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Secondary and Micronutrient Secondary and Micronutrient ManagementManagement
Kent MartinSouthwest Area Crops and Soils Specialist
Kansas State Univ.
Essential NutrientsThirteen essential nutrients
– Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur
– Iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum, copper, zinc, and chlorine
• Nickel has recently been added
Micros are needed in much lower concentrations to ensure adequate supply
Essential MicronutrientsEssential Micronutrients Minor elements or trace elementsMinor elements or trace elements Increased interest in micronutrientsIncreased interest in micronutrients
Higher crop yields and micronutrient removal ratesHigher crop yields and micronutrient removal rates Declining soil organic matter, a major source of Declining soil organic matter, a major source of
most micronutrientsmost micronutrients N, P and K fertilizers contain lower amounts of N, P and K fertilizers contain lower amounts of
micronutrient impuritiesmicronutrient impurities Excessive levels can cause toxic effects on plantsExcessive levels can cause toxic effects on plants In Kansas: S, Zn, Fe, and Cl.In Kansas: S, Zn, Fe, and Cl. Other micronutrients: B, Mg, Cu, Mn, and Ni.Other micronutrients: B, Mg, Cu, Mn, and Ni.
Organic MatterOrganic Matter Important source of most micronutrients.Important source of most micronutrients. Simple organic compounds as chelates.Simple organic compounds as chelates. S, Zn and B deficiencies are more likely to S, Zn and B deficiencies are more likely to
occur in soils low in O.M.occur in soils low in O.M. Deficiencies of Cu and Mn are most Deficiencies of Cu and Mn are most
common in peat soils. common in peat soils.
Soil pHSoil pH Soil pH affects availability of Soil pH affects availability of
micronutrients.micronutrients. In general the solubility and availability of In general the solubility and availability of
micronutrients are greatest in acid soils micronutrients are greatest in acid soils and lowest in high pH calcareous soils.and lowest in high pH calcareous soils.
Exception is Mo.Exception is Mo. In some soils, high levels of soluble Fe, Al In some soils, high levels of soluble Fe, Al
and Mn may be toxic to plants.and Mn may be toxic to plants.
Sulfur (S)Sulfur (S)
Brian Lang, IA
Soil Situations and Climatic Conditions Aggravating Deficiency SymptomsCoarse textured soils (sandy soils)Low organic matter soilsCold, wet soils
Slow release of S from organic matterLow atmospheric deposition
No application fromManureOther fertilizers
Sulfur Deficiencies
10 kg SO4/ha = 3 lb S/acre
Sulfur Deposition
Corn Response to Sulfur
J. Sawyer, 2007
Comparison of Corn with and without Sulfur Application. Brian Lang
Corn Response to Sulfur Application
Sulfur in the SoilSulfur in the Soil Subsoil S may be significant.Subsoil S may be significant. Profile soil test for S, 0-24 inches, Profile soil test for S, 0-24 inches,
also good for nitrate and Cl.also good for nitrate and Cl.
Wheat S Rec. (Lb/A) = (0.6 × Y Goal) – (2.5 × % OM) – Profile Sulfur – Other Sulfur Credits
Corn and Sorghum S Rec. (Lb/A) = (0.2 × Y Goal) – (2.5 × % OM) – Profile Sulfur – Other Sulfur Credits
Soybean S Rec. (Lb/A) = (0.4 × Y Goal) – (2.5 × % OM) – Profile Sulfur – Other Sulfur Credits
Sulfur Fertilizer Recommendation
Zinc (Zn)Zinc (Zn)
ZincZinc Frequently deficient micronutrientFrequently deficient micronutrient Absorbed by plant roots as ZnAbsorbed by plant roots as Zn++++
Involved in the production of chlorophyll, Involved in the production of chlorophyll, protein, and several plant enzymesprotein, and several plant enzymes
Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptomsMost distinctive in corn with new leaves out of Most distinctive in corn with new leaves out of
whorl turning yellow to white in a band whorl turning yellow to white in a band between the leaf midvein and marginbetween the leaf midvein and margin
Sensitive cropsCorn, sorghum
Soil SituationLow organic matter, high pH (>7.4), eroded soilCoarse texture, restricted rootingHigh P application in conjunction with borderline or low zinc availabilityHigh soil P alone does not create deficiency
Climatic ConditionsCool and wet soil
Zinc Deficiencies
Phosphorus and ZincPhosphorus and Zinc Excessive concentrations of P in the plant root result in the Excessive concentrations of P in the plant root result in the
binding of zinc within root cells.binding of zinc within root cells.
Large amounts of starter applied P can enhance Zn deficiency Large amounts of starter applied P can enhance Zn deficiency if soil Zn is low and no Zn fertilizer is applied.if soil Zn is low and no Zn fertilizer is applied.
