can not be so taught. Ability to

handle them must come from the experience of years. Since a

secretary is liable to from any one of the professions or fromno one, he should be

.that four-year college course with itssolid 'content of English, higfory, foreign language, mathematics,

physics, and chemistry, which will give. a fo'undation upon which

any profession can be Built, and which is a source of inspiration,. pleasure, and profit to its recipient throughout his whole life. This

course has been modified 14 the interpolation of philosophy, botany,

economics, and psychology to suit the needs of studentq of businOssthe addition of industry, government, insuranee, accounting,

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and political science. Two years of approved college training havebeen recommended as a requisite for admission to the WhartonSchool mf the University of Pennsylvania.

HAROLD S. BUTTENHEIM. The directory °of Commercial andindustrial organizations recently published by the rnited StatesDepartment of Commerce hsts more than 11,000. Of these, 1,500are interstate. national, and international in scope; 2,000 are Stateorganizations: and 7.700 local. Their wide nine of activities isevident from the fact that the classified list of oinizations extend-ing beyond State boundaries required 73 headings. . Local civic-commercial organizatjons w1ì(4 objects are defined as "civic andinAlustrial development" include chambers of commerce. hoards oftrade. Commercial clubs, CC)nuntinity clubs. etc.- -The directoiy listsmore tharl 4.000 such organizations. No figures are available asto how many ha ve paid secretaries who are making civic-commercialorganization work their sole or thain professi;)n. 'There are at least800 all-time positimis with orjranizations of this type. These 800men have collectiv(;iy one of the biggest jobs which a group ofsimiar size has ever undertakena job with boundless possibilitiesfor real. fundamental service to American communities and to theXation as a whore.

Assuming nat ive qualitie§ of energy, optimism. tact, personal mag-netism, usefulness, and broad vision', and assuming also a good gen-eral education on which to build. there are four maitl activities ofthe civic-commercial organizatjon secretary which may be fegardedas the main objectives Cf spedalized secretarial triining. (1) Thesecretary must know how to keep his organization Me. No secr.e-tary can be thoroughly efficient who does not undOrstand and usemodern methods of membership building and maintenance and ofsecuring and holding; adequate financial support for his organiza-tion. (2) He must understand the technique of his job. He musthave a detailed knowledge of the system by which a modern officeis managed and run, and must alsq know how to make the manyhuman contacts which the succe&sful operation of his cominunitydynamo involves. He must know the devices of efficient zelation-ship between himself 'and his board of directors. committees, and hismembership as a whole, and between his organization and other or-.ganized groups in thecommunity. He must know how to develop amodern program of work, how to cOnduct members' forum meetings,and many ofber well-tried methods in which the best practice of sue-cefeful secfetaries is now available. (3) He must knot how torender the speéial stirvice whiCh. his organization may properlyperform for its members. Arming such activities are indotrialresearch and development, the itimulatifig of retail track the min

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ment of a traffic bureau, the study of marketing problem, the secureing of conventions. and the advertising'of the advantages of the cityfor home seekers. (4) The secretary must be able to guide his or-ganization wisely in' its work for the general civic welfare. Many

an American city has an efficient form of municipal governmentwhich its people would not have adopted but for tho initiative of thelocal chamber of commerce; and the same is true of city planning orzoning ordinances, parks and playgrounds, public health programs,streets well paved and lighted, adequate water supply and sanitarysystems, a.nd many other forward steps in municipal and civicprogress.

Nor do city boundaries limit the civic activities of the forward-looking chamber of commerce secretary. He studies the advisability

of a regional planning scheme which will tie together surrounding'

towns and villages with *a rational system of highways and parks.

Through his State chamber Of commerce and the Chamber of Com-

merce of the United States, and through direct contact of his or-

ganization with the legislature and governmental officials, he helps

to influence State and national action on a wide variety of business

and civic problems.A community-mindedness is beginning to emerge through which

our municipalities are coming to realize that they are in a very large

measure the masters of their own destinies, and that not only do their

deeds as communities react on the welfare and happiness of theirown citizens, but that their example may influence the forward march

of community life to a state-wide or nation-wide or eventually a

world-wide degree. The extent to which this community-mindedness

shall become increasingly. vocal and effective will be influen6d in a

very large measure by the ability and training of our local com-

munity leaders.MINA KERn. The position of executive secretary in social or-

ganizations has 'come with the development of great national organ-

izations whose important function it is to initiate reforms, to interpret

measures, and to educate publiC opinion. Many .national organiza-

tions doing this kind pf work have executive seòretarie4. The latter

usually have a responsibility for finances; they must understandthe budget system, source of income, and know how to distribute

this income in the wisest and most efficient way among tke various

ilepartments pf the organization's work. They have to .help .some-

,times in raising money needed for thé work of the cirganization,

and there is. always the responsibility for economy and efficiency in

expenditure. It is their task to make..constructive plans, initiate

policies, and wcIrk out progiams for the work at headquarters and

lor OR. QrgAnization... very import4nt aide of the work. lies.Ni

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BEORETABIAL TRAINING. 81

in`th.e relation to the people; to theeelected officers and committees ofthe asto4tion and to the staff of regular workers;. to the great bodyof members; and to the visitors of many kinds who come to theoffice. For another phase of their work which has to do with co--operation with other national organizations they need knowledge ofpublic questions, ability to write and speak and to work with othergroups of pcople, and above all a sense of what is steady progress andnot mere temporary agitation.

