Seattle Kindergarten Readiness Guidelines

7/23/2019 Seattle Kindergarten Readiness Guidelines

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/seattle-kindergarten-readiness-guidelines 1/36

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http://www.seecwa.org/

http://www.seecwa.org/



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E. Omaèxel k`h Al`lzki G`mqilhal....................................................... 3

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EEE. ^buseoki Hllim~fl`x......................................................................... ;5

ES. _moeki k`h Lfmxem`ki Hllim~fl`x..................................................... ::

S. K~~zmkobls xm Ilkzèà....................................................................... :3

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http://www.med.navy.mil/diversity/documents/nichols%20and%20associates%20profile.doc






8

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3

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lr~lzelòls |seà s|jsxkòls s|ob ks îku&Hmb) qlx

sk`h) mz ’amm~.‖

Khh fkxb omòl~xs xm lresxeà koxeexels) cmz

lrkf~il4 bkl ilkz`lzs xkig kjm|x k`h |sl o|zzlòu7

mz om`h|ox k azmolzu sxmzl mz ckzflzs fkzglx koxeexu

e` qbeob ilkz`lzs gll~ k ’xkj.‖

$_|aalsxlh Koxeexels$Xblsl kzl flzliu s|aalsxem`s. ilksl clli czll xm khh um|z

mq` ehlks.

\sl k kzelxu mc flxbmhs k`h xmmis e`

hkeiu fkxb koxeexels cmz smieà

~zmjilfs k`h hlxlzfeèà {|k`xexu)

l.a.) fkè~|ikxels) fl`xki

omf~|xkxem`) lsxefkxem`s.

Om|`x k`h fkxob azm|~s mc mjdloxs.

\`hlzsxk`h xbkx xbl iksx `|fjlz

om|`xlh zl~zlsl`xs xbl xmxki {|k`xexu

mc mjdloxs.

Om|`x e` sl{|lòl xm ;> k`h jlum`h.

Om|`x exlfs e` azm|~s mz khh sfkii

{|k`xexels xmalxblz xm mjxke` xbl

omzzlox s|f.

Omf~kzl) okxlamzetl) k`h oikssecu

mjdloxs jkslh m` setl) omimz k`h sbk~l.

Hlsozejl bmq k`h qbu mjdloxs kzl

kzzkàlh mz smzxlh xbl qku xblu kzl)

l.a.) azkhkxem`) blku) ieabx) xu~l.



1

E. OMA@EXESL k`h AL@LZKI G@MQILHAL4 Almflxzu k`h _~kxeki Zlikxem`s


AmkisLkob obeih4 E`heokxmzs-_geiisObeihzl` fku4

Zlomaètls) hlsozejls) omf~kzls k`h

`kfls omffm` sbk~ls k`h xblez

kxxzej|xls) l.a.) sxkxls xbkx k s{|kzl bks

cm|z sehls.

\`hlzsxk`hs k`h lr~zlssls

hezloxem`kiexu s|ob ks |~) hmq`) mlz)

|`hlz) xm~) jmxxmf) e`sehl) m|xsehl) e`

czm`x mc k`h jlbe`h |seà obeih―s bmfl

ikà|kal k`h Làiesb.

_bmqs |`hlzsxk`heà mc k`h hlsozejls

s~kxeki zlikxem`sbe~s |seà xbl omòl~xs

mc jlcmzl k`h kcxlz.

\sls es|kietkxem`) fmhlieà) sufjmieo

efkalzu) s~kxeki zlksmèà) bmiesxeo

xbe`geà) e`xl`xem` k`h zlciloxem` xm

smil ~zmjilfs.

_k`gmck sufjmi

"_ll aimsskzu cmz hlceèxem`%

Om`h|ox k ’Clliu Jmr‖ koxeexu h|zeà

qbeob xbl xlkoblz4

m îkols sbk~ls mz mjdloxs e` xbl jmr

kcxlz xkigeà kjm|x xblf qexb

obeihzl`.

m Bkl sllzki obeihzl` ~eog k` mjdlox

m|x k`h xzu xm zl~lkx qbkx xblu

zlflfjlz kjm|x xbl mjdloxs.

Fkgl xefl k`h s~kol cmz obeihzl` xmzlcilox k`h ozlkxl es|ki) qzexxl` k`h

omòzlxl fmhlis k`h ~ik`s.

\sl jimogs xm ozlkxl sbk~ls e` x bl jimog

kzlk.

\sl ~|ttils qexb hecclzl`x sbk~ls.

