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superior performance.powerful technology.
SuperPower, Inc. is a subsidiary of Royal Philips Electronics N.V.
Second Generation High Temperature Superconducting Wire: Fabrication, Properties, and Potential ApplicationsAndrei Rar, Yi-Yuan Xie, Drew Hazelton, Yimin Chen, Xuming Xiong, Ed Zhang, and Venkat Selvamanickam
SR 2008, June 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Acknowledgements
• SuperPower– To the rest of the SuperPower Team– 2G HTS Wire Development Program funding from Title III and DOE
through UT-Battelle
• National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida State University
• Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory• Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Superconductivity 101
What is a Superconductor?
Superconductors exist in a region bounded by:
• Temperature (Tc)• Magnetic Field (Hc)• Current Density (Jc)
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Two general classes of superconductors have been commercialized
“Low temperature” superconductors– Operation limited to low
temperatures near 4 K (LHe)– First commercial
superconductors– NbTi, Nb3Sn
“High temperature” superconductors– Operation from 4 K (LHe) to 77
K (LN2)– 1G: BSCCO-based– 2G: YBCO-based– 2G: thin film vs. wire drawing
processing– Moving from development into
commercialization
NbTi and Nb3Sn Superconductors (Luvata)
1G BSCCO-2223 Tape (AMSC)
2G YBCO Wire (SuperPower, Inc.)
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Superconductivity is an enabling technology to move high energy density power
Current carrying capability of copper ~ 200 A/cm2
Current carrying capability of 2G superconductor film ~ 5,000,000 A/cm2 (Jc)
Liquid helium (4 K)
Conductor e.g. Copper
High TemperatureSuperconductor (HTS)
Resistance
Temperature
Low TemperatureSuperconductor (LTS)
Liquid nitrogen (77 K) RoomTemperature (300 K)
Zero resistance !!!
Current carrying capability of 2G superconductor wire ~ 50,000 A/cm2 (Je)
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Structure and Main Processing Steps
Electropolishing Pilot IBAD Pilot Buffer
MOCVD
Copper Plate
20µm Cu
20µm Cu
Hastelloy substrate
HTS
LMO
Homo-epi MgO
IBAD MgO
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Pilot Substrate Electropolishing
Pilot Buffer
SuperPower is unique in the world in having established operational 2G Pilot Manufacturing facilities
Pilot IBAD Pilot HTS
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Remarkable progress in 2G wire scale-up over the last 5 years
020,00040,00060,00080,000
100,000120,000140,000160,000
Nov
-01
Jul-0
2
Mar
-03
Nov
-03
Aug-
04
Apr
-05
Dec
-05
Aug-
06
Apr
-07
Jan-
08
Crit
ical
Cur
rent
* Le
ngth
(A-m
)
62 m18 m1 m 97 m
206 m
1 m to 935 m in 5 years
Also, Ic doubled & speed
increased 12-fold to 180 m/h*
158 m
322 m427 m
595 m
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
May
-02
Oct
-02
Mar
-03
Aug
-03
Jan-
04Ju
n-04
Nov
-04
Apr
-05
Sep
-05
Feb-
06Ju
l-06
Nov
-06
Apr
-07
Sep
-07
Feb-
08
Crit
ical
Cur
rent
* Le
ngth
(A-m
)World Records
*4 mm speed equivalent
790 m
935 m
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Long length processing of 2G HTS wire demonstrated
Speed of 4 mm tape (m/h)
Process (single pass)
360IBAD MgO
345Homo-epi MgO
345LMO
135MOCVD
050
100150200250300
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Position (m)
Cri
tical
cur
rent
(A
/cm
77 K, Ic measured every 5 m using continuous dc currents over entire tape width of 12 mm (not slit)
• Minimum Ic = 170 A/cm over 935 m • Ic x Length = 158,950 A-m• Uniformity over 935 m = 10.6%
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Capability of ~ 1000 A in 12 mm widths achieved!
3.5 µm film made in 10 passes: Ic = 964 A = 803 A/cm (Jc = 2.06 MA/cm2)2.1 µm film made in 6 passes: Ic = 929 A = 774 A/cm (Jc =3.68 MA/cm2)
Ic measurement using continuous dc current (no pulsed current) across entire tape width of 12 mm No patterning
2005 SmYBCO
2006 SmYBCO
2007 GdYBCO
2008 GdYBCO
0100200300400500600700800900
0 1 2 3 4
Thickness (µm)
Crit
ical
cur
rent
(A/c
m-w
idth
)
Over 1.2 m length,Ic = 964 A = 803 A/cm
2005 SmYBCO
2006 SmYBCO
2007 GdYBCO
2008 GdYBCO
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4
Thickness (µm)
Crit
ical
cur
rent
den
sity
(MA/
cm2 )
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
HTS application for “big science” - from SR to high energy physics
• LN2 magnets
• High field LHe magnets
• Current limiters
• Currents leads
• Cables with high current density
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
High Field Coil Demonstrated – 2.4T at 64K
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Current (A)
Cen
tral
Fie
ld (k
G)
First TestLast Testmodel
77 K
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Current (A)
Cen
tral
Fie
ld (k
G)
