Secondary Data Researchmhupa-ray.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/uttar...Kanpur is the largest city in the state with a popu lation of 25.5 lakhs in 2001 and is expected to become

Secondary Data Research

Urban Poverty related Programmes

Current support for Urban Poverty Alleviation

Existing Urban Development Plans

Status of RAY Reforms

of

Uttar Pradesh (Raebareli)

Support to National Policies on Urban Poverty Reduction

(a DFID and MoHUPA Partnership)

Submitted by:

2012

School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi

4, Block -B, Indraprastha Estate, New Delhi – 110002

Tele-fax: 011-23725516

email: [email protected]

SNPUPR- Northern Region (A DFID and MoHUPA Partnership)

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

Prepared by:

School of Planning and Architecture,

New Delhi

Prof. ( Dr.) Neelima Risbud

Dean of studies & Professor Housing, SPA

[email protected]

Ms. Dipti Parashar

Senior Urban Planner, NRC

[email protected]

Ms. Rupali Sandhu

Project Associate, NRC

[email protected]

School of Planning & Architecture

4, Block -B, Indraprastha Estate

New Delhi – 110002

Tele-fax: 011-23725516

Web: www.spa.ac.in



Contents

Sr. No. Contents Page

No.

1. Uttar Pradesh 1

1.1. Overview of the State 1

1.2. State Urban Scenario 1

1.3. Housing situation and poverty 3

1.3.1. Demand and supply of houses 3

1.3.2. Urban poverty 4

1.4. Slum profile 4

1.4.1. Definition of slums 4

2. Slum situation in RAY cities 6

2.1. Lucknow 7

2.2. Kanpur 10

2.3. Varanasi 12

2.4. Meerut 15

2.5. Allahabad 16

2.6. Moradabad 19

2.7. Gorakhpur 20

2.8. Aligarh 21

2.9. Ghaziabad 22

2.10. Jhansi 23

2.11. Agra 24

2.12. Bareilly 25

2.13. Mathura 27

3. Background of Rae Bareily 28

3.1. History of district as administrative unit 28

3.2. Location and Boundaries 29

3.3. Slums in Rae Bareily 30



4. Legal and Institutional framework for Town Planning,

Housing and Slum Improvement

34

4.1. Institutional Framework 34

4.1.1. Town and Country Planning Deptt. 35

4.1.2. Housing 36

4.1.3. Slum Improvement 36

4.1.4. Administrative set up 36

4.1.5. Land Acquisition and development 37

4.2. Policies, Programmes and Schemes 37

4.2.1. State policy for Urban Housing 1995 37

4.2.2. Urban housing policy- 2009 40

4.2.3. Houses for all – Under House for all schemes 42

4.2.4. Manyawar Kanshi Ram Sahari Garib Awasiya Yojana of U.P. 42

5. Issues 45

SNPUPR – Northern Region (A DFID and MoHUPA Partnership)

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi 1

1. Uttar Pradesh

1.1. Overview of the State

Uttar Pradesh is a state located on the

northern part of India. With a population

of over 190 million people, it is India's

most populous state, as well as the

world's most populous sub-national

entity. Were it a nation in its own right,

Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth

most populous country.

Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the

highly fertile and densely populated

upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north along with the

Indian state of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh to the north-west, Haryana, Delhi and

Rajasthan on the west, Madhya Pradesh on the south, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the

south east and Bihar on the east.

1.2. State Urban Scenario

The total population of Uttar Pradesh is 16.60crore as per census of India 2001. Out of

which 13.15 crore (79.22%) is rural and 3.45 crore (20.78%) is urban population. This

indicates to 16% of the total population of India and 12% of urban population of which lives

in Uttar Pradesh. The decadal increase of the state’s population was 32.88% during the year

1991-2001 which is 31.13% of the National Average. Further, it is to note that State’s Urban

Population is expected to increase to 21.77% i.e. 4.49 crore during the year 2011 and 5.83

crore i.e. 23.19% during the year 2021.

Map of Uttar Pradesh

Source: Uttar Pradesh (District Map)

www.mapsofindia.com



0

1

2

3

4

1971 1981 1991 2001

Growth of Urban Pop in U.P. – 1971- 2001 (in Million)

Source: Census of India, 2001, Uttar Pradesh

Western Uttar Pradesh is more

urbanized than the rest of the state.

There are 628 local bodies in the

State which is the highest in the

country, but it ranks 18th in the field

of national urbanization. About 62%

i.e. two-third of the State population

lives in 54 class I towns and about

28% of the total urban population of

the State is situated in 6

metropolitan cities i.e. Kanpur,

Lucknow, Varanasi, Agra,

Allahabad and Meerut.

The population increase of especially in small and medium towns i.e. Class V and VI has

been comparatively very low comprising 32% of population increase in metropolitan cities.

The main reason is migration pattern of small and medium towns to larger cities during the

year 1991-2001. This has been misbalanced in the urbanization pattern at regional level.

The population of class I towns is increasing at a higher rate. During the year 1951, the

urban population was 33.71% which increased to 62% in the year 2001. There was acute

development in 14 Class I towns in 1991 to 54 in 2001. The main reason is better

infrastructure facilities, better job opportunities educational and health facilities. Therefore, it

Level of Urbanization in Different Districts of Uttar

Pradesh (2001)



is necessary to provide better inclusive development in small and medium town for the

balance growth of the region.

Kanpur is the largest city in the state with a population of 25.5 lakhs in 2001 and is expected

to become a 4 million + city by 2030. Lucknow the state capital is 22.45 lakhs.

1.3. Housing situation and poverty

1.3.1. Demand and Supply of Houses

Urban population of the State is increasing rapidly. The provision of developed Plots/houses

is very limited which result the growth of unauthorized colonies i.e. slum development.

During 10th Five year (2002-07), the shortage of Housing units was projected to 7-0 lakh

units, whereas during 10th Five Year Plan, the demand of 9.0 lakhs housing units was

projected. As such, during 10th Five Year Plan, the demand of 16.0 lakh housing units was

envisaged i.e. 3.2 lakh housing unit per year.

During limited scope for construction of housing units, only one lakh units were constructed

by Development Authority and U.P. Housing and Development Board in 2009-10. As such,

the State Government formulated a Policy to construct two third 16.0 lakh housing units

through Public, Private and co-operative sector i.e. 9.10lakh, 5.40 lakh and 1.0 lakh

respectably. In respect of this target the contribution of these three sectors was only 4.50

lakhs, where as 1.25 times of the above targets was contributed by unorganized sector (i.e.

5.60 lakhs housing units).

During 11th Five Year Plan i.e. (2007-12), a shortage of 4.67 lakhs housing units was

projected. Beside this shortage, an additional shortage of 11.17 lakhs housing was predicted

by other agencies. Thus a total demand of 15.84 lakh housing units is predicted. Out of

which (10.45lakhs units) are proposed to be constructed by Public, Private and Co-

operative sectors that is 35%, 55% and 10% respectively. Out of above three sectors, during

11th Five Year Plan, the total housing units will contribute 30% of E.W.S, 34% L.I.G, 24%

M.I.G and 12% for H.I.G Groups. As such this target of 64% of the housing units will be

constructed for weaver and lower income groups.

It is important to note that during the end of 10th Five Year Plan, 99% of the housing units

were constructed for economically weaker section and low income groups against the target

of 2.47 crore. The housing demand for the state of U.P. is 60% for the higher income

groups. Therefore it is necessary to propose three units for the above target groups on the

basis of socio-economic survey to be conducted for state as a whole.



1.3.2. Urban Poverty

The portable drinking water, cleanliness and services are the basic need of the society.

Keeping in view the above facts, to fulfill the targets under millennium development goals,

every country of the world had agreed for portable drinking water along with pollution free

environment for urban population living in unprotected areas.

There is proposal to reduce such population to a larger extent. But, the lack of basic

facilities in urban areas is still a major problem of the state as a whole. Still 33% of the

facilities of urban areas are living in such conditions where there is no portable water and

facilities. More than 50% of the families are living in such conditions where there is no

sewerage system at all.