Qbl` |seà jimogs) hlsozejl xbl s~kxeki

zlikxem`sbe~s e` qbkx xbl obeih es hmeà)

l.a.) ’E sll um| ~|x xbl JI\L jimog m`

XM^.‖

Qbl` |seà Ilam jzeogs cmz j|eiheà) ksg

xbl obeih m~l` l`hlh {|lsxem`s4

m ’Qbkx qeii bk~~l` ec‣=‖

m ’Bmq fkù‣.=‖

m ’Bmq heh um| g`mq‣=‖

^|x xmalxblz k`h xkgl k~kzx xqm k`h

xbzll hefl`sem`ki sbk~ls xm fkgl

k`mxblz sbk~l) l.a.) |sls xqm xzekàils

xm fkgl k zloxkàil.

Hlsea`) ozlkxl k`h hlfm`sxzkxl

sxz|ox|zls |seà jimogs k`h mxblz

mjdloxs cm|`h e` `kx|zl.

Hlsozejl ckfeiekz sbk~ls e`

lèzm`fl`x k`h s~loecu xblez imokxem`)l.a.) oezoil) sxm~ sea`) zlsxk|zk`x sea`s.

Jlae` xm jl kjil xm hlxlzfe`l qblxblz

mz `mx xqm sbk~ls kzl xbl skfl setl

k`h sbk~l.

Hlsozejl) `kfl k`h e`xlz~zlx k`

mjdlox―s ~msexem` e` s~kol) l.a.) ’k okz es

m` xbl jmxxmf sblic |`hlz k iexxil jmr‖)

’ql ql`x e`sehl k`h xmmg xbl sxkezs xm

am hmq`.‖

^|x xmalxblz k`h xkgl k~kzx sbk~ls)

s|ob ks ~|ttils mz j|eih qexb jimogs.

$_|aalsxlh Koxeexels

$Xblsl kzl flzliu s|aalsxem`s. ilksl clli czll xm

khh um|z mq` ehlks.



2

E. OMA@EXESL k`h AL@LZKI G@MQILHAL4 ^kxxlz`s) Flks|zlfl`xs) k`h Zlikxem`sbe~s


Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

Fkxobls) smzxs) ~|xs e` k slzels k`h

zlazm|~s mjdloxs) s|ob ks omimz) sbk~l

mz setl.

Zlomaètls) h|~ieokxls) k`h lrxl`hs

sef~il ~kxxlz`s |seà k kzelxu mc

fkxlzekis.

\sls sxk`hkzh xmmis k`h |èxs mc

flks|zl) s|ob ks xk~l flks|zls) z|ilzs)

mz `m`sxk`hkzh flks|zlfl`x xmmis)

s|ob ks zejjm`) sxzeà) bk`hs) jimogs)

lxo.

Hlsozejl k`h omf~kzl xefl

zlikxem`sbe~s |seà xbl omòl~xs mc

jlcmzl) h|zeà) k`h kcxlz.

Zlomaètls xbl qbmil k`h exs seaèceok`x

~kzxs.

\sl k ’_l`smzu Jmr‖ koxeexu xm kiimq

ilkz`lzs xm smzx slksbliis jkslh m`

omimz) sbk~l) setl) xlrx|zl) lxo.

Lr~ike`) k`h xbl` bkl obeihzl` ikol

qmmhl` jlkhs m` ukz` xm ozlkxl k

sbk~l qexb xqm mz fmzl xzkexs mz k

~kxxlz` s|ob ks k zlh) ji|l) zlh) ji|l.

\sl sxkf~s xm ozlkxl ~kxxlz`s cmz k

~ke`xeà koxeexu.

Xkgl qkigs xm mjslzl ~kxxlz`s xbkx

moo|z e` `kx|zl.

Ceii o|~s qexb qkxlz xm sll bmq f|ob es

`llhlh xm ceii k ikzalz |èx) s|ob k s k

~exoblz.

\sls zbuxbf sm|`hs mz oik~~eà xm

hlfm`sxzkxl ~kxxlz`s s|ob ks xbl

zbuxbfeo ~kxxlz`s |slh ju kqkzh

qe`èà Kczeok` Kflzeok` seàlz)

f|seoek` k`h zlomzheà kzxesx Liik

Dl`ge`s) qbm bks jll` `kflh ’xbl cezsxikhu mc obeihzl`―s cmig smàs.‖

^zmehl k s~kol qblzl obeihzl` kzl kjil

xm hlom`sxz|ox mjdloxs.

Fkgl omf~kzesm`s jlxqll` sllzki

mjdloxs jkslh m` k seàil kxxzej|xl.

Oikssecu) okxlamzetl) k`h smzx ju

kxxzej|xls) s|ob ks xu~l) kal) mz setl.

Cmz lrkf~il4

m cz|exs 6 k~~ils) jk`k`ks) mz

azk~ls

m kal 6 kh|ix mz obeih

m setl 6 jea mz sfkii

Fml e` xefl xm hecclzl`x ~kxxlz`s mc

jlkx k`h zbuxbf.

Omf~ilxl k ~kxxlz`.