First Test
Last Test
64 K
1.1 T Coil at 77 K !
2.4 T at 64 K
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Collaboration with FermiLab (4mm wide, SCS)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
B[T]
Ic[A
]
33 K 22 K 14 K 4.2 K Low Temp 33 K //22 K //14 K //4.2 K //4.2 K // sample 2Low Temp // sample 24.2 K // sample 3Low Temp // sample 3
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
FermiLab’s comparison of different wire types
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
2G YBCO HTS offers distinct advantages in high magnetic field current density over “traditional” LTS wire
100
1000
10000
100000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Applied Field ( Tesla )
non-
Cu J
c ( A
/mm
2 )
YBCO (H//c) YBCO (H//ab) NbTi
Nb3Sn (Internal Sn) Nb3Sn (Bronze)
YBCO Data by Z. Chen at NHMFL / FSU (2007)
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Angle (degree)
Ic (A
/cm
)
3.5micron recipe-02.8micron recipe-13.3micron recipe-2*
77K, 1T
Dramatic improvements achieved in in-field performance of our 2G wire
For 3.3micron film of recipe-2*Ic_minimum(77K, 1T) = 185.6A/cmIc_minimum(65K, 3T) = 267.3A/cmIc(77K, B//c=3T) = 71.8A/cm
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Angle (degree)
Ic (A
/cm
)
0.7micron recipe-00.7micron recipe-10.7micron recipe-2*
77K, 1T
Data from Y. Zhang, M. Paranthaman, A. Goyal, ORNL
Best in-field performance in commercial 2G wires
For 0.7micron recipe-2*Recipe-1: strong pinning for B//abRecipe-2*: strong pinning for B//c
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Mechanical properties of 2G wire are ideal for high field, high stress applications
< 0.35 @ 0.4%Nb3Sn, 16 T
< 0.68 @ 0.4%Nb3Sn, 12 T
< 0.82 @ 0.4%Nb3Sn, 8 T
< 0.90 @ 0.4%Nb3Sn, 4 T
> 0.95 for ε ~ 0.35%
1G low strength
> 0.95 for ε ~ 0.40%
1G high strength
> 0.95 for ε ~ 0.45%
SP 2G
Ic / Icε=0Conductor
Ic retention vs. strain Comparative Operating Stress-Strain Operating Windows for High Field Superconductors
0
200
400
600
800
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Strain (%)
Stre
ss (M
Pa)
SP 2G HTSHigh Je
High Strength 1G HTS Low Je
Nb3Sn Moderate JeLow Strength
1G HTSModerate Je
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
NHMFL facilities provide 19T axial background field
Insert coil tested in NHMFL’s unique, 19-tesla, 20-centimeter wide-bore, 20-megawatt Bitter magnet
2G HF Insert Coil Showing Terminals, Overbanding and Partial Support Structure. Flange OD is 127 mm.
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
2G high field insert coil demonstration
~1.569 A/mm2 per ACoil Je
~ 2772# of turns
~ 44.4 mT/ACoil constant
~ 462 m2G tape used
12 (6 x double)# of Pancakes
~ 51.6 mmCoil Height
~ 87 mmWinding OD
19.1 mmWinding ID
9.5 mm (clear)Coil ID
Wire Specifications: Dimensions: 4 mm wide x
95 microns thickSubstrate: 50 micron Hastelloy
HTS: ~ 1 micron YBCO
Stabilizer: ~ 2 micron Ag on YBCO
~ 20 microns of surround copper stabilizer per side
Tape Ic 72 – 82 A, 77 K, sf
Coil Winding:
Double Pancake Construction
Dry Wound (no epoxy)
Kapton polyimide insulation (co-wound)
Overbanding: 316 Stainless Steel
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
High field insert coil achieves world records for highest HTS field, highest magnetic field by a SC magnet
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Current (A)
Cent
ral F
ield
(T)
19T background self field
3.2 T4.2K Peak Radial Field @ Ic, self field
2.7 T4.2 K Peak Radial Field @ Ic, 19 T bkgd (axial)
274.6 A/mm24.2 K Je @ Ic, 19 T background (axial)
9.81 T9.81 T4.2 K Central field – self field
26.8 T26.8 T4.2K Central Field – 19 T background (axial)
485,1004.2 K Amp Turns @ Ic –19 T background (axial)
175 A 4.2 K Coil Ic – 19 T background (axial)
346.7 A/mm24.2 K Je @ Ic, self field
612,6124.2 K Amp Turns @ Ic-self field
221 A4.2 K Coil Ic - self field
72 A – 82 A (77K, sf)
Ic of Tapes in Coil
26.8 T @ 175 A
9.81 T @ 221 A
Peak hoop stress ~ 215 MPa, well below tape limit
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Thin-profile wire (50 micron substrate) exhibits superior bend properties in joints & splices
• 4 mm wide conductors each with 20 µm surround copper stabilizer• Joint or splice length = 3 or 3.5 cm• Original tape thickness = 0.095 mm• Thickness at joint or splice = 0.22 mm (~ 2 times thinner that with 1G or other 2G!)