PP22OO55 ZnZn YieldYield Leaf tissueLeaf tissue
lb/A *lb/A * bu/Abu/A P, %P, % Zn, ppmZn, ppm
00 00 101101 0.140.14 1212
00 1010 102102 0.160.16 2424
8080 00 7373 0.730.73 1010
8080 1010 162162 0.410.41 1717Adriano and Murphy
Kansas State University
PP22OO55 ZnZn B’castB’cast StarterStarter Lb / ALb / A Corn Yield (Bu/A)Corn Yield (Bu/A)
00 00 107107
00 1010 121121 115115
4040 00 121121 9393
4040 1010 139139 140140
St. Mary’s, KS – Kansas State University
P and Zn Effects on P and Zn Effects on Corn YieldsCorn Yields
Zinc Fertilizer Zinc Fertilizer RecommendationRecommendation
Corn, Sorghum and Soybeans Zinc Recommendation
Zn Rate = 11.5 – (11.25 × ppm DTPA Zn)If DTPA Zn > 1.0 ppm then Zn Rec = 0If DTPA Zn <= 1.0 ppm then Minimum Zn Rec = 1
Zn Rate (lb./acre) Yield (bu./acre)0 62
0.1 1310.3 1371.0 1403.0 142
Used 8-20-0 suspension with 2.5% clayDTPA extractable Zn = 0.3 ppm
Zinc in a Band—Corn Yield
Corn Yield—Zinc SourceZinc SourceZinc Source YieldYield
bu./acrebu./acreEDTAEDTA 136.6136.6
Nulex-ZnNulex-Zn 134.8134.8Zinc OxideZinc Oxide 127.5127.5
Zinc SulfateZinc Sulfate 138.3138.3Zinc rate was 0.3 lb. Zinc /acreZinc rate was 0.3 lb. Zinc /acre
Application MethodsApplication MethodsBroadcast
– Preferred to correct a low Zn soil test– 5 to 15 pound will increase soil test for a number of
years– Inorganic Zn is more economical than chelates at
these rates
Band– Very efficient method of applying Zn– 0.5 lb Zn/Acre of inorganic Zn is generally sufficient– Annual applications will be needed for low testing
soils
Chloride (Cl)
Chloride (Cl)Chloride (Cl) Wheat, corn, sorghum deficiencies in KansasWheat, corn, sorghum deficiencies in Kansas
Deficiencies most likely in higher rainfall areas with no Deficiencies most likely in higher rainfall areas with no K application history - central and eastern part of stateK application history - central and eastern part of state
Soluble, mobile anionSoluble, mobile anion
Addition of KClAddition of KCl Increased yields with high levels of available KIncreased yields with high levels of available K Reduced incidence of plant diseaseReduced incidence of plant disease Internal water relationships, osmotic regulation, enzyme Internal water relationships, osmotic regulation, enzyme
activation and other plant processesactivation and other plant processes
Grain YieldGrain Yield
ChlorideChloride Riley Co.Riley Co. Brown Co.Brown Co. Osage Co.Osage Co.
RateRate Site ASite A Site BSite B Site CSite C Site ASite A Site BSite B Site CSite C Site ASite A Site BSite B
lb/alb/a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - bu/a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - bu/a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
00 7070 6464 107107 188188 123123 8787 133133 7979
2020 8484 6969 111111 191191 130130 9393 133133 8181
Soil test Soil test Cl, lb/a Cl, lb/a (0-24")(0-24")
99 1616 2424 2828 1414 2828 4040 6161
Chloride Fertilization on Corn in Chloride Fertilization on Corn in KansasKansas
Grain YieldGrain Yield
ChlorideChloride Marion Co.Marion Co. Saline CoSaline Co Stafford Co.Stafford Co.
RateRate Site ASite A Site BSite B Site ASite A Site BSite B Site CSite C Site DSite D Site ASite A Site BSite B Avg.Avg.
lb/alb/a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - bu/a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - bu/a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
00 4545 8080 5151 8989 8383 7070 7373 6464 6969
2020 4747 8585 5454 8989 9090 7575 8080 7070 7474
Soil test Soil test Cl, lb/a Cl, lb/a (0-24")(0-24")
77 77 1414 2222 77 1414 77 1515 1212
*Average over either 12 or 16 varieties. Soil test Cl, lb/a (0-24")*Average over either 12 or 16 varieties. Soil test Cl, lb/a (0-24")
Chloride Fertilization on Wheat
Grain YieldGrain Yield
ChlorideChloride Marion Co.Marion Co. Brown Co.Brown Co. Osage Co.Osage Co.