1.4. Slum Profile

Uttar Pradesh houses the largest number of urban poor in a single state

1.4.1. Definition of Slums

The slum definition as per the U.P. Slum Areas (Improvement & Clearance Act, 1962) is very

broad. The number of unauthorized colonies and villages in the municipal area are also

included in slums. Once the area is declared as a slum, it continues to be in the list even

after being developed. The boundaries of Slums are also not well demarcated. In every

District town, there is office of DUDA under the District Magistrate, Where slum are identified

and schemes are prepared on the basis of norms and standard given for development. The

development components are drainage, roads/lands/potable water supply, street

electrification, park and open space development, community toilets etc.

About 31% of the total urban population of the state is living in slums. There are poor basic

amenities and facilities of slums, polluted environmental condition and not suitable for

human habitat. As such, there is a need to provide special attention for improving the

environmental condition and health facilities. There is a need to provide better hygienic

conditions in slum areas and to construct new housing stocks in the existing towns as well

as in new developing towns, where higher level of basic facilities are to be provided. Thus

improved environmental condition will upgrade the earning capacity of low and economically

weaker section of society.



There is great difference in increasing urban population and economic facilities, for urban

poor in the state. The increasing pattern of population in larger towns is more and basic

facilities are better as compared to the small towns. The main reason is availability of better

job opportunities in larger towns along with economic opportunities. Other than this, the

basic facilities like educational, medical and health are also included, which are definitely

better than smaller towns which result in better economic growth in their towns.

The State Govt. has decided to provide better facilities in the towns. Various agencies are

working to maintain their facilities services and infrastructure. The Central Govt. schemes

like JNNURM, Urban Infrastructure Development scheme for small and medium towns

(U.I.D.S.S.M.T) and Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (I.H.S.D.P),

there successful implementation will provide good opportunity in the Urban sector of the

state for providing better infrastructure amenities and facilities which will make a better living

conditions to Urban poor.



2. Slum Situation in RAY cities

There are 18 Pilot cities identified under SNPUPR project.

1. Kanpur

2. Lucknow

3. Agra Municipal Corporation

4. Varanasi

5. Meerut

6. Allahabad

7. Ghaziabad

8. Bareily

9. Aligarh

Percentage slum population in RAY cities

Cities Urban Population (2001) % slum population

(2001)

Agra 1259979 9.67

Meerut 1,074,229 43.87

Ghaziabad 9,68,521 47.93

Saharanpur 452925 31.80

Aligarh 667732 52.42

Moradabad 641240 51.21

Lucknow 2207340 8.2

Kanpur 2532138 14.5

Varanasi 1100748 42.81

Gorakhpur 624570 33.46

Jhansi 383248 42.55

Allahabad 990298 32.32

Source: “State of Urban heath in Uttar Pradesh”, The Urban Health Resource Centre (UHRC)

10. Moradabad

11. Gorakhpur

12. Jhansi MB

13. Saharanpur

14. Firozabad

15. Muzaffarnagar

16. Mathura

17. ShahJáhanour

18. Noida



2.1. Lucknow

Lucknow city has 37.39% of its population living in the slums (excluding the Urban Villages).

Slum Population w.r.t. LMC population

Oxfam Trust, India in 2005 indicates that there are 787 slum settlements in the city. The

slum settlements in the city have increased from 530 to 787 from 1989 to 2005 i.e. in span of

16 years. The Census 2001 originally did not report any slums and then later revised its

findings. DUDA follows the definition as stated in the UP Slum Act 1962.SUDA/UNCHS do

not follow this definition but define poverty in terms of vulnerability as does Oxfam.

Source: Oxfam Survey 2005

Year LMC population Slum Population % share of slum population

w.r.t. Total pop. of LMC

1981 9.47 1.73 2.85 - 30.10

1991 16.19 6.72 6.97 4.12 43.05

2001 21.85 5.66 10.18 3.21 46.59

Estimated -

2011

31.66 9.81 14.88 4.7 47.00



Categories of slums

• Authorized settlements are those where there is security of tenure with the cluster

being either an outcome of a government resettlement programme or being located

on private/own land1.

• Unauthorized settlements are those that have emerged on available vacant plots,

mainly railway land or on encroached areas, on the riverbanks or on drains are

classified as unauthorized.

Sub categorization of slums on the basis

of land tenure

• 250 clusters are on halo land (lands which

were given to the dwellers by the erstwhile

nawabs against nominal rents

• 115 clusters are on the railway land

• 195 clusters are on the lands with multiple

ownerships where residents are paying

‘someone’ a monthly rent

• 274 as urban villages

• DUDA identifies 5 categories of land

tenure status for slums. Of the total 530

slums, 79% are located on ‘Niji Lands’ or ‘Own Lands’. These are the lands that had

originally been handed out by the Nawabs and are today part of the Trusts of the

royal families.

1 Nitya Shukla, “Strategy for Slum improvement in Lucknow” (2008), Unpublished Thesis



Spatial Location of Slums in Lucknow

Name of the

wards

No. of slum

settlements

Zone I 161

Zone II 89

Zone III 56

Zone IV 45

Zone V 78

Zone VI 85

Total 514

Issues:

• There are several sources of information regarding the number of slums in the City

and the population living in the slums – each of the sources differ in their conclusions

but all agree that Lucknow does have a significant slum population that is distributed

in almost even clusters across the wards.

• The slum clusters are located on land that is under various categories of owners –

74% of the slums are located on ‘own land’ where there is security of tenure, about

115 clusters are located on railway lands and the remaining slums are located on

land that belongs to ‘someone’ and requires that dwellers pay a monthly rent.

• All slums are characterized by poor access to basic services and consultations with

slum dwellers has revealed that there is willingness to pay for services either as

capital cost contribution or in terms of labour for housing, water supply, drainage and

solid waste management



2.2. Kanpur

Kanpur was an industrial town having a dozen textile mills, shoe manufacturing units,

tanneries, a scooter unit, spice packaging units and various other small and medium scale

industries. Many of the industries have closed down in recent past. This along with many

other sick units has led to large unemployment and increase in urban poverty.

In addition to this, more than twenty percent of the population in Kanpur stays in areas

marred with unhygienic living conditions and lack of civic amenities. The urban infrastructure

is not satisfactory enough to bring homogenous development in new areas. The growth of

housing stock is not able to keep pace with the population growth. This has increased the

housing stock deficit which has given rise to slum dwellings.

Slums in Kanpur

As per the survey conducted by DUDA and documents from KNN, total slums in Kanpur are

390. According to census 2001, the slum population was 3.68 lakh i.e. 14.5 percent of total

Population. As per the survey conducted by D.U.D.A in 1997-98, the population was

4,19,859 and total households were 98,208. As per K.N.N estimate, slum population is about

5.0 lakh in 2006 which is twenty percent of total population. A large number of below poverty

line (BPL) population (about 60%) also live-in slums.

Slum population in Kanpur

Housing condition in Slums

Majority of households i.e. more than 51 percent live in Kutcha Houses made of grass, mud

etc. and jhuggi jhopri’s. Only 21 percent stay in Pucca Houses. In slums, about 47 percent

have their own houses whereas 41% lives in as tenant whereas rest are living as

unauthorised occupants as informed by DUDA, Kanpur.



Housing at slum Basties

Key Issues

• Lack of proper shelter, poor access to basic needs and lack of awareness make the

slum dwellers life style very poor. About 20 percent of the Kanpur’s population is

living in slums; hence all housing programmes should target provision of better

shelter for them on priority basis.

• The resettlement of the slum dwellers should be done taking into consideration their

requirement, distance between their place of work and stay.

• In many of the slums water through public stand posts and hand pumps have been

provided but it has been observed that lots of water is wasted.

• The quality of piped water supply, which slum dwellers receive, is very poor and

suspected to be contaminated. Without filtration it is impossible for them to use it for

drinking purpose.

• Only in a few slums sewerage lines have been provided and they were often

chocked.