Flks|zl sk`h mz qkxlz |seà k kzelxu

mc om`xke`lzs.

Flks|zl eàzlhel`xs cmz k ommgeà

~zmdlox) qexb a|ehkòl.

\`hlzsxk`h k`h |sl flks|zlfl`x

mokj|ikzu xm hlsozejl {|k`xexu) ilàxb

k`h setl mc mjdloxs) mi|fl) bleabx) mz

qleabx.

Xkgl xbeàs k~kzx k`h ~|x xblf jkog

xmalxblz m` xblez mq`.

$_|aalsxlh Koxeexels$Xblsl kzl flzliu s|aalsxem`s. ilksl clli czll xm

khh um|z mq` ehlks.



5

E. OMA@EXESL k`h AL@LZKI G@MQILHAL4 Imaeo k`h Zlksmèà


Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

_bmqs k jkseo |`hlzsxk`heà mc sef~il

fkxblfkxeoki zlksmèà.

Bks k` kqkzl`lss mc ok|sl k`h lcclox.

Omf~kzls k`h lki|kxls lr~lzelòls)

xksgs) k`h ll`xs.

\sls imaeoki zlksmèà xm ie`g ehlks e`

mzhlz.

\sls ~ksx g`mqilhal xm j|eih `lq

g`mqilhal.

\sls fkxlzekis k`h omòzlxl mjdloxs xm

zl~zlsl`x `m`&~zlsl`x mjdloxs k`h

kjsxzkox ehlks.

Zlomaètls sxlzlmxu~eoki mz |`ckez

efkals mz qmzhs e` jmmgs k`h ~zm~msl

smi|xem`s xm smoeki) o|ix|zki)

e`xlz~lzsm`ki k`h lèzm`fl`xki

~zmjilfs k`h om`cieoxs.

\`hlzsxk`hs clkx|zls mc ieeà k`h

`mìeeà xbeàs k`h ~zlheoxs xblezjlbkemz jkslh m` xbmsl xzkexs.

_bmq zlksm` xbzm|ab azk~beà)

flks|zeà) lsxefkxeà) k`h ~zlheoxeà.

Qm`hlz ’qbkx qeii bk~~l` ec‖ k`h xlsxs

m|x ~mssejeiexels.

@mxl k`h mcclz zlksm`s qbu ll`xs

moo|zzlh) l.a.) ’Okzims es`―x blzl xmhku

jlok|sl bl amx seog ulsxlzhku.‖

\sl k kzelxu mc ~zmjilf smieà sgeiis

ju ce`heà f|ixe~il smi|xem`s xm

{|lsxem`s) xksgs) ~zmjilfs) k`h

obkiilàls.Ehl`xecu obkzkoxlzesxeos cmz omf~kzesm`)

l.a.) setl) omimz.

Al`lzkxl k z|il) sxzkxlau) mz ehlk czmf

m`l ilkzèà lr~lzelòl k`h k~~iu ex e`

k `lq om`xlrx.

\sl ~buseoki mjdloxs xm hlfm`sxzkxl

mokj|ikzu) l.a.) ozlkxls xqm ~eils mc

jimogs ‟ m`l qexb ’fmzl‖ jimogs k`h m`l

qexb ’ilss.‖

Hzkq m` llzuhku lr~lzelòl k`h k~~iu

xbes g`mqilhal xm sefeikz sex|kxem`s.

K~~iu `lq e`cmzfkxem` mz mokj|ikzu xm

k` koxeexu mz e`xlzkoxem`.

Zl~zlsl`x ehlks mz mjdloxs xbzm|ab

hzkqeàs) fmlfl`x) fefl) mz xbzll&

hefl`sem`ki om`sxz|oxem`s.


khh um|z mq` ehlks.

Ozlkxl azk~bs xm omf~kzl hkxk m`

obeihzl`―s lr~lzelòls mz zlilk`x

ll`xs e` xblez iels4

m Azk~b xbl flxbmhs ju qbeob xbl

obeihzl` kzzelh xm sobmmi xbkx hku) l.a.)

j|s) qkig.

m H|zeà k `|xzexem` koxeexu bkl xbl

obeihzl` xksxl cz|exs) lalxkjils k`h

mxblz cmmh skf~ils. Kcxlzqkzhs azk~b

qbm iegls qbkx.

Bkl ilkz`lzs ~zlheox qbkx qeii bk~~l`xm kzem|s mjdloxs ~ikolh e` qkxlz. Ec

mjdlox kzl omzg) qeii xblu cimkx= Ec `mx)

qbkx qeii bk~~l`=

îkol eol o|jls e` xbl qkxlz kzlk cmz

obeihzl` xm fkè~|ikxl k`h mjslzl.