RateRate Site ASite A Site BSite B Site CSite C Site DSite D Site ASite A Site BSite B Site ASite A Site BSite B
lb/alb/a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - bu/a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - bu/a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
00 8787 117117 6363 9292 102102 8787 125125 8888
1010 9494 139139 7171 113113 106106 9595 126126 9292
2020 9797 135135 7272 126126 111111 9696 125125 9696
Soil test Soil test Cl, lb/a Cl, lb/a (0-24")(0-24")
99 77 99 4343 77 99 5252 2929
Chloride Fertilization on Grain Chloride Fertilization on Grain Sorghum in KansasSorghum in Kansas
Chloride Fertilizer Chloride Fertilizer RecommendationRecommendation
Iron (Fe)
Mitchell Co.
Iron (Fe)
Iron (Fe)Iron (Fe) Iron in the plantIron in the plant
Catalyst in the production of chlorophyllCatalyst in the production of chlorophyll Involved with several enzyme systemsInvolved with several enzyme systems
Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms Yellow to white leaf colorYellow to white leaf color Symptoms first appear on the younger leavesSymptoms first appear on the younger leaves Wide range of susceptibility of different cropsWide range of susceptibility of different crops
Sorghum, field beans and soybeans are more sensitive than corn Sorghum, field beans and soybeans are more sensitive than corn and alfalfaand alfalfa
Varieties differ within cropsVarieties differ within crops
Factors Affecting Iron AvailabilityFactors Affecting Iron Availability High soil pH.High soil pH. Soils with high salt contents.Soils with high salt contents. Cool, wet springs.Cool, wet springs. Poor soil drainage and aeration.Poor soil drainage and aeration. Susceptible crops/varieties.Susceptible crops/varieties. High concentrations of nitrate-N inhibit High concentrations of nitrate-N inhibit
conversion of Feconversion of Fe+++ +++ to Feto Fe++++, increasing , increasing severity of iron chlorosis.severity of iron chlorosis.
Fertilizer Sources of IronFertilizer Sources of Iron Deficiencies occur more frequently than most Deficiencies occur more frequently than most
other micronutrients in Kansasother micronutrients in Kansas Patchy or irregular appearance in the fieldPatchy or irregular appearance in the field Success with iron fertilization is difficultSuccess with iron fertilization is difficult
Difficulty in correcting Fe deficiency with soil-Difficulty in correcting Fe deficiency with soil-applied fertilizerapplied fertilizer Iron quickly converted to unavailable form.Iron quickly converted to unavailable form. Certain Fe chelate carriers (EDDHA) have been Certain Fe chelate carriers (EDDHA) have been
effective but have not been economical and may effective but have not been economical and may require multiple applicationsrequire multiple applications
Foliar Application most promisingFoliar Application most promising
Foliar ApplicationsFoliar Applications Applications must be done before plants are severely Applications must be done before plants are severely
damaged by chlorosis and may need to be repeateddamaged by chlorosis and may need to be repeated
Ferrous sulfate (1-2% solution) plus a wetting agent or Ferrous sulfate (1-2% solution) plus a wetting agent or one of several iron chelates/complexes may be usedone of several iron chelates/complexes may be used
Critical timingCritical timing Soybean - by the first trifoliate leafSoybean - by the first trifoliate leaf Sorghum - apply by the 6th leaf stageSorghum - apply by the 6th leaf stage
Common Iron FertilizersCommon Iron Fertilizers
Fertilizer Source
Iron Sulfate
Iron Chelates
Other Organics
Manure - best
Fe (%)
19-40
5-12
5-11
??
Manure sourceManure source IronIron ManganeseManganese BoronBoron ZincZinc CopperCopper
-----------------lb/wet ton--------------------------------------lb/wet ton---------------------
Dairy solidDairy solid 0.50.5 0.060.06 0.010.01 0.030.03 0.010.01
Swine solidSwine solid 19.019.0 1.091.09 0.040.04 0.790.79 0.500.50
PoultryPoultry 3.03.0 0.610.61 0.080.08 0.480.48 0.660.66
-----------------lb/1000 gal--------------------------------------lb/1000 gal---------------------
Dairy liquidDairy liquid 0.90.9 0.110.11 0.030.03 0.110.11 0.120.12
Swine liquidSwine liquid 2.52.5 0.230.23 0.060.06 1.031.03 0.620.62
Average animal manure micronutrient content of different animal sources
Micronutrients of Little Micronutrients of Little ConcernConcernNutrientNutrient ReasonReason
CalciumCalcium Very acid soils - Rare deficiencyVery acid soils - Rare deficiency
MagnesiumMagnesium Very acid, sandy soilVery acid, sandy soil
BoronBoron Dry, leached, low OM sands – Alfalfa or Dry, leached, low OM sands – Alfalfa or SoybeansSoybeans
ManganeseManganese High pH, High OMHigh pH, High OM
CopperCopper High OM, Highly weathered soilHigh OM, Highly weathered soil
MolybdenumMolybdenum Highly weathered acid soils – legumes Highly weathered acid soils – legumes – enough in seed?– enough in seed?