• No proper mechanism of solid waste disposal exists. Either the disposal sites are

non-existent or even if they exist, they are located at far away place which the slum

dwellers find inconvenient to use. The few waste disposal sites that exist are in a

sad state of affairs as they are not cleaned on a daily basis and the waste gets

scattered all over the place creating a health hazard.

• In most of the slums, no provision has been made to provide storm water drains. Due

to which water logging takes place adding to the unhygienic condition within the

slums.

• While the city has made provision for public sanitation facilities in a few slums, still

about 30-40% slums go for open defecation, causing both a health hazard and a

problem of safety.



• At present the number of notified slum is 390 and strategies for rehabilitation and

implementation of central and state government schemes can only be carried out in

the notified slums. There is a need to carry out a fresh survey to cover all slums and

poor communities so that the actual demand for housing and basic services for

urban poor can be ascertained and overall city environment can be improved.

2.3. Varanasi

Varanasi has 227 slums spread all over the city, either on government or private lands. Total

population in slums is about 453,222, which is about 37.69% of the total population. These

227 slums have formulated 21 Community Development Centres (CDC), which are

responsible for the overall development of the slums along with Slum Urban Development

Authority (SUDA). Population in the slums varies from 200 to almost 9,000 people with

varied densities. Rapid growth of slums in Varanasi has put a lot of pressure on the existing

land resources and infrastructure and has led to deterioration of its physical environment.

Majority of slums have very poor water supply and sanitation facilities; most are either un-

sewered or partially sewered, with disposal of household wastewater and solid wastes taking

place directly into open nallas. This phenomenon has adversely affected drainage system in

these areas and led to water logging in different areas. The poor environmental conditions

within the slum areas have adversely affected the health of the residents. Financial

constraints on the part of civic authorities and un-authorized nature of the slums have also

contributed to non-delivery or partial delivery of basic amenities.

The slum population in the city accounts for about 37.69% of the city population and some of

the factors, which are responsible for this, are:

• Maximum percentage of people living in the slums is employed with the MCV as

Safai Karamcharis. Labour employed with the Handloom industry account for the

second highest concentration followed by rickshaw pullers, which account for nearly

10 to 15% of the slum population.

• The existing tourism base of the city creates opportunities for employment

generation, especially for unskilled labour

• Lack of development opportunities in the hinterland



Location of slums

Slum locations are spread all over the city but major concentrations can be found in the old

city area near the ghats, areas near small scale industries (as a high percentage of slum

dwellers are weavers working in Handloom industry) as well as in the Rajghat area The main

factor attributing to this concentration is proximity to work place. In case of the old city area,

the employment generation due to religious and tourist traffic and in case of Rajghat area,

the availability of open land has led to indiscriminate squatting.

But the slum

concentration in

these areas has not

only led to poor

living conditions for

the slum dwellers

but is also

responsible for the

general deterioration

of the living

environment of the

city.

This is primarily due

to lack of proper

infrastructural

services in these

areas and

considering the fact

that most of these

slums have 1000+

populations



Housing scenario in slums

64% of slums have pucca houses, 22% have semi-pucca followed by 14% Jhuggi Jhopri.

The housing is made up of make shift material like sandstone tiles, thatches.

Structural conditions of slums

Key issues

For the reason that the lack of infrastructure facilities leads to pollution of Ganga River and

deterioration of living environment of the slums, the following issues need to be addressed:

• In-situ up-gradation of slums, wherever possible, with provision of basic facilities

needs to be taken up

• Ex situ -Relocation and rehabilitation plan for slum dwellers

• Open defecation by the slum population due to lack of provision of CTCs and IHHLs

• Lack of piped water supply in the slum areas leading to high dependence on ground

water and other sources

• Lack of means of waste disposal leading to open dumps which lead to clogging of

drains and act as breeding grounds for mosquitoes

• Lack of sense of ownership among the residents – facilities are looked upon as

something that has been provided by the government, and it is the government's

responsibility to "run" the CTCs;

• Provision of CTCs and water supply lines to slum dwellers



2.4. Meerut

Slums in the city cover an area of approximately 240 ha and have an average population

density of around 575 people per hectare. Significant number of these slum dwellers belongs

to backward castes. Scheduled Castes account for nearly 27% of the total slum population in

the city.

Existing slum population in Meerut City

There are 102 slums, which are identified by DUDA in the year 2000. This list is still in the

process of revision. There are several poverty clusters in the city which are not registered in

the official list owing to which they are not getting the benefits of various Governments

policies and facilities. Slums in Meerut have grown from 10 Slum pockets in 1950 to 108

Slum pockets in 2003. Owing to the flaws in current planning process and various ongoing

government policies, practiced so far. Suffering from bias against slums these pockets have

mainly been the recipients of residues and left-over of the main city, which has created

object conditions of poor hygiene and wretchedness in one to all 108 slums as notified by

DUDA. Such treatment of slums also failed to achieve a holistic urban growth.

Condition of slums



Basic Services and Housing

The existing scenario in Meerut has got two distinct dimensions. Besides fulfilling the

demand of basic amenities and infrastructure, for the mainstream population, the city needs

to address the widespread disparity in access to basic urban services and treatment of city’s

slum dwellers and urban poor that constitute over 40% population of the city.

By and large the condition of huge slum population in the city expressed in terms of access

to basic services present a very grim situation. Only 49.42% of slum dwellers have a piped

water supply, only 48.27% have individual/ private toilets, while mere 24% of these have

sewer lines. 43 % of these slums have drainage network. Overall state of physical and social

infrastructure in the slum areas highlights the acute disparity in service distribution and

provision amongst different areas of the city. The health services to these slums are

provided by 8 health posts and 4 rural PHCs (which also cover few urban areas). There are

2 charitable hospitals which are also functional in the city and serving the urban poor. Many

NGOs are also working in these slums in order to provide the basic education and primary

health services. Poor housing stock in different slums further adds to the degradation of

these areas. As per DUDA records a total of 11203 houses need improvement (until year

2003). Of these 8669 are partially built, while 2534 are Jhuggis/ Kutcha houses that need to

be dismantled and new housing provision need to be made on the lines of VAMBAY/ IHSDP

schemes.

2.5. Allahabad

A large number of slums (Annex 3) are located along the riverbed, in the core of the old city,

in the cantonment area and other environmentally sensitive areas (Figure 31). There are 185

slums with a total population of 3,30,000 covering almost 27.4% of the total population.

Whereas a rapid survey of authorized and unauthorized settlements/slums and urban

villages17 carried out by Oxfam (India) Trust in 2005 suggests that there are 283 poor

settlements or slums in Allahabad with a population of 3,63,550 persons. This constitutes

30% of the total population of the city. However, as per the CoI 2001, only about 15% of

city’s population lives in slums. Table 54 depicts the decadal increase in the slum population.

Slum population



Of the total 283 slums, there are 59 slum settlements having a total of 20-50 households

while 159 settlements inhabit over 200 households. There are about 131 authorized slums,

112 unauthorized ones and 40 urban villages.

The three-fold growth of slums in the last decade can be attributed to a combination of

factors as under:

• Poor economic conditions – can neither pay rent for proper housing nor can afford to

buy a house;

• Desire to live close to one's own community;

• Involvement of religious or political groups who have vested interests;

• Inability on the part of the local administration to prevent encroachment of government-

owned land;

• Large-scale emergence of nuclear families; and,

• Migration from rural areas in search of livelihood as urban areas provide commercial

and industrial set-up offering greater employment opportunities.

The rapid growth and development of slums in Allahabad city has led to deterioration of its

physical environment. Majority of slums have18 very poor water supply and sanitation

facilities; most are either without sewer or with partially sewer, with disposal of household

waste water and solid wastes taking place directly into open nallas, which adversely affects

drainage in these areas, leading to water logging. The poor environmental conditions within

the slum areas have adversely affected the health of the residents. Financial constraints on

the part of civic authorities and unauthorized nature of the slums have also contributed to

non-delivery or partial delivery of basic amenities.

