Second ExamOne week from todayChapters 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 (most)Can humans share spaceship earth?

Why Can't We Humans Share Spaceship Earth?

The Vanishing Book of Life on Earth

Watch Average Temperatures 1884-2012

Global Warming

Watch Domino Effects Also Handouts 5, 6, and 7Intelligent Design?

Space Travel

Agriculture

Economics

Partial derivatives, ∂Ni/∂Nj sensitivities of each species to changes in

the density of each other species

Jacobian matrix (community matrices)

Lyapunov stability (negative leading dominant eigenvalue)

The ecological niche, function of a species in the community

Resource utilization functions (RUFs)

Competitive communities in equilibrium with their resources

Within & between phenotype components of niche breadth

Hutchinson’s n-dimensional hypervolume concept

Fundamental and Realized Niches

Niche dimensionality, unidimensional shadows misleading

Niche overlap hypothesis

Resource matrices

Resource matrices of utilization coefficients (or electivities)

Disjunct, Abutting, Overlapping, Included Niches

Niche overlap hypothesis

Niche dynamics and niche dimensionality, diffuse competition

Complementarity of niche dimensions

Independence of niche dimensions

Unidimensional estimates of true multidimensional utilization

Niche Breadth: Specialization versus generalization.

Similar resources favor specialists, different resources favor generalists

MacArthur “Economics of Consumer Choice”

Robust theorem: Diets contract when prey abundant

MacArthur and Levins limiting similarity model

Ambush versus Active Foragers: optimal foraging

Compression Hypothesis

Fisher’s model of adaptation and deterioration of environment, p. 92

Periodic tables of niches

Thermoconformer versus thermoregulator continuum

Ecological Equivalents, convergent evolution

Adaptive Suite of horned lizards

Convergent evolution, ecological equivalents (Moloch horridus)

Ten Morphometrics

Snout-vent lengthTail lengthHead lengthHead widthHead depthJaw lengthForefoot lengthForeleg lengthHindfoot length

Hindleg length

Multivariate techniques (principal components, ordination)

Principal Components Analysis

Reduces dimensionality (correlated data)

Changes coordinate system (data positions unchanged)

Log transform data

First Principal Component Second Principal Component

First Two Principal Components reduce variance by 92.4%

First Two Principle Components reduce variance by 92.4%

First Two Principal Components capture 92.4% of variance

Agama

Phrynosoma

Moloch

Page 343

http://www.digimorph.org/specimens/Moloch_horridus/whole/

Experimental EcologyControls

Manipulation

Replicates

Pseudoreplication

Rocky Intertidal Space Limited System

Paine’s Pisaster removal experiment

Connell: Balanus and Chthamalus

Menge’s Leptasterias and Pisaster experiment

Dunham’s Big Bend saxicolous lizards

Brown’s Seed Predation experiments

R. T. Paine (1966)

Pisaster

Thais

Chiton Limpet Mytilus Semibalanus Mitella

Joseph Connell (1961)

Bruce Menge (1972) Leptasterias

Menge 1972

Bruce Menge

Sceloporus merriami Urosaurus ornatus

Six rocky outcrops: 2 controls, 2 Sceloporus removal

plots and 2 Urosaurus removal areas.

========================================

4 year study: 2 wet and 2 dry: insect abundances

Monitored density, feeding success, growth rates, body weights, survival, lipid levels

Urosaurus removal did not effect Sceloporus density

No effects during wet years (insect food plentiful)

Insects scarce during dry years: Urosaurus growth and survival

was higher on Sceloporus removal plots

Arthur Dunham

Grapevine Hills, Big Bend National Park

James Brown

Experimental Design of Seed Predation in the Chihuahuan Desert___________________________________________________ Plots Treatments___________________________________________________ 11,14 Controls 6,13 Seed addition, large seeds, constant rate 2,22 Seed addition, small seeds, constant rate 9,20 Seed addition, mixed seeds, constant rate 1,18 Seed addition, mixed seeds, temporal pulse5,24 Rodent removal, Dipodomys spectabilis (largest kangaroo rat)15,21 Rodent removal, all Dipodomys species (kangaroo rats) 7,16 Rodent removal, all seed-eating rodents 8,12 Pogonomyrmex harvester ants 4,17 All seed-eating ants 3,19 All Dipodomys plus Pogonomyrmex ants10,23 All seed-eating rodents plus all seed-eating ants___________________________________________________________

Munger, J. C. and J. H. Brown. 1981. Competition in desert rodents: an experiment with semipermeable enclosures. Science 211: 510-512.

open circles =rodents removed

solid circles =controls

Defaunation Experiments in the Florida Keys

Islands of Mangrove treeswere surveyed and numbersof arthropods recorded.

Islands were then coveredin plastic tents and fumigatedwith methyl bromide.

Islands were then resurveyedat intervals to document theprocess of recolonization.

Simberloff and Wilson (1970)

Simberloff and Wilson 1970

Evidence for Stability of Trophic Structure? First number is the number

of species before defaunation, second in parentheses is the number after _____________________________________________________________________________

Trophic Classes____________________________________________________________

Island H S D W A C P ? Total

_____________________________________________________________________________

E1 9 (7) 1 (0) 3 (2) 0 (0) 3 (0) 2 (1) 2 (1) 0 (0) 20 (11)E2 11 (15) 2 (2) 2 (1) 2 (2) 7 (4) 9 (4) 3 (0) 0 (1) 36 (29)E3 7 (10) 1 (2) 3 (2) 2 (0) 5 (6) 3 (4) 2 (2) 0 (0) 23 (26)ST2 7 (6) 1 (1) 2 (1) 1 (0) 6 (5) 5 (4) 2 (1) 1 (0) 25 (18)E7 9 (10) 1 (0) 2 (1) 1 (2) 5 (3) 4 (8) 1 (2) 0 (1) 23 (27)E9 12 (7) 1 (0) 1 (1) 2 (2) 6 (5) 13 (10) 2 (3) 0 (1) 37 (29)Totals 55 (55) 7 (5) 13 (8) 8 (6) 32 (23) 36 (31) 12 (9) 1 (3) 164 (140) _____________________________________________________________________________H = herbivoreS = scavengerD = detritus feederW = wood borerA = antC = carnivorous predator? = undetermined

E. O. Wilson (1969)

Experimental EcologyControls, replicates, treatments, pseudoreplicationMarine rocky intertidal, space-limited systemsJoe Connell, barnacles, Balanus and ChthamalusBob Paine, mindless experiments, Pisaster removal, keystone predator

Bruce Menge, removal + addition experiment with sea stars

Art Dunham, Big Bend Grapevine hills, lizard removal experiments

Jim Brown, New Mexico seed eating ants and rodents

2 replicates for each of 12 treatments

(including 11 manipulations plus 2 controls).

Short term: ants and rodents compete for seeds

Large seeded plants versus small seeded plants

Long term: indirect mutualism, facilitation between ants and rodents

Simberloff and Wilson’s defaunation experiments in Florida keys

Non-interactive, interactive, assortative, and evolutionary equilibria