@lrx) ~ikol qkxlz e` eol o|jl xzkus k`h

czlltl. Ksg xbl obeihzl` xm ~zlheox qbkx

qeii bk~~l`) |seà {|lsxem`s) s|ob ks

’Qbkx hm um| xbe`g= Qbu hm um| xbe`g

xbkx bk~~l`lh=

Ksg m~l` l`hlh {|lsxem`s iegl ’Qbu=‖

’Bmq=‖ k`h ’Qbkx=‖ mz ’Bmq qm|ihum| hm ex= Xlii fl kjm|x ex.‖ xm

lòm|zkal obeihzl` xm ael lrkf~ils e`

c|ii sl`xlòls.

Kiimq obeihzl` xm |sl e`x|exem` k`h

hecclzl`x sl`sls) s|ob ks seabx) xm|ob)

xksxl k`h sm|`h ks xmmis cmz flks|zeà

mz xm ozlkxl zloe~ls.

Heso|ss ok|sl k`h lcclox zlikxem`sbe~s)

cmz lrkf~il xbkx alzfs ok|sl eii`lss.



;>

E. OMA@EXESL k`h AL@LZKI G@MQILHAL4 _oel`xeceo E`{|ezu


Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

• Ehl`xecels k`h hesxeà|esbls kfmà xbl

xu~ls mc sl`sls) l.a.) xksxls) sm|`hs)

xkoxeil.

• \sls k kzelxu mc xmmis k`h hleols xm

akxblz e`cmzfkxem`) e`lsxeakxl

fkxlzekis k`h mjslzl ~zmolssls k`h

zlikxem`sbe~s.

• Xlsxs bu~mxblsls) heso|ssls k`h hzkqs

omòi|sem`s k`h cmzfs al`lzkietkxem`s.

• \`hlzsxk`hs xbkx mjdloxs k`h fkxlzekis

ok` |`hlzam obkàls) l.a.) eol jlomfls

qkxlz) s`mq jlomfls qkxlz) jkgeà)

fereà ~ke`x omimzs.

\`hlzsxk`hs xbkx b|fk`s bkl k`

ef~kox m` k`h e`xlzkox qexb xbl

lèzm`fl`x.

Làkal obeihzl` e` sl`smzu koxeexels

s|ob ks k xksxeà koxeexu) xbl` |sl

omf~kzeà sqllx k`h sm|z ks k flk`s

mc m~l` l`hlh lr~imzkxem` k`h

hesomlzu.

Bkl obeihzl` kssesx qexb xbl okzl mc

~ik`xs k`h kèfkis) l.a.) qkxlz xbl

~ik`xs) mz cllh xbl cesb.

îk`x sllhs k`h ~ikol xblf e` hecclzl`x

om`hexem`s) s|ob ks fmzl s|` mz `m s|`)hecclzl`x czl{|lòels k`h kfm|`x mc

qkxlz k`h xbl` mjslzl qbkx bk~~l`s.

Kiimq obeihzl` xm fer ~ke`x omimzs)

a|lss qbeob omimz feabx k~~lkz) k`h

lr~lzefl`x xm fkgl xblez mq`) `lq

omimzs.

^zmehl m~~mzx|èxels cmz obeihzl` xm

mjslzl k`h `mxl xbl obkàls xbkx xbl

slksm`s bkl m` k omf~msxeà qmzf

je` k`h k akzhl`.

Lòm|zkal zl|sl mc zlouoilh fkxlzekis

k`h lr~ike` qbkx ex flk`s xm jl lom&

czel`hiu.

Hlsozejl k`h omf~kzl lr~lzelòls

xbzm|ab sl`sls.

\sl `m`&sxk`hkzh) l.a.) jimogs) ~k~lz

x|jls k`h sxk`hkzh xmmis) l.a.) fka`lxs)

fkaècueà aikss) omf~|xlz xm lr~imzl

xbl lèzm`fl`x.

\`hlzsxk`h xbl |sl mc xmmis s|ob ks

fk~s xm ce`h imokxem`s.

Mjslzl) omiiloxs) hlsozejls k`h zlomzhs

e`cmzfkxem` xbzm|ab k kzelxu mc flk`s)eòi|heà heso|ssem`) hzkqeàs) fk~s

k`h obkzxs) l.a.) mjslzls k`h hlsozejls

obkzkoxlzesxeos) jkseo llhs) k`h iecl

ouoils mc ieeà xbeàs.

^kzxeoe~kxl e` lr~lzefl`xs k`h

hlsozejls mjslzkxem`s) l.a.) fereà

e`lakz k`h jkgeà smhk.

Hlsozejl k`h omf~kzl obkàls e` xbl

xm`l mc hz|fs mz mxblz ~lzo|ssem`

e`sxz|fl`xs qbl` xl`sem` es eòzlkslh.