Some startling comparisons made in the Oxfam Report between the authorised and

unauthorised slum settlements are –

• Poor people living in unauthorized slums do not have access to minimum basic

services while there are better basic services in authorized slums;

• Only 3% houses are pucca, 20% semi-pucca and 77% kutcha) in unauthorized slums

whereas 70% houses in authorized slums are pucca. There are about 40% pucca

houses in urban villages;

• 60% houses have individual connections in authorized slums whereas it is only 10% in

unauthorized slums;



• 85% inhabitants in authorized slums have individual hygienic toilets where as 85-90%

people in unauthorized slums take to open defecation; and

• 60% people in authorized slums have individual electricity connection while this figure

is only 10% in unauthorized slums.

Housing situation in slums

The average household size in slums in Allahabad is about 6 versus 4.5 for the city as a

whole. Only 3% houses are pucca (20% semi pucca and 77% kutcha) in unauthorized slums

whereas this is 70% in authorized slums. There are about 40% pucca houses in urban

villages. A 500 crore Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna was started in the year 2002 but it still

stands incomplete. DUDA’s annual progress reports indicate that only 70 houses have been

built in the financial year 2003-04 which is a very small number as compared to the need of

city. Also, the rehabilitation colonies already constructed under the scheme are located far

away from the commercial and residential areas where the poor are employed and lack

basic services, thus escalating the opportunity cost and rendering them an economically

unviable proposition as far as liveability is concerned.

An average plot size of 15 m2 has been allotted to all families that are rehabilitated without

taking into account the needs of the people.

Key issues

The three-fold growth of slums in the last decade can be attributed to a combination of

factors summarised as –

• Poor economic conditions – can neither pay rent for proper housing nor can afford to

buy a house;

• They are caused due to desire of living close to one's own community;

• Involvement of religious or political groups who have vested interests in developing

slums;

• Inability of local administration to prevent encroachment of government owned land;

• Large-scale emergence of nuclear families;

• Water and sanitation situation in slums is very grim;

• Open defecation is common and use of public toilets is limited;

• Across the slums, the drains are open and invariably choked with garbage;

• Open disposal of garbage from rive side slums blocks the drains and results in flooding

during the monsoon season;



• The Indira Awas Yojana is yet to see the light of day to improve the conditions of slum

dwellers, and a comprehensive slum development strategy needs be worked out; and

• Migration from rural areas in search of a livelihood as, urban areas provides the

commercial and industrial set-up that offers greater employment opportunities.

2.6. Moradabad

There are about 100 notified slum settlements in Moradabad city. The approximate slum

population is 1, 80,000 in 2010. The list of slums is given in Annexure 2.1.The percentage of

slum population to total population is 21% in 2010.

Slum population to total population

The total number of slum households is

approximately 30,000 and the

percentage of slum households to total

households is 23% in 2010.

Slum households to total households

Generally, slums located in outskirts of the city and those in interior offer two different

typologies. The core and old city areas are predominantly Muslim population; representing

diversity in terms of demography. And the slums on the outskirts are predominant with

Valmiki, SC or ST population. Based on these typologies we have identified the following

stakeholder groups and their behavioural patterns:



Slums Outskirts:

• Open defecation is prevalent.

• Most of the households are not having the toilet/latrine facilities and all the habitants

of these areas open defecate in the fields.

• There is no provision of community toilets in these areas.

• There is no provision of door to door collection but residents throw garbage on the

open road/street or in vacant land,/drains/nallas.

• No pipe water supply network and the source of water supply is hand pumps.

• There is no drainage system and water logging take place at low lying areas.

Slums Inner City:

• This area is having community toilets with several operation and maintenance

challenges.

• Children are not allowed to enter the community toilets

• Open defecation by children in drains and open spaces is common.

• Water Scarcity and poor state of community toilets forces elders also to defecate in

open but, it is not very common. Some community toilets do not have water, electricity

connection with broken toilet seats force people to defecate in close vicinity.

• People are in some ways constrained in going out to defecate in the inner city areas.

Open areas such as Public Park land or vacant plots have become open defecation

spots.

• Most of community toilets discharge their waste into open nallas/drains.

2.7. Gorakhpur

In Gorakhpur Urban Agglomeration the share of slum population compared to the total

population is quite high. As per EHP report, 34% of the total population is living in slums and

slum-like conditions in Gorakhpur. Therefore, more than one-third of the urban population

lives in slums under inhumane conditions and with increased susceptibility to disease and ill

health. Trends in the growth of urban poverty suggest that the number of poor will increase

considerably unless a well-planned, long-term intervention strategy is in place. A significant

proportion of slums are not listed in official records and therefore remains outside the

purview of public services. Different agencies have given different estimations on the

population living in slums of Gorakhpur.



Identification of various slums by agencies

Most of the slum population living in UA are migrants from nearby rural areas and districts,

which are vulnerable due to their poor economic status, lack of basic health, education and

civic facilities. In terms of the socio-economic growth of the city, poor health conditions

among slum dwellers need to be addressed on a priority basis. Under Jawahar Lal Nehru

Urban Renewal Mission (JNURM) a number of efforts have been planned for to uplift city

slums. Avas Vikas Parishad and Gorakhpur Development Authority are taking care of the

housing needs of the poor people. Poor people are dependent on Government run hospitals,

dispensaries and RMPs for availing health facilities.

2.8. Aligarh

There are a total of 114 slum settlements in Aligarh city. The slum population has increased

from 174300 in 2001 to 367134 in 2010.. The percentage of slum population to total

population has increased from 26% in 2001 to 44% in 2010


The total number of slum households is approximately 66455 in 2010.The percentage of

slum households to total households is 44% in 2010.



Slum households to total households:

2.9. Ghaziabad

Based on the slum mapping exercise conducted by the State Department of Health and

Family Welfare, 82 slums were identified in Ghaziabad city. Of these, 50 slums were already

in the official list while 32 new unlisted slums were identified. The total population residing in

the listed slums is 194,000.

Distribution of slums

Overview of the distribution of slums in Ghaziabad, 2007



The slums of Ghaziabad may be characterized as either inner city slums or villages

converted into slums. While assessing the typology of slums in Ghaziabad it may be

observed that 32 slums are inner city slums and 43 are villages converted into slums.

Ownership status and Genesis of Slums:

The ownership status of the slums in Ghaziabad reveals that all the slums are situated on

privately owned land. The overview of the genesis of the slums in Ghaziabad reflects that 25

slums are between 25 years to 50 years old, 6 slums are between 50- 100 years old and rest

slums (30) are more than 100 years old.

2.10. Jhansi

There are a total of 56 slum settlements in Jhansi city. The slum population has increased

from 78000 in 2001 to 1,59,127 in 2010. Percentage of slum population to total population

has increased from 16.5% in 2001 to 26.5% in 2010. The total number of slum households is

approximately 30,000 in 2010. The percentage of slum households to total households is

33% in 2010.


Slum households to total households



2.11. Agra

As per the Census 2001, the total slum population in the city is 1, 21,761. The percentage of

slum population in the city is 9.5 per cent of the total population, which is less than the

percentage of slum population to total urban population of the state (12.7 per cent). But the

present slum population is much more than the city population and it is about 9,07,540 -

which is about 60% of the total city population.

As per DUDA (2001) there are 252 slum pockets with a population of the order of 5.5 lacs

i.e. about 44 per cent of the total population. The current statistics show that there are about

378 notified slum pockets with a population of the order 9.07 lacs i.e. about 60% of the total

population and 147 un-notified slum pockets which further more adds slum population to the

existing slum population.

The slum population in the city has been spread over in many wards. The household (HH)

size in slums works out to be 6.05, which is more than the HH size of the total population

(6.00). The sex ratio in the slums (850) is more than that of the total population (846) where

as the literacy rate is 51.32 per cent, which is very less than the total literate population

(60.14 per cent). Out of a total number of 90 wards in the city, more than 50 no. of wards

have slums. The slum population in the wards varies from 1.5 per cent to maximum of 95.85

per cent. Ward nos. 11 and 17 near Taj Nagar and Trans Yamuna have more than 50

percent of the population as slum population.

