b

Second Formulation of The Categorical Imperative

Second Formulation of The CategoricalImperative

the Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Dr. Clea F. Rees

ReesC17@cardiff.ac.uk

Centre for Lifelong LearningCardiff University

Spring 2011

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeOutline

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Outline

Organisational

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s DutyFriends, Ends & the Cinema

AutonomyToby, Peter & AppendicitisAutonomous Beings & RationalityAutonomous Beings, Rationality & PersonhoodRespecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Notes

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeOrganisational

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Organisational

I please hand in as applicable:I one copy of response to prompt 5

I available to collect:I responses to prompt 4

I questions, comments & concerns

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeFormula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)Always act so as to treat rational beings as ends in themselves, andnever merely as means.

I Respect people.I Don’t “use” people.

I This is Kant’s second statement of The CategoricalImperative:

i.e. of the single, comprehensive ethical principle;

i.e. of the “Only Guide You Need!”

I Kant claims the FHEI and FUL are equivalent.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeFormula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)Always act so as to treat rational beings as ends in themselves, andnever merely as means.

I Respect people.

I Don’t “use” people.

I This is Kant’s second statement of The CategoricalImperative:

i.e. of the single, comprehensive ethical principle;

i.e. of the “Only Guide You Need!”

I Kant claims the FHEI and FUL are equivalent.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeFormula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)Always act so as to treat rational beings as ends in themselves, andnever merely as means.

I Respect people.I Don’t “use” people.

I This is Kant’s second statement of The CategoricalImperative:

i.e. of the single, comprehensive ethical principle;

i.e. of the “Only Guide You Need!”

I Kant claims the FHEI and FUL are equivalent.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeFormula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)Always act so as to treat rational beings as ends in themselves, andnever merely as means.

I Respect people.I Don’t “use” people.

I This is Kant’s second statement of The CategoricalImperative:

i.e. of the single, comprehensive ethical principle;

i.e. of the “Only Guide You Need!”

I Kant claims the FHEI and FUL are equivalent.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeFormula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)Always act so as to treat rational beings as ends in themselves, andnever merely as means.

I Respect people.I Don’t “use” people.

I This is Kant’s second statement of The CategoricalImperative:i.e. of the single, comprehensive ethical principle;

i.e. of the “Only Guide You Need!”

I Kant claims the FHEI and FUL are equivalent.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeFormula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)Always act so as to treat rational beings as ends in themselves, andnever merely as means.

I Respect people.I Don’t “use” people.

I This is Kant’s second statement of The CategoricalImperative:i.e. of the single, comprehensive ethical principle;

i.e. of the “Only Guide You Need!”

I Kant claims the FHEI and FUL are equivalent.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeFormula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)

Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself (FHEI)Always act so as to treat rational beings as ends in themselves, andnever merely as means.

I Respect people.I Don’t “use” people.

I This is Kant’s second statement of The CategoricalImperative:i.e. of the single, comprehensive ethical principle;

i.e. of the “Only Guide You Need!”

I Kant claims the FHEI and FUL are equivalent.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeApplying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

I FHEI is a test one uses to determine one’s duty.

I One uses it to decide whether a maxim is morally acceptableor not.

I Hence, one can decide whether an action is morally acceptableor not.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeApplying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

I FHEI is a test one uses to determine one’s duty.I One uses it to decide whether a maxim is morally acceptable

or not.

I Hence, one can decide whether an action is morally acceptableor not.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeApplying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

I FHEI is a test one uses to determine one’s duty.I One uses it to decide whether a maxim is morally acceptable

or not.I Hence, one can decide whether an action is morally acceptable

or not.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeApplying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

Friends, Ends & the Cinema

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s DutyFriends, Ends & the Cinema

Is it permissible to ask your friend to go to the cinema with you?

Applying FHEI:Why would you be asking?

1. you’d really rather go alone, but think SHE’d enjoy the film.

I O.K.

2. know she’ll hate but, but YOU don’t want to go alone

I treating her merely as meansI WRONG

3. know SHE’ll enjoy it — one reason; also YOU’ll enjoy it more— second reason

I treating her as means, but not merely — also as end in herselfI O.K.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeApplying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

Friends, Ends & the Cinema

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s DutyFriends, Ends & the Cinema

Is it permissible to ask your friend to go to the cinema with you?

Applying FHEI:Why would you be asking?

1. you’d really rather go alone, but think SHE’d enjoy the film.

I O.K.

2. know she’ll hate but, but YOU don’t want to go alone

I treating her merely as meansI WRONG

3. know SHE’ll enjoy it — one reason; also YOU’ll enjoy it more— second reason

I treating her as means, but not merely — also as end in herselfI O.K.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeApplying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

Friends, Ends & the Cinema

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s DutyFriends, Ends & the Cinema

Is it permissible to ask your friend to go to the cinema with you?

Applying FHEI:Why would you be asking?1. you’d really rather go alone, but think SHE’d enjoy the film.