Hlsozejl k`h lr~zlss zlikxem`sbe~jlxqll` xblfslils k`h xbl

lèzm`fl`x.


khh um|z mq` ehlks.



;;

EE. IK@A\KAL) IEXLZKOU k`h OMFF\@EOKXEM@4 Iesxlèà k`h \`hlzsxk`heà$


Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

Hlfm`sxzkxls k` |`hlzsxk`heà mc

om`lzskxem`s) sxmzels) smàs) k`h

~mlfs.

Cmiimqs sef~il k`h f|ixe~il&sxl~

hezloxem`s.

\sls zlol~xel ikà|kal sgeiis xm

|`hlzsxk`h k kzelxu mc mokj|ikzu

qmzhs.

Hlfm`sxzkxls omf~zlbl`sem` sgeiis

"flkèà e` ikà|kal%.

\`hlzsxk`hs omf~ilr sl`xlòls.

Koxeliu ~kzxeoe~kxls e` x|z`&xkgeà

om`lzskxem`s.

Cmo|sls kxxl`xem` cmz sbmzx ~lzemhs mc

xefl h|zeà ikzal k`h sfkii azm|~ xefl.

\sls zlciloxem` xm fkgl flkèà mc

lr~lzelòls) om`lzskxem`s) sxmzels) lxo.

$ Amkis fku `mx k~~iu xm kii ikà|kals.

Zlkh m|x im|h xm obeihzl` e` azm| ~s k`h

e`heeh|kiiu kx ilksx xbzll xefls k hku.

Ael obeihzl` hezloxem`s k`h {|lsxem`s

xbkx fml czmf sef~il xm fmzl

omf~ilr7 eòzlksl omf~ilrexu ks xbl

ulkz amls m`.

Lrxl`h obeihzl`―s mokj|ikzu ju

hliejlzkxliu |seà `lq qmzhs

xbzm|abm|x xbl hku.

\sl hecclzl`x xm`ls mc meol qbeil

zlkheà m|x im|h xm obeihzl`.

^zmehl f|ixe~il m~~mzx|èxels cmz

sxmzuxliieà xbzm|abm|x xbl hku.

Làkal obeihzl` e` om`lzskxem` qexb kx

ilksx cm|z flkèàc|i jkog k`h cmzxb

lrobkàls xbzm|abm|x xbl hku.

^zmehl koxeexels qexb oilkz jlbkemzki

lr~loxkxem`s.

\sl ~zm~s k`h alsx|zls xm

omff|èokxl flkèà qexbm|x

xzk`sikxem`.

Ozlkxl fkhl&|~ sxmzels.

\sl mzki ikà|kal xm lr~zlss lfmxem`s

k`h xbm|abxs.

Jlae` xm zl~zlsl`x k sxmzuie`l xbm|ab

hzkqeà) koxeà) mz seàeà) qexb

kssesxkòl.

Làkal e` zlciloxel xliieà mc sef~il

sxmzels k`h |sl kzem|s flhe|fs.

Cmiimq xqm&~kzx k`h xbzll&~kzxhezloxem`s |`ckfeiekz xm xbl hkeiu

zm|xe`l.

Hlsozejl xbl hlxkeis mc k zlol`x ll`x mz

moo|zzlòl.

Hlce`l qmzhs qexb kssesxkòl.

Hlfm`sxzkxl |`hlzsxk`heà mc qmzhs

|slh e` bmfl ikà|kal xbkx kzl

hecclzl`x czmf Làiesb.

Lr~zlss cllieàs k`h lfmxem`s.

@kfl smfl `m`&~zlsl`x mjdloxs |seàk~~zm~zekxl qmzhs.

_ex xbzm|ab k` l`xezl sxmzu.


$Xblsl kzl flzliu s|aalsxem`s. ilksl clli czll xmkhh um|z mq` ehlks.



;:

EE. IK@A\KAL) IEXLZKOU k`h OMFF\@EOKXEM@4 _~lkgeà k`h Omff|èokxem`$


AmkisLkob obeih4 E`heokxmzs-_geiisObeihzl` fku4

• \`hlzsxk`hs k`h |sls ikà|kal xm

omff|èokxl e`cmzfkxem`) lr~lzelòls)

ehlks) cllieàs) m~eèm`s) llhs)

{|lsxem`s k`h cmz mxblz kzelh

~|z~msls.

• G`mqs bmq k`h qbl` xm |sl s|zeki

ikà|kal.

• Jlae`s k`h zls~m`hs k~~zm~zekxliu e`

om`lzskxem` k`h heso|ssem`s qexb ~llzs

k`h kh|ixs.

• \sls omffmìu |`hlzsxmmh) k`h kal

k~~zm~zekxl mokj|ikzu qmzhs.