Infrastructure and Housing condition

As per the Government of India, poverty line for the urban areas is Rs. 296 per month i.e.

people in India who earn less than Rs. 10 per day and as such about more than 25 thousand

families are estimated to be living below poverty line in Agra city. The physical and natural

environment of these slum populations is also below standards. This is due to poor

infrastructure facilities and services provided to them resulting in unhygienic and unhealthy

conditions in these locations.

The secondary analysis for slum area show that most of the houses in slum areas are pucca

with brick walls, PCC roofing where as some people live in jhopris. There are about 20 – 25

slums in Sekhmandu Qazipada area. The slums have come up on both the sides of the

nallah with worst conditions. Further, the basic services are also poor in Naripura. There are

many other potential areas that lack some basic services such as sanitary facilities resulting

in unhygienic disposal of waste and also high rate of open defecation. The secondary

analysis from the District Urban Development Authority (2001), show that there is more than

20% of the slum population does not have any water facility. And the population those have



water facilities are also polluted and people does not use for drinking purpose. However,

more than 20% of the population has individual connections. In some areas o the city the

water is supplied through stand posts and piped networks supplies with street taps. In

addition to this, there is only 50% of the slum population that is covered with sanitary

facilities. And the rest 10% of the population is involved in usage of community toilets and

others involved in unhygienic practices. This shows that there is high percentage share of

population openly defecating. The other provisions to slum population were low cost

sanitation units and this caters to only less than 5% of the total slum population. This type of

sanitation units are provided in slums and slums cum public places, and these are

maintained by Sulabh, Shikshan Sansthan and Social Welfare Society.

The poor sanitary conditions are prevailing due to lack of drains and collection of wastewater

in pits. The clogged drains have also increased the vulnerability of the slum dwellers. Inside

the settlements there are no paved drains or pathways, the wastewater from homes gets

collected in open soak pits. The stagnant water in the pits results in mosquito breeding. In

addition to this, there is no provision of solid waste collection or disposal in the slum areas.

The plastic waste was disposed in open spaces and the piles of waste were seen at various

locations. Based on the data collected from the DUDA, consultations with the stakeholders,

reconnaissance survey and city assessment it can be seen that the population living in the

slums lacks access to infrastructure services like safe drinking water, sanitation, drainage,

access roads, solid waste disposal and other community facilities. Thus there is need for

slum up gradation programmes through improved basic services.

2.12. Bareilly

Twenty percent of the population in Bareilly stays in areas marred with unhygienic living

conditions and lack of civic amenities. The urban infrastructure is not satisfactory enough to

bring homogenous development in new areas. The growth of housing stock is not able to

keep pace with the population growth. This has increased the housing stock deficit which

has given rise to slum dwellings.

As per the survey conducted by DUDA and documents from NNB, total notified slums in

Bareilly are 85. According to census 2001, the slum population was 77109 i.e. 20.5 percent

of total Population. As per the survey conducted by S.U.D.A in 2000-01, the population was

77109 and total households were 10050. A large number of below poverty line (BPL)

population (about 25%) also live-in slums. The current slum population is about 2.44 lacs

with 31850 of households i.e. about 26.47% of the total population.



Water Supply Facilities: It may be seen that in slums access to individual water

connections is low and people generally use public stand posts, hand pumps, or wells in a

few cases. Majority of households (55%) get water from public stand posts and only 19%

percent have individual taps. It has been observed that main source of water supply in slum

areas is hand pumps and wherever piped water supply is there, either supply is inadequate

or it’s not regular or it’s very dirty. They are only able to use the water after carrying out the

sedimentation and filtering. Out of total households in slum, about 30 percent have electricity

whereas others use either kerosene, wood etc.

Sanitation Facilities: Presently, access to sanitation services is markedly less than access

to other basic services. While, it may be worthwhile to note that the proportion of people

having access to sanitation in urban areas is considerably greater when compared to their

rural counterparts, the problems are more exacerbated in slums. Urban sanitation is

perceived as being important because of the health factor. In case of slums, it has been

observed that sanitation facilities are worst and in alarming condition.

Majority of households use public toilets followed by households using individual flush. Even

then open defecation is still at a large scale i.e. about 35% of the slum households openly

defecate. During the visit in slums located at different part of the Bareilly city, it has been

observed that sanitation condition is still very poor in most of the slum areas considering only

20 percent people have individual toilets and the others i.e. approx. 5 percent use

community toilets and 35 percent still go for open defecation. The present condition is shown

in the situational analysis of sanitation facilities in slum areas.



2.13. Mathura

Mathura city has a slum population of 1.44 lakhs as per the 2001 census, constituting 40

percent of the total population of the city. It has been clarified by the consultants that in-situ

tenure rights are envisaged for the slum dwellers who are encroaching on public lands.

Whilst 50 percent of the slums are located on lands owned by the occupants, the remaining

50 percent of the slums in the city of Mathura are unauthorised structures which have been

built by way of encroachment on Govt. lands.

Slums in the Mathura UA are located on private as well as government lands. Around 50%

of the slums in the 18 slum zones, have land/ownership on private lands, the rest is based

on spontaneous structures on government lands. These spontaneous slum areas have no

legal land status and are therefore suffering from lack of physical as well as social amenities.

With the support from DUDA, it is necessary for these spontaneous settlements to be given

in-situ tenure rights by cooperatising the squatter settlements. Initially these encourage them

to be upgraded in-situ. Over a period of time they could emerge in the form of in-situ

reconstructed units.

The city of Mathura being a major religious centre and tourist location, attracts a huge low

income population which is engaged in informal activities which invariably take place on the

road side by way of street vending, etc. Such a population which is an unavoidable and

intrinsic ingredient of the socio-economic mileu of the city needs night shelters, public toilets,

etc. in terms of basic infrastructure.



3. Background of Raebareli

The district of Raebareli,

which was created by the

British in 1858, is named

after its headquarters town.

Tradition has it that the town

was founded by the Bhars

and was known as Bharauli

or Barauli which in course of

time got corrupted into

Bareli. The prefix, Rae, is

said to be a corruption of

Rahi, a village 5km. west of

the town. It is also said that the prefix, Rae, represents Rae, the common title of the

Kayasths who were masters of the town for a considerable period of time.

Since about the beginning of the media level period of Indian history the region in the south

of which the area covered by the district of Raebareli lies has been known as avadh or

subhah of avadh. In the north it stretched as far as the foothills of the Himalayas and in the

south as far as the Ganga beyond which lay the Vatsa country. There is no doubt that the

district has been civilised and settled life since very early times.

The Quit India movement was inaugurated on August 8, 1942 and the district did not lag

behind any others. Again there was a mass arrest, imposition of collective fines, lathi

charges and police firing. At Sareni the police opened fire at an agitated crowed, killing and

maiming many. The people of this district enthusiastically respond to the call of individual

Satyagragha and large numbers courted arrest. At last, on August 15, 1947, the country

shook off the foreign yoke and achieved its long-awaited independence. Raebareli

celeberated the event with benefiting glee and rejoicing in every home along with the rest of

the country.

3.1. History of district as administrative unit

History is silent about the Administrative status of the district prior to the Muslim invasion,

except that it formed part of the ancient Kosla country. At the begining of the 13th century,

what is now Raebareli and the tracts around it were ruled by the Bhars who were displaced



by the Rajputs and, in a few cases, by some Muslim colonist. The south western part of the

district was occupied by the Bais rajputs. The kanpurias and Amethias, other rajput clans,

established themselves respectively in the north east and east. During the rule of the Delhi

sultans nearly the whole tract nominally formed a part of their kingdom. During the reign of

Akbar the area now covered by the district was divided between the sirkars of avadh and

Lucknow in the subah of Allahabad, the sirkar of manikpur which included the larger part of

the district as it extended from the present Mohanlal ganj pargana of district Lucknow on the

north west to the ganga on the south and to pargana Inhauna on the north east. The

pargana of Inhauna corresponded to a mahal of that name in the sirkar of avadh. The

parganas of sareni, Khireoon and the western portion of the pargana of Raebareli formed

part of the sirkar of Lucknow. In 1762, the sirkars of manikpur was included in the territory of

avadh and was placed under a chakladar.