Undoubtedly our colleges and universities can provide a certitinamount of training which will prepare for this kind of work. Atraining school oan instruct and give smne practical experience inthe making of a budget, the stimating of resources and expendi-tures therein. and in general business methods in the managementof offices. It can also give Ingtruction and practice in the generaltechnique of organization work. Courses in fundamental and socialpsychology, sociology. government, history, all assist in getting thekind of back&round which helps in Nk-orking and living with otherpeople. A school can prepare a student for organization work bycourses in economics, government, current history, and present-day politics and educational movements. Undoubtedly theoretical'courses can be combined with-certain opportunities for practiCe .withorganizations, provided the school is located in a large city. Mosteducational and social organization executive secretaries at the pres-ent time havb come up through volunteer work in the organizationsin which they now hold office. This position. like every. other, re-quires certain native bents and abilities. and to these must be addedexperience which can 0.TO in part from the school and in part mustcome from actual life and work.

CHARLES LEE SWEM. It is puzzling to know where to drawthe line between a secretary and a good stenographer. I was simplystenographer to the President, and yet from tlw first day to the lastof the Wilson administration I received in dictation the letters ofthe President., transcribeethem myself on the typewriter. reportedall his utterances, and in weral handled practically all his privateand confidential work, such as keeping his personal files. digestinghis letters for him to save him the time of reading them through,making appointments for him, and in fact taking up in person withmembers of his Cabinet business that he would not transmit by letterand for which he had scant, time himselfall duties of a privatesecretary, in icality transacted by a stenographer..

The President -of the. United Statqs has a private secretary andbut one in name. His post, is frankly .political and advisory. One.of the chief functions of any secretary is that of meeting callers,

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32 BECRITARIAL TRAINING.

in the White House thefe is even another secretary, though not by

name, who does that. The President has, however, not less than ahalf dozen actual secretaries, who'se duties are very clearly defined.

They do the actual clerical and detail work that is characteristic of

a secretary's job.The qualifications necessary to become secretary to the President

of the United States are not characteristic, yet the secretary to anypublic man must in some degree possess those same qualifications.

Practically every public man is in politics; his secretary. therefore

must know something of the political game. He need not be an as-tute politician, but he must have a sense of politics. Outside of thissingle qualification the secretary to the public man "es not differ

materially froin the business secretary. The essential qualificatonof every secretary is common sense, the ability to see with his eyes,

to hear with his ears, and to think with his'l)wn head. A. secretary

A can be told from the mere stenographer by his absolute rerrdines, to

perform any and all quties that may be necessary for the advance-ment of his chiefs interests. A secretary to a public man part icu-

larly mttit be able to use. shorthand. His chief is frequently calledupon to make speeches 6,r to give voice to olue Opinion for newspaper ,

consumptiori when a stenographer is not present. and the secretaryshould see that he is not only quotëd, but correctly quoted. A busyman chnferring with his secretar'y can not call a stenographer torevery instruction that may occur to him at the moment: the secretary

should be able to jot it down to be given to the stenographer later.In business life the woman secretary may be just as 'serviceable,

if not more so, than the male secretary. More often than not she

a- better master- of detail, and secretarial work is a work almosteritirely of detail... For that reason, where othèr considerations are

not involved, perhaps it might be said that the girl will make a better

secretary than the man. In public life., however. that statementwill not hold good.

The schools can not turn out full-fledged secretaries, because there

are no two secretarial positions alike. The. best thitt the school can

'do is to give the student the routine of the work and the necessarybackground upon which he will be able to build and gmw into the

job.. Shorthand, typewriting, the elements. kf .bookkeeping, filing,

and routine procedure can and should be taught. The schobl can not

teach commonIOnse, but it can develop it. Itocan so offor.- instruction

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ADJOURNMENT.

At the request of and subsequent to Iie conference the chairmanappointed the following committee on secretarial training to studythe subject and prepare a report on needs and opportunities for secre-

obtarial service. with recommended courses of study to meet needs andpromote opportunities: H. E. Bartow. Mary B. Breed, Ann tréviring-ton, Harold S. Buttenileim, Arthur L. Church, T. Lawrence Davis,_Edward . Eltiridge, Emma P. Hirth, Harry Loeb Jacobs, HarleanJames, Mina Kerr, Edward J. Kilduff, Edward J. NrcNamara,Katharine C. Rei ley. Charles Lee Swem. (Mar les M. Thompson-, W. R..wWagenseller, and Glen Levin Swiggett, ahairman.'

Miss Hirth Is director of the Bureau of Vocationni Information, New YorkCity, andMiss is secretary of 'rife American Chi. AsKociation, Washington, D. C. Seeprogram of the conference for positions arid *addresses of other members of the committee.Additional members are to be appointed.

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Documents

SECRETARIAL TRAINING - ERIC · MORNING SESSION. Harry L Jacobs, President Bryant andStratton College, Providence, presiding. GLEN LEVIN SWIGGETT. This conferenceonsecretarial training