No degradation in Ic (1 µV/cm) over the joint or splice Joint or splice resistivity = 40 to 50 nΩcm2
No degradation in Ic and resistivity when joint or splice is bent over down to 1”diameter and thermal cycled three times. Ic was tested at every thermal cycle
Joint
Splice
Copper stabilizer
substrateYBCO
solder
In 2005 tested single tape only.In 2006 tested joints & splices
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Current Leads ComparisonBaseline:
Current: 100 ATemperature: 77 K to 4.2 K
Type Heat LeakOptimized non-SC lead, non-vapor cooled: 1.2 WOptimized non-SC lead, vapor cooled: 0.092 W1G alloyed Ag HTS lead (1), non-vapor cooled, 0.25 m long: 0.018 W2G Ag HTS lead (2), non-vapor cooled, 0.25 m long: 0.013 W2G alloyed Ag HTS lead (3), non-vapor cooled, 0.25 m long: 0.0008 W
– All values assume top end anchored at 77K– Vapor cooling of HTS leads will reduce the heat leak significantly below the values stated– Heat leak with HTS leads scales as 1/Length(1) 1G tape, 4.2 mm x 0.22 mm, 65% Ag-4 wt% Au(2) 2G tape, 4 mm x 0.053 mm, 50 µm Hastelloy® C276 substrate with 2 µm thick Ag cap layer (no Cu)(3) 2G tape, 4 mm x 0.053 mm, 50 µm Hastelloy® C276 substrate with 2 µm thick Ag-4 wt% Au cap layer, (no Cu)
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time [ms]
Cur
rent
[kA
]
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Volta
ge a
cros
s H
TS
elem
ents
[kV]
Iprospective I_total_KEMA I_HTS Ish V_total_KEMA
-5.0-4.0
-3.0-2.0-1.00.0
1.02.03.0
4.05.0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time [ms]
Cur
rent
[kA
]
-1.0-0.5
0.00.51.01.5
2.02.53.0
3.54.0
Volta
ge a
cros
s H
TS
elem
ents
[kV]
I_total_KEMA I_HTS Ish V_total_KEMA
Quench speed around 0.5 ms
2G Wire for SFCL shows consistent, excellent performance
< 1 msResponse time
3 kAPeak current through element
90 kA*Prospective current
32 kALimited current
NarrowElement quality range
2G High-power SFCL test
Fast response time
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
3-in-One Cable Design• Compact size (O.D. = 135mm) (5.3”)
HTS Conductor and Shield Winding• Di-BSSCO wire (Long length, High-Ic, High-strength,
anti-ballooning)• Equal current distribution to minimize AC loss• Cancel magnetic field EMI free
Electrical Insulation• PPLP with high dielectric strength & small tangent loss
Fault Current Protection• Cu former and shield windings to handle 2nd
contingency fault conditionsThermal Contraction
• 3-cores are loosely stranded to accommodate 0.3% contraction
Thermal Insulation• Stainless steel cryostat for low heat inleakage
[Shipping Test Results] Critical Current1.8 kA (at 77K ,DC) same as designVoltage Test (based on AEIC) AC: 69kV ・10min (no PD)Imp: +/- 200kV, 10 shots/eachAC loss0.7W/m/ph (at 0.8kA) same as designCable Bending Test (18;1.2mR)No Ic degradationNo defect in HTS wires and electrical insulations
Structure and Properties of Albany BSCCO Cable
HTS Conductor(2-layer)
HTS Shield(1-layer)
Cu Shield
135 mm35 mm
Electrical Insulation(PPLP +Liquid Nitrigen)
Cu Stranded Former
Tension Member
Stainless Steel Double Corrugated
Cryostat
HTS Conductor(2-layer)
HTS Shield(1-layer)
Cu Shield
135 mm35 mm
Electrical Insulation(PPLP +Liquid Nitrigen)
Cu Stranded Former
Tension Member
Stainless Steel Double Corrugated
Cryostat
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
We have not reached the limit of 2G HTS wire capability, but our HTS wires are ready NOW for a number of magnetic and other high tech applications.
SummaryAre you ready …
for 2G HTS?
Synchrotron Radiation 2008, Novosibirsk, Russia, June 2008
Questions?
Thank you for your interest!
For further information about SuperPower, please visit us at: www.superpower-inc.com
or e-mail: [email protected]