In 1858, it was proposed to form a new district with head quarters at Rae bareli, as a part of

the Lucknow Division. The district, as then constituted, was very different in shape and size

from the existing one and was divided into four tehsils, Raebareli, Haidergargh, Bihar and

Dalmau. This arrangement resulted in a district of very irregular shape, 93 kms.long and 100

kms.broad. In 1966, owing to the change in the course of the Ganga the villages of katia

Ahatima, Rawat pur, Ghiya, Mau, Sultanpur Ahetmali, Kishunpur, Deomai and lauhgi were

transferred fro m district Fatehpur to pargana Sareni of tehsil Dalmau in this district.

3.2. Location & Boundaries

The district is irregular in shape but fairly compact. It forms a part of the lucknow Division

and lies between Latitude 25° 49' North and 26° 36' North and Longitude 100° 41' East and

81° 34' East. On the North it is bounded by tehsil mohanlal ganj of district Lucknow and

tehsil haider gargh of district Barabanki, on the east by tehsil Mussafir Khana of district

Sultanpur and on the south east by pargana Ateha and the Kunda tehsil of district Pratap

Gargh. The southern boundary is formed by the Ganga which separates it from the district of

Fateh pur. On the west lies the purwa tehsil of district Unnao.

Area

According to the 1991 census the area of the district was 4,609 sq. km. The area is liable to

vary every year by reason of the action of the Ganga, for a small variation in the deep



stream of the river makes a very noticeable change in the area of the district, which occupies

the thirty fourth place in size among the districts of the State.

Topography

The district, as a whole, is fairly compact tract of gently undulating land. The elevation varies

from about 120.4 m. above sea level in the north west to 86.9 m. above sea level in the

extreme south east, on the banks of the Ganga. The highest points are the crowns of the

watersheds of the different drainage channel which serve to divide the district into five main

physical units, The ganga Khadar, the ganag upland, the southern clay tract, the central tract

or the sai upland and the Northern clay tract.

3.3. Slums in Raebareli

There are 53 slums in Raebareli with 8781 households living in slums. Uttar Pradesh Samaj

Kalyan Nirmaan Nigam has been identified as the nodal agency under RAY.

List of Slums in Raebareli

Sr. No. Name of Malin Basti No. of HHs

1. Malikamu 209

2. Bastepur 163

3. Ghasiyari Mandi 108

4. Pain ka Purva 85

5. Dhaurhara (Gahriyan ka Purva) 172

6. Kallu ka Purva 412

7. Mahanandpur 123

8. Greepshah ka Purva 86

9. Subedaar ka Purva 412

10. Kisun ka purva 58

11. Kaptan ka purva 153

12. Munshiganj 554

13. Bigulvi ka purva 73

14. Mohiuddinpur 161

15. Ghosiana 127



16. Gora bazaar 163

17. Sonia Nagar 156

18. Devanandpur 183

19. Dakshini jahanabad 85

20. Poorvi darwaza 72

21. Tiliyakot 284

22. Khaali sahat 292

23. Bairiya ka purva 68

24. Khatrana 216

25. Basantola 204

26. Shahtola 78

27. Joshiana 110

28. Kajiyana 110

29. Kaharon ka Adda 73

30. Nazarvataal 58

Total 4936

20-22 slum pockets have been improved under IHSDP programme through in situ

redevelopment. Approximately 2000 HH have been proposed under IHSDP with a breakup

of 1031 DUs, 249 DUs & 353DUs.



1500 HHs have been constructed under Kashi Ram Awas Yojana. Total 8500 HHs as Urban

poor- Approx. need- 1500- 2000 HHs.





4. Legal & Institutional framework for Town Planning, Housing and

Slum Improvement.

4.1. Institutional Framework

The responsibilities for town Planning, housing and slum improvement are spread across

the department of Urban Development and Housing, Urban local Bodies, State Urban

Development Authority and District Development authority known as SUDA and DUDA.

These agencies are responsible for Urban Poverty elevation and Slum improvement. The

Town and Country Planning Deptt and U.P. Housing and Development Board development

authorities are under the ministry of Urban Planning and Housing. Urban Development

Policy as well as other sources recommended is directly under Deptt. Of Urban

Development and Housing ministry.

The Development Authority in Uttar Pradesh has been created under U.P. Urban and

Planning Development Act-1973 which also comes under the ministry of Housing and Urban

Planning Deptt. The Master Plan for the towns is generally prepared by State Town and

country Planning Deptt. headed by Chief Town & Country Planner



4.1.1. Town and Country Planning Deptt.

The main function and activity of Town and Country Planning Deptt is to prepare Master

Plan, Regional Plan for the towns and regions. There is no separate Town and Country

Planning Act in the State. There is provision in U.P. Urban and Planning Development Act-

1973 and U.P. Building operation Act- 1958 to prepare the Master Plan for cities and towns

as directed by controlling authority and development authority. The other functions are

monitoring of various schemes of the state Govt.

The State town and Country Planning Deptt have prepared Master Plans for 37 town under

regulated area and 42 towns under Development authorities. The preparation of Master Plan

is done by town and country Planning Deptt through its Divisional offices which are located

in each commissioner head quarters. The Plan implementation is the responsibility of Urban

Development authorities, which under takes the regulatory functions, primarily building

regulation. The Master Plan/ Development Plan’s apply to the municipal areas as well as

adjoining Urbanisable areas declared under the prevailing act.

There is no provision in Municipal Act to prepare Maser Plan or Zonal Development Plan.

The 74th Constitutional amendment have still not implemented by the Urban Local Bodies.

The U.P. regulation of Building operation Act 1958 and U.P. Urban planning and

Development Act 1973 speak about slum improvement and Development scheme and

provision for the preparation of Zonal Development Plans.

Slums upgrading in spot zone land use is accepted option. Most of the Master Plan of city

identifies the slum areas of a city but does not give any detail list of slums. As such, there is

a need to identify the existing slum pockets of slum in the city while prepared Master Plan

and detail study should be done by Housing and Development Board.

The U.P. Adarsh Bhavan Niyamawali 2008 have been issued by the State Govt. and

adopted by all development authorities. of U.P where there is provision of minimum standard

for E.W.S and low income group.



Minimum standards for E.W.S and low income group in U.P. Adarsh Bhavan

Niyamawali 2008

S.No. Item Economically weaker Low income group

1- Minimum Plot size 30sq.mt. 70sq.mt.

2- Minimum dwelling size 20sq.mt. 45sq.mt.

4.1.2. Housing

The U.P. Housing and Development Board were established in the year 1965 for the

purpose of undertaking housing and development schemes. It provides a focus on E.W.S

and L.I.G. Since its inceptive U.P. Avas Evam Vikas Parishad has constructed 2.5 lakhs

houses, 40 % for E.W.S are 30% L.I.G. All Projects and Programmes, including it internal

cross subsidies are arranged for by the economics of Projects.

In addition, the Housing for Weaker section is also under taken by Urban Development

authorities, special area development authorities, municipal corporations and municipalities.

Apart from U.P.H.D.B and Development authorities, the other housing activities for the poor

consist of VAMBAY, BSUP and IHSDP schemes.

4.1.3. Slum Improvement

Slum improvement scheme was under taken primarily by Urban Local Bodies. The Slum

improvement Scheme is being implemented through DUDA and SUDA by ministry of Urban

Local Bodies.

4.1.4. Administrative set up

The execution of Housing Projects is mainly done by U.P. Awas and Vikas Parishad and

Development Authorities. At present there are 27 development authorities which are

established in important towns. U.P. Housing and Development Boards are established in

102 small and large towns of the state. The Development authorities are governed by U.P.

Planning and Development Act 1973 and U.P. Housing and Development Board govern by

U.P. Housing and Development Act- 1965.