• K~~iels `m|` k`h lzj kazllfl`x e`

~ksx) ~zlsl`x) k`h c|x|zl xl`sls ks

k~~zm~zekxl e` xbl s~loeceo ikà|kal

|slh.

• \sls ikà|kal xm smil ~zmjilfs.

\sls ozmss o|ix|zki omff|èokxem` sgeiis

qexb mxblzs qbm hecclz ju al`hlz) kal)

lxbèoexu) mz almazk~bu.

$ Amkis fku `mx k~~iu xm kii ikà|kals.

• Fkgl ex skcl cmz obeihzl` xm |sl xblez

ikà|kal xm omff|èokxl xblez cllieàs

k`h lr~zlss xblez `llhs.

_|~~mzx obeihzl`―s `kx|zki o|zemsexu.

Xbzm|abm|x xbl hku) ckoeiexkxl

heso|ssem`s kx llzu m~~mzx|èxu7 ~msl

{|lsxem`s xbkx eèxl om`lzskxem` k`h

ael obeihzl` xefl "<&1 slom`hs% xm xbe`gjlcmzl zls~m`heà.

\sl akfls k`h koxem` mzel`xlh

koxeexels) qexb zlki mjdloxs xm ~zmehl

m~~mzx|èxels xm ~zkoxeol s~lkgeà.

Fmhli k`h |sl omff|èokxem` akfls

xm ~zkoxeol lzj kazllfl`x k`h xl`sls.

Lòm|zkal obeihzl` xm |sl ikà|kal xm

smil ~zmjilfs ju e`xl`xem`kiiu ozlkxeà

m~~mzx|èxels |seà sol`kzems4 ’Qbkx

om|ih ql hm ec‣‖

Ozlkxl ’s|zeki‖ ikà|kal mc glu qmzhs

k`h ~bzksls xm omff|èokxl qexb

obeihzl` e` xblez bmfl ikà|kal.

^zmehl m~~mzx|èxu cmz obeihzl` xm

làkal e` k`h lr~lzelòl ozmss o|ix|zki

koxeexels s|ob ks celih xze~s xm omff|èxu

ol`xlzs mz o|ix|zki lrobkàls.

\sl obkzkoxlz meols qbl` zlxliieà k

sxmzu mz ll`x.

Obmmsl xbl bmfl ikà|kal mz `m`&

lzjki alsx|zls xm omff|èokxl

koomzheà xm k|helòl) ~|z~msl) k`h

slxxeà.

Iesxl` xm mxblzs k`h zls~m`hs e` azm|~

om`lzskxem`s k`h heso|ssem`s.

_lilox ikà|kal koomzheà xm bmfl

ikà|kal"s% mc iesxl`lz mz s~lkglz.

Eèxekxl om`lzskxem` ju fkgeà

sxkxlfl`xs mz ksgeà {|lsxem`s.

Khd|sx omff|èokxem` sxuil xm iesxl`lz)

l.a.) qbl` xkigeà xm k um |àlz obeih

|sls sef~il qmzhs.

Lr~zlss k` ehlk e` fmzl xbk` m`l qku.

@mxeol hecclzl`x xm`ls k`h zbufls.

\sl omf~ilr sl`xlòls) s|ob ks ’Immgkx fu jikog sbmls7 xblu bkl k okz m`

xblf.‖


khh um|z mq` ehlks.



;?

EE. IK@A\KAL) IEXLZKOU k`h OMFF\@EOKXEM@4 Jmmg G`mqilhal


Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

• _bmqs e`xlzlsx k`h e`milfl`x e`

iesxlèà xm k`h heso|sseà k kzelxu mc

ceoxem` k`h `m`&ceoxem` jmmgs k`h

~mlxzu.

• Hlfm`sxzkxls kjeiexels xm zlxlii k`h

heoxkxl sxmzels czmf jmmgs k`h

lr~lzelòls.

• Koxs m|x sxmzels e` hzkfkxeo ~iku.

• ^zlheoxs qbkx qeii bk~~l` `lrx e` k

sxmzu.

• Ksgs k`h k`sqlzs {|lsxem`s zlikxlh xm k

jmmg mz sxmzu.

• Ilkz`s bmq xm bk`hil k`h okzl cmz

jmmgs. G`mqs xm x|z` k`h elq m`l

~kal kx k xefl e` s l{|lòl k`h

|`hlzsxk`hs xbkx k jmmg bks k xexil)

k|xbmz) k`h eii|sxzkxmz.

• Obmmsls xm zlkh m` mq`7 sllgs

e`cmzfkxem` e` jmmgs7 slls slic ks k

zlkhlz.

Kxxl`h xm jmmg zlkheà mz sxmzuxliieà.

^me`x xm xbl xexil mc k jmmg) qbl` ksglh.

_bkzl k`h xkigs kjm|x jmmgs qexb ~llzs.

_bmq e`xlzlsx e` zlkheà&zlikxlh

koxeexels) s|ob ks ksgeà xm bkl k

ckmzexl jmmg zlkh7 obmmseà xm immg kx

jmmgs7 hzkqeà ~eox|zls jkslh m`

sxmzels7 ksgeà xm xkgl jmmgs bmfl7

ameà xm xbl iejzkzu7 k`h làkaeà e`

~zlxl`h&zlkheà qexb mxblz obeihzl`.

Zlokii k sxmzu qexb smfl illi mc hlxkei

~lzxkeèà xm xbl obkzkoxlzs k`h

slxxeà.

Hesxeà|esb jlxqll` ~eox|zls k`h qmzhs

m` k ~kal.

\sl sxzkxlaels) s|ob ks {|lsxemèà mz

~zlheoxeà) xm omf~zlbl`h ~ze`xlh

fkxlzeki.

\sl ~eox|zl oi|ls cmz e`cmzfkxem`) l.a.)

kxxlf~xs xm ~zlheox qlkxblz ju immgeà

kx ~eox|zl mc oim|hs k`h zke` e` `lqs&~k~lz mz m` xlilesem` `lqs.

Jlae` xm |`hlzsxk`h xbkx Làiesb es zlkh

czmf ilcx xm zeabx.

_lilox jmmgs mc e`xlzlsx.

Fkgl kxxlf~xs kx zlkheà ckmzexl

jmmgs kim|h.

• _bmq l`xb|seksf cmz zlkheà. Xkig xm

obeihzl` kjm|x qbkx) qbl`) k`h bmq

f|ob um| zlkh.

• Ksg obeihzl` {|lsxem`s kjm|x zlol`xiu

zlkh jmmgs xm lòm|zkal xblf xm zl&xlii

xbl sxmzels.

• ^zmehl koolss xbzm|abm|x xbl hku xm

jmmgs eòi|heà f|ixeo|ix|zki k`h

f|ixeieà|ki jmmgs.

• ^me`x m|x lilfl`xs mc k jmmg7 k|xbmz)

xexil) eii|sxzkxmz) s~e`l) hezloxem` mc ~ze`x)

k`h xbl hecclzlòl jlxqll` ~ze`x k`h

eii|sxzkxem`s.

• Zlkh jmmg sllzki xefls fmhlieà

hecclzl`x ge`hs mc {|lsxem`s h|zeà

hecclzl`x zlkheàs. Ksg {|lsxem`s s|ob ks

’Qbkx hm um| xbe`g qeii bk~~l` `lrx=‖

• Xkig qexb obeihzl` kjm|x okzeà cmz k

jmmg.

• Ilx obeihzl` g`mq qbkx e`cmzfkxem` um|

~lzsm`kiiu bkl ilkz`lh czmf zlkheà

jmmgs.


khh um|z mq` ehlks.



;8

EE. IK@A\KAL) IEXLZKOU k`h OMFF\@EOKXEM@4 ^ze`x Kqkzl`lss


Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

_bmqs kqkzl`lss mc ~ze`x e` oiksszmmf)

bmfl k`h omff|èxu slxxeàs.

Hllim~s |`hlzsxk`heà mc xbl hecclzl`x

c|òxem`s mc cmzfs mc ~ze`x) s|ob ks

sea`s) ilxxlzs) `lqs~k~lzs) iesxs)

flsskals) k`h fl`|s.

Jlae`s xm zlomaètl xbl kssmoekxem`

jlxqll` s~mgl` k`h qzexxl` qmzhs ju

cmiimqeà ~ze`x ks ex es z lkh kim|h.

Zlomaètls k qmzh ks k |èx mc ~ze`x k`hbks kqkzl`lss xbkx ilxxlzs kzl azm|~lh

xm cmzf qmzhs.

Zlomaètls qzexxl` qmzhs) eòi|heà

mq` `kfl.

Zlomaètls xbkx qmzhs fkgl |~

sl`xlòls.

Jlae`s xm zlomaètl xbkx qmzhs kzl

mzakètlh e` s~loeceo qkus hl~l`heà

m` ikà|kal.

Zlomaètls ~ze`x czmf xqm mz fmzlikà|kals.

Fkgl k`h hes~iku zlilk`x k`h flkèàc|i

sea`s) ~eox|zls) k`h ikjlis xbkx s|~~mzx hkeiu

koxeexels. Hes~iku k`h heso|ss ~ze`x xbkx

om|ih jl cm|`h e` obeihzl`―s bmfls k`h

omff|èxels eòi|heà ~ze`x e` bmfl

ikà|kals.

_bmq obeihzl` k kzelxu mc ~ze`xlh fkxlzekis

xbkx qeii bli~ xblf ake` e`cmzfkxem`) s|ob ks

fkakte`ls) ommg jmmgs) `lqs~k~lzs) fk~s)

k`h lòuoim~lheks.

Ozlkxl ~msxlz jmkzhs qexb zlilk`x k`hckfeiekz smàs k`h obk`xs. Ks um| seà xblf)

~me`x xm xbl qmzhs xm kiimq obeihzl` xm

om``lox xbl ~ze`x xm xbl qmzh.

Ksg obeihzl` qbkx sea`s `llh xm jl ~ikolh e`

oikss k`h bkl xblf hlsea` k`h fkgl xbl

sea`s.

^msx qmzhs k`h efkals m` qkiis xbkx kzl

|slc|i k`h zlikxlh xm obeihzl`―s e`xlzlsxs.

Kism ozlkxl m~~mzx|èxels cmz obeihzl`―s

`kfls xm jl esejil) ki|lh) k`h kiehkxlh

xbzm|abm|x xbl zmmf) l.a.) `kfl ~|ttils)

kzxqmzg) zbufl akfls xbkx fkxob xblez`kfl.

Iesxl` xm obeihzl`―s ~iku k`h qzexl xbl qmzhs

|slh e` xblez ~iku k`h heso|ss qbkx um|

blkzh.

^zmehl k kzelxu mc ~ze`x lrkf~ils zlciloxeà

xbl ikà|kals s~mgl` e` xbl zmmf. \sl

hecclzl`x omimzs cmz xbl kzem|s ikà|kal

ikjlis e` xbl oiksszmmf.

Jlae` xm |`hlzsxk`h xbkx ilxxlzs bkl k

`kfl k`h k sm|`h.

Fkgl smfl ilxxlz k`h sm|`h fkxobls.

Jlae` xm zlomaètl ki~bkjlx sm|`hs.

Zlomaètl c|òxem` mc omffm` ikjlis e`

xbl lèzm`fl`x) l.a.) sxm~ sea`s mz

zlsxzmmf sea`s.

G`mq xbkx ~ze`x om`lus flkèà.

Zlomaètl hecclzlòls jlxqll` ilxxlzsk`h |flzkis.

Ehl`xecu ilxxlzs e` cezsx `kfl.

Zlkh mq` cezsx `kfl k`h xbmsl mc smfl

~llzs.

Jlae` xm ehl`xecu mjdloxs xbkx jlae` qexb

xbl skfl sm|`hs.

Zlkh smfl lèzm`fl`xki ~ze`x) s|ob ks

~ze`x m` k j|s.

Jlae` xm ozlkxl k`h e`l`x qmzhs ju

s|jsxex|xeà m`l sm|`h cmz k`mxblz)

s|ob ks zbufeà.

Jlae` xm zlomaètl ~ze`x e` jmmgs e`

ikà|kals mxblz xbk` xblez cezsx

ikà|kal.


khh um|z mq` ehlks.



;<

EE. IK@A\KAL) IEXLZKOU k`h OMFF\@EOKXEM@4 ^bm`mimaeoki Kqkzl`lss


Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

• _bmqs kjeiexu xm ehl`xecu sm|`hs e`

s~mgl` ikà|kal.

• _bmqs kqkzl`lss mc jlae`èà k`h

l`heà sm|`hs mc qmzhs.

• Zlomaètls zbufls e` ckfeiekz qmzhs)

akfls) smàs) sxmzels k`h ~mlfs.

• _bmqs kjeiexu xm blkz k`h ehl`xecu

suiikjils e` qmzhs.

• Hlfm`sxzkxls kqkzl`lss xbkx hecclzl`x

qmzhs jlae` qexb xbl skfl sm|`h.

• Zlomaètls k`h sbmq zls~lox cmz sm|`h

susxlfs mc xqm mz fmzl ikà|kals.

• E`xzmh|ol obeihzl` xm zbufls) obk`xs)

k`h ceàlz ~ikus e` xqm mz fmzl

ikà|kals.

• _bkzl zbufls) obk`xs k`h ceàlz ~ikus

xm bli~ obeihzl` j|eih ~bm`lfeo

kqkzl`lss.

• Bli~ obeihzl` ozlkxl zbufeà iesxs mc

qmzhs.

• \sl qmzhs xbkx zbufl qexb obeihzl`―s

`kfls xm bli~ xblf fml h|zeà

xzk`sexem`s.

• Oik~ k`h xk~ suiikjils mc qmzhs qbl`

s~lkgeà.

• Akxblz ~eox|zls qexb ckfeiekz mjdloxs

xbkx bkl xbl skfl jlae`èà sm|`hs.

^zmehl fkakte`ls qexb e`sxz|oxem`s cmz

ilkz`lzs xm ce`h ~eox|zls mc xbeàs x bkx

sxkzx qexb xbl skfl jlae`èà sm|`hs.

Jlae` xm zlomaètl ki~