I O.K.2. know she’ll hate but, but YOU don’t want to go alone

I treating her merely as meansI WRONG

3. know SHE’ll enjoy it — one reason; also YOU’ll enjoy it more— second reason

I treating her as means, but not merely — also as end in herselfI O.K.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeApplying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

Friends, Ends & the Cinema

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s DutyFriends, Ends & the Cinema

Is it permissible to ask your friend to go to the cinema with you?

Applying FHEI:Why would you be asking?1. you’d really rather go alone, but think SHE’d enjoy the film.

I O.K.

2. know she’ll hate but, but YOU don’t want to go alone

I treating her merely as meansI WRONG

3. know SHE’ll enjoy it — one reason; also YOU’ll enjoy it more— second reason

I treating her as means, but not merely — also as end in herselfI O.K.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeApplying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

Friends, Ends & the Cinema

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s DutyFriends, Ends & the Cinema

Is it permissible to ask your friend to go to the cinema with you?

Applying FHEI:Why would you be asking?1. you’d really rather go alone, but think SHE’d enjoy the film.

I O.K.2. know she’ll hate but, but YOU don’t want to go alone

I treating her merely as meansI WRONG

3. know SHE’ll enjoy it — one reason; also YOU’ll enjoy it more— second reason

I treating her as means, but not merely — also as end in herselfI O.K.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeApplying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

Friends, Ends & the Cinema

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s DutyFriends, Ends & the Cinema

Is it permissible to ask your friend to go to the cinema with you?

Applying FHEI:Why would you be asking?1. you’d really rather go alone, but think SHE’d enjoy the film.

I O.K.2. know she’ll hate but, but YOU don’t want to go alone

I treating her merely as means

I WRONG3. know SHE’ll enjoy it — one reason; also YOU’ll enjoy it more

— second reason

I treating her as means, but not merely — also as end in herselfI O.K.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeApplying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

Friends, Ends & the Cinema

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s DutyFriends, Ends & the Cinema

Is it permissible to ask your friend to go to the cinema with you?

Applying FHEI:Why would you be asking?1. you’d really rather go alone, but think SHE’d enjoy the film.

I O.K.2. know she’ll hate but, but YOU don’t want to go alone

I treating her merely as meansI WRONG

3. know SHE’ll enjoy it — one reason; also YOU’ll enjoy it more— second reason

I treating her as means, but not merely — also as end in herselfI O.K.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeApplying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

Friends, Ends & the Cinema

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s DutyFriends, Ends & the Cinema

Is it permissible to ask your friend to go to the cinema with you?

Applying FHEI:Why would you be asking?1. you’d really rather go alone, but think SHE’d enjoy the film.

I O.K.2. know she’ll hate but, but YOU don’t want to go alone

I treating her merely as meansI WRONG

3. know SHE’ll enjoy it — one reason; also YOU’ll enjoy it more— second reason

I treating her as means, but not merely — also as end in herselfI O.K.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeApplying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

Friends, Ends & the Cinema

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s DutyFriends, Ends & the Cinema

Is it permissible to ask your friend to go to the cinema with you?

Applying FHEI:Why would you be asking?1. you’d really rather go alone, but think SHE’d enjoy the film.

I O.K.2. know she’ll hate but, but YOU don’t want to go alone

I treating her merely as meansI WRONG

3. know SHE’ll enjoy it — one reason; also YOU’ll enjoy it more— second reason

I treating her as means, but not merely — also as end in herself

I O.K.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeApplying FHEI: Determining One’s Duty

Friends, Ends & the Cinema

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Applying FHEI: Determining One’s DutyFriends, Ends & the Cinema

Is it permissible to ask your friend to go to the cinema with you?

Applying FHEI:Why would you be asking?1. you’d really rather go alone, but think SHE’d enjoy the film.

I O.K.2. know she’ll hate but, but YOU don’t want to go alone

I treating her merely as meansI WRONG

3. know SHE’ll enjoy it — one reason; also YOU’ll enjoy it more— second reason

I treating her as means, but not merely — also as end in herselfI O.K.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Toby, Peter & Appendicitis

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyToby, Peter & Appendicitis

What, if anything, justifies the different responses?

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Autonomous Beings & Rationality

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyAutonomous Beings & Rationality

AutonomyOne has the capacity for autonomy if one is capable of makingdecisions about one’s own life.

To be able to do this, one must be capable of reasoning and ofunderstanding, within reasonable limits, information and options— that is, one must be rational.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Autonomous Beings & Rationality

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyAutonomous Beings & Rationality

AutonomyOne has the capacity for autonomy if one is capable of makingdecisions about one’s own life.

To be able to do this, one must be capable of reasoning and ofunderstanding, within reasonable limits, information and options— that is, one must be rational.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Autonomous Beings & Rationality

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyAutonomous Beings & Rationality

I Who has it?

I you, me, all healthy adult human beings, maybe some othersI Who doesn’t?

I goldfish, oak trees, cats, dogs, small children, some adulthumans & hedgehogs

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Autonomous Beings & Rationality

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyAutonomous Beings & Rationality

I Who has it?I you, me, all healthy adult human beings, maybe some others

I Who doesn’t?

I goldfish, oak trees, cats, dogs, small children, some adulthumans & hedgehogs

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Autonomous Beings & Rationality

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyAutonomous Beings & Rationality

I Who has it?I you, me, all healthy adult human beings, maybe some others

I Who doesn’t?

I goldfish, oak trees, cats, dogs, small children, some adulthumans & hedgehogs

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Autonomous Beings & Rationality

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyAutonomous Beings & Rationality

I Who has it?I you, me, all healthy adult human beings, maybe some others

I Who doesn’t?I goldfish, oak trees, cats, dogs, small children, some adult

humans & hedgehogs

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Autonomous Beings & Rationality

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyAutonomous Beings & Rationality

Autonomous BeingsAll rational beings have autonomy; no non-rational beings have it.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Autonomous Beings, Rationality & Personhood

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyAutonomous Beings, Rationality & Personhood

I Who counts as a ‘person’?

I Who doesn’t?

PersonA being is a person if, and only if, the being is rational.

Autonomous BeingsAll, and only, persons, have autonomy.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Autonomous Beings, Rationality & Personhood

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyAutonomous Beings, Rationality & Personhood

I Who counts as a ‘person’?I Who doesn’t?

PersonA being is a person if, and only if, the being is rational.

Autonomous BeingsAll, and only, persons, have autonomy.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Autonomous Beings, Rationality & Personhood

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyAutonomous Beings, Rationality & Personhood

I Who counts as a ‘person’?I Who doesn’t?

PersonA being is a person if, and only if, the being is rational.

Autonomous BeingsAll, and only, persons, have autonomy.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Autonomous Beings, Rationality & Personhood

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyAutonomous Beings, Rationality & Personhood

I Who counts as a ‘person’?I Who doesn’t?

PersonA being is a person if, and only if, the being is rational.

Autonomous BeingsAll, and only, persons, have autonomy.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Respecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyRespecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Treating Persons as Ends in Themselves

I Treating persons as ends in themselves, and never merely asmeans, requires

I respecting them as persons.

I Respecting persons involves

I respecting their autonomy.

I Respecting persons’ autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their autonomy.

I Allowing persons to exercise their autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their capacity to make their owndecisions.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Respecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyRespecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Treating Persons as Ends in Themselves

I Treating persons as ends in themselves, and never merely asmeans, requires

I respecting them as persons.I Respecting persons involves

I respecting their autonomy.

I Respecting persons’ autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their autonomy.

I Allowing persons to exercise their autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their capacity to make their owndecisions.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Respecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyRespecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Treating Persons as Ends in Themselves

I Treating persons as ends in themselves, and never merely asmeans, requires

I respecting them as persons.

I Respecting persons involves

I respecting their autonomy.

I Respecting persons’ autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their autonomy.

I Allowing persons to exercise their autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their capacity to make their owndecisions.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Respecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyRespecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Treating Persons as Ends in Themselves

I Treating persons as ends in themselves, and never merely asmeans, requires

I respecting them as persons.I Respecting persons involves

I respecting their autonomy.I Respecting persons’ autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their autonomy.

I Allowing persons to exercise their autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their capacity to make their owndecisions.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Respecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyRespecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Treating Persons as Ends in Themselves

I Treating persons as ends in themselves, and never merely asmeans, requires

I respecting them as persons.I Respecting persons involves

I respecting their autonomy.

I Respecting persons’ autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their autonomy.

I Allowing persons to exercise their autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their capacity to make their owndecisions.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Respecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyRespecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Treating Persons as Ends in Themselves

I Treating persons as ends in themselves, and never merely asmeans, requires

I respecting them as persons.I Respecting persons involves

I respecting their autonomy.I Respecting persons’ autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their autonomy.I Allowing persons to exercise their autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their capacity to make their owndecisions.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Respecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyRespecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Treating Persons as Ends in Themselves

I Treating persons as ends in themselves, and never merely asmeans, requires

I respecting them as persons.I Respecting persons involves

I respecting their autonomy.I Respecting persons’ autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their autonomy.

I Allowing persons to exercise their autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their capacity to make their owndecisions.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Respecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyRespecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Treating Persons as Ends in Themselves

I Treating persons as ends in themselves, and never merely asmeans, requires

I respecting them as persons.I Respecting persons involves

I respecting their autonomy.I Respecting persons’ autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their autonomy.I Allowing persons to exercise their autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their capacity to make their owndecisions.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeAutonomy

Respecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

AutonomyRespecting Persons as Ends in Themselves

Treating Persons as Ends in Themselves

I Treating persons as ends in themselves, and never merely asmeans, requires

I respecting them as persons.I Respecting persons involves

I respecting their autonomy.I Respecting persons’ autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their autonomy.I Allowing persons to exercise their autonomy involves

I allowing them to exercise their capacity to make their owndecisions.

b

Second Formulation of The Categorical ImperativeNotes

Virtue

Vice

Moral

Imm

oral

Ethical

Unethica

lPe

rmissi

bleImpermissible

Notes