The Housing Board and Development authorities are entitled to acquire land for

development of planned colonies by providing developed plots, constructed houses for all



types of income groups like, E.W.S, L.I.G, M.I.G. and H.I.G. These schemes are also

implemented through self financing pattern. Other than this financial help is also provided

through State Govt., Hudco and other financial Institutes.

4.1.5. Land Acquisition and Development

The land for residential scheme is acquired by U.P.H.D.B and Development authorities for

providing developed Plots and constructed housing units. During 10th Five Year Plan (2002-

07) U.P.H.D.B and development authorities have acquired 3830.84 Hectares of land and

4243 hectare was developed against a target of 6336 hectare of land.

During 11th Five Year Plan i.e. (2007-12) there is a proposal to acquire 20,000 hectare land

to develop / construct 15.84 lakhs residential units in the State Urban Sector.

Table 1.2 Role of various Institutions of planning

Institutions Role

Town and Country Planning

Dept

To prepare master plan, regional plans for the towns

and regions

Development Authority The master plan is implemented. It under takes the

regulatory functions, primary building regulation

Housing for weaker section

U.P. Housing and Development

Board

Undertakes housing and development schemes

Focus on E.W.S. and L.I.G houses

Urban Local bodies Slum improvement scheme

4.2. Policies, Programmes and Schemes

4.2.1. State policy for Urban Housing 1995

Background

The State Urban Housing Policy was declared in 1995. The aim of this housing Policy was

mainly to remove the difficulties in housing sector by the state Government for the general

population and to promote Private financing agencies in the housing sector, to provide better

habitable environment. The responsibility of State Govt. and its agencies should be fixed by



the regulatory measures. The aims and objection laid down of State housing Policy 1995 for

urban development are as follows:

Execution of Important Policy

The simplification of Building byelaws to provide appropriate environment to provide housing

for urban poor of different income groups as per their economic condition. Adarsh Building

construction and Development byelaws are issued in 2000 and later, based on the

recommendation National Building code 2005 revised in 2008. All Development Authorities

and U.P. Avas Evam Vikas Parishad started implementation accordingly. The sanction of

Building plans upto 300sq.mt. plotted development was made easier for the general public.

Easy sanction of industrial maps by simplification of procedure

The industrial Plot measuring an area more than 500 sq mt. to be deemed Sanction after

submitting the map with no objection certificate as desired by the authority

Purchasable F.A.R

The purchasable F.A.R in Commercial, Community facilities and group housing may be 20%

of basic permissible F.A.R. in built up area. In developed area this is 33% and in new area

and under developed area this purchasable F.A.R is 50% of basic F.A.R.

Earthquake resistance in Building Construction

In case of building more than 12 meter height and more than 500 sq mt. coverage, it will

come in above provision as per the be I.S and N.B.C code.

Adarsh zoning Regulation

User Friendly Adarsh Zoning Regulation was framed along with the master Plan of towns

and cities which was implemented in all Development Authorities and regulated areas of

Uttar Pradesh during the year 2001-02. Thus Adarsh Zoning regulation was also adopted by

authorities along with Master Plan of the towns/ cities.

Rain Water Harvesting



To protect the underground source of water, Rain Water Harvesting Policy was

implemented. Residential Schemes along with Rains and open space water. On the plot size

with 300 sq mt and more, the roof top rain harvesting was made compulsory.

Encouraging Solar Energy Source

The provision was made in the Building Bylaws to use compulsory solar energy especially in

Hospital, Nursing Home, Hotel, Guest House, Hostel, High level Educational Institutions,

Public Training Centers, Police/Sanik Bal, community centre, Barat Ghar and residential

Plots having an area of more than 500 sq mt.

Provision for Disables people

The Act was enacted as a “Saman Avsar, Adhikar Sanrakhan and Rural Bagidari Act 1996”

for disabled people and special norms were formulated to accommodate them in all

Buildings to be used as Public utilities.

Regularization of unauthorized colonies

The large part of housing sector of urban area is under unauthorized colony. The Policy of

regularization of these unauthorized colonies was issued to provide basic services like

roads, water supply, Electrification, Drainage and Sewer system.

Sarwajan Hitai Garib Avas (SLUM AREA) ownership scheme

Sarwajan Hitai Garib Avas (SLUM AREA) ownership scheme was executed in Jan 2009 in

the Urban areas were land belongs to State Govt /Agencies, Local bodies, Nazul, in which

poor people are situated. Population below poverty line was given workshops and other

employments means under Malikana Haq Yojna. The maximum Plot of 30 sqmt. and minium

15sqmt. was allotted to them for 90 years lease.

Provision of land-use change fees

The provision for change of land use was made from the lower use to higher use, and

necessary amendments were made in the U.P. Urban and Planning Development Act 1973

in the year 2007. Due to this, the land in residential sector is increasing due to change of use

from agriculture to residential.



Encouragement of Private Sector Investment

The High Tech Policy was issued by the State Govt. with an area of minimum 1500 acre

land to build world class infrastructure. This was with a view to fill up the gap of supply and

demand in Urban sector of the state for residential Plots/ Houses and limited scope for

providing Developed Plots/ Constructed houses for Govt. Agencies, which has got limited

financial assistance and capacity. This policy is now extended from 1500 acre of land to

5000 acre.

The integrated township/ Housing scheme Policy was also issued in 2005. Development

Authorities and U.P. Avas Evam Vikas Parishad. Under this scheme, registered developers

can develop residential schemes in Development Authorities and U.P. Avas Evam Vikas

Parishad, with an area of 50-500 acres of land.

Review of the Execution of Policies

The Urban Housing Policy of 1995 has not been very effective and its impact was very

limited. However, the Policy for High Tech Township, Integrated Township was issued but its

successful implementation could not take place. As such, it is necessary that Government

agencies should make them effective to facilitate the private sector. An effort has been made

by issuing guide lines by the State Govt. to provide 20% Plots/ House for economically

sector and lower income group.

4.2.2. Urban Housing Policy 2009

The objectives of Urban Housing Policy 2009 for Urban Poor are:

• Provision of Housing units according to economic affordability.

• Centre Govt. has made the provision for subsidy in E.W.S in housing scheme.

• Improvement of slums.

• Providing employment to economically weaker sector.

• Construction of houses for E.W.S and L.I.G by Private sector on cross subsidy basis.

• To provide cross subsidy by State Govt. for E.W.S and L.I.G

Inclusive Development

Special efforts are made for housing and other basic facilities and services for Schedule

caste, Schedule Tribe, other backward classes, minorities. Efforts are made by different



departments of the State Govt. like education, health, social welfare, NGO’s and UNICEF,

for improvement of child environment and keep them away from child employment etc.

The Strategy for Urban Housing Policy – 2009

a. Land accumulation

The formulation of land bank by Development authorities and U.P. Housing Boards is

through KRAR, with farmars/land owners by mutual agreement. For acquisition of land,

Nazul, Urban ceiling, Rural ceiling, gram samaj etc., policies should be framed to ease out

the processor of land assembling.

b. Houses as per Economic affordability

Various provisions have been made to provide affordable hosuing to EWs and LIG at

subsidized rates. The following strategy is to be adopted-

• The surplus Gram Samaj Land, Nazul land, Urban ceiling land will be provided free of

cost for the residential scheme of E.W.S and L.I.G houses.

• The free land will be provided to the economically weaker sector of the society

through redevelopment scheme, land sharing and under right of ownership in built up

area of the city and come in the preview of law.

• The residential scheme to be developed by Private and co-operative sector, 20% of

Plots/ Houses will be provided to economically weaker sector and low income group.

in each category.

• Keeping in view the limited land availability slums development and improvement

schemes will be implemented.

• The basic facilities/amenities will be provided in slums free of cost.

• The low cost building material like flyash, Bamboo and local materials available in the

area should be used for E.W.S and L.I.G sector to reduce the cost.

• The non-conventional, solar energy, bio-gas will be encouraged for light and fuel.

• The modular cluster design and multi storied building will be encouraged for E.W.S

and L.I.G housing upto G+3.

• The size of Plot/ Plinth area of house and F.A.R will be fixed keeping in view location

and cost of land.

• The house design should be energy efficient, so that the houses may provide natural

light and ventilation.

• The structural design should reduce the cost of construction of houses.



• The self help housing will be encouraged by Govt. agencies to increase the

community participation.

• The loan from financial institutions for E.W.S housing will be provided at a cheaper

rate through Micro finance.

• The provision will be made to make the E.W.S Plots/ Housing free from Stamp duty.

c. Housing Finance

The efforts will be made to provide loans for HUDCO and other financial institutions at a

cheaper rate with cross subsidy for construction of houses for E.W.S and L.I.G sector.

The maximum grant will be provided by the State Govt. for the execution of JNURM,

UDIDSSMT and IHSDP Scheme.

4.2.3. Houses for all - Under House for all schemes

During the 10th five year plan 2.50 lakhs Plots/ Houses were constructed against the target

of 4.40 lakhs units under House for All Scheme. Out of which 54% of Plots/ houses were

constructed for E.W.S and L.I.G.

The Houses of E.W.S and L.I.G are constructed under 20 point programme. In this

programme 15186 units were constructed for E.W.S against a target of 15500 and 3409

houses were constructed against the target of 2660 houses for L.I.G. During the 10th Five

Year Plan, the progress of housing units under 20 point programme for E.W.S and L.I.G

units is 98% and 128% respectively.

4.2.4. Manyawar Kanshi Ram Sahari Garib Awasiya Yojna of U.P.

The State Govt. of U.P launched Manyawar Kanshi Ram Shari Garib Avasiya Yojna in the

year 2009 for providing houses to urban poor. During the year 2008-09, about 1.01 lakhs

housing units are proposed to be constructed under this scheme. The above house will be

allotted to widows who are without any shelter, Viklang and people below poverty line on the

basis of priority. Under this scheme, during the year 2008-09, the target to construct 1500

housing units in each towns of 60 big districts and 1000 housing units in 11 small towns in

the districts. There is a provision, to provide free land to working institution by development

authorities, Housing Board, district administration and Nagar Nigams/ parishads.

The other provisions are -



• Minimum plot area prescribed in the scheme is 35sq.mt. It will include 2 rooms, kitchen,

W.C., bathroom and a balcony

• These dwelling units will be made on no profit no loss criteria.

• Minimum number of floors for the swelling units will be 3

• The maximum price of the plot will be Rs 1, 75,000/- per D.U.

a. Integrated Development of small and Medium town

The central integrated Development of small and medium town (IDSMT) Scheme was

launched during 1979-80 in the Uttar Pradesh State. The main objective of scheme was to

provide basic infrastructure and facilities in small and medium town which could able to

generate employment and strengthen the economy of local bodies.

During 10th Five year Plan 150 towns (30 towns every year) was the target of scheme. About

96 towns were benefited during 2002-05. Later on during 2005-06 UDISSMT scheme was

launched. For the above 96 towns Rs. 153.60 crore were sanctioned by the Central Govt. in

10th Five Year Plan. The Central Assistance was Rs. 56.14 crore and state share was Rs.

37.54 crore (i.e. total Rs 93.68 crore) were released for IDSMT towns. During this period

utilization certification for 130 towns was sent to central Govt. for Rs. 52.52 crore.

b. National Capital Region Schemes

The National Capital Regional Scheme is also assisted by Central Govt. for the development

of towns falling in NCR region of U.P. State. For this, N.C.R Planning Board Act was

constituted in 1985 by National Capital Regional Scheme Board.

In the State, Gaziabad, Noida, Greater Noida, Modi Nagar, Haper , Bulland Shahar, Khurja

and Meerut towns were selected for implementation of various development.

c. The backgrounds assistance of State Govt.

It has been observed that out of the total capital investment in residential sector, the major

part of investment in organized and unorganized sector, done by the Private sector. In

organized private sector, the major part of construction of housing units are in M.I.G and

H.I.G groups. Therefore, it is necessary that the state Govt. should take lead for E.W.S and

L.I.G sector. The development authorities and U.P Housing and Development Board should

given an opportunity by state Govt. for E.W.S and L.I.G housing.



d. Malikana Haq Yojana, 15th Jan 2009

• The garib avas yojana is mainly launched to provide ownership of land to those people

who have not yet been benefitted from any scheme related to urban poor. These people

mainly reside on the unauthorized land of govt./ govt. agency/LDA/ LMC.

• The cutoff date is 15.01.2009

• The maximum plot area will be 30sq.mt and minimum plot will be 15sq.mt.

• The pattas will be provided for a lease of 90 years

e. Government orders2

Government orders - 3900/8-3-2008 – 38 LUC / 08 dated 9th July, 2008 were regarding the

plot size, density and FAR are –

Dwelling units per plot area

Sr. No. Plot area (Sq.mt.) DUs per plot

1 Upto 50 1

2 50-200 2

3 200-300 3

4 300-500 4

Proposed density

Type of development Net residential

Plotted development Maximum 750pph

Group housing Maximum 1000 pph

Ground coverage and FAR

Sr.No. Type of development Maximum ground

coverage (%)

Maximum

F.A.R.

1 Plotted residential 65 2

2 Group housing 35 2.5

2 Government orders - 3900/8-3-2008 – 38 LUC / 08 dated 9

th July, 2008



5. Issues

• The urbanization rate of UP is expected to increase from 21.1. % (2008) to 26% in

2030.only Kanpur will have population more than 4 million in 2030

• Although the plan implementation is being done from 2 decades, about 31% of the

population is in slums.

• In the entire development scenario EWS housing does not figure out anywhere. There is

no mandatory requirement for developer to contribute towards the EWS Housing as

builtup area or land.

• This leaves the entire onus of providing EWS housing on to the government.

• Government is also working on this front and approx 1500 houses are being built under

Manyavar Kanshiram Yojna.

• Besides this there is no other scheme which is working towards augmentation of EWS

housing stock.

• Although the development control regulations are quite favourable and land prices are in

control but the lack of demand and inability of EWS to access the credit is a big deterrent

in private sector participation in EWS housing

• There is a provision of preparation of zonal plans, but they take a lot of time and do not

get prepared.

• Exemption in ceiling of land holding of the developers has been another way to increase

land supply. For instance, in case of Uttar Pradesh, land holding ceiling of 12.5 acres is a

big hindrance in the assembly of land. Therefore, Government of Uttar Pradesh has

initiated to exempt this holding in case of integrated scheme for city development by

developers.

• State government is doing a proactive role, the central level scheme do not get

implemented.

• Although UBSP (EIUS+NRY) had maximum number of components dealing with basic

services, environment and sanitation and employment generation etc, they were

stopped. Such components can always be included in some other scheme.

• Schemes like Vambay and now BSUP and Kansiram Samagra Vikas Yojana provide

Land tenure.

• There is no system of issuing Patta even to the slums on Government land.

• Except for SJSRY no other scheme has been implemented to its fullest.

• Access to land is very difficult. The cost of land is very high.



• There is no provision for urban poor in the Master plan. There is only mention of slums

and informal sector in the master plan, but there is no provision for the sector.

• The land reservation for poor is not a part of the Master Plan. According to the U.P Sate

Housing Habitat Policy 2008 (Draft): Emphasis has been laid on the “Inclusive

development of the cities, with affordable housing for all.

• The private developers have to reserve 20% of the plots or houses/flats for this category,

whereas public agencies have to reserve 20% of saleable land for EWS/LIG housing.

• The definition given in U.P. Slum areas (Improvement and Clearance Act), 1962 for

slum areas is very vague as it does not define the terms like over-crowding, compact

area, poorly built, unhygienic environment, inadequate infrastructure etc. It does not

state any guidelines as to how the different types of the slum settlements shall be

improved upon.

Documents

Secondary Data Researchmhupa-ray.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/uttar...Kanpur is the largest city in the state with a popu lation of 25.5 lakhs in 2001 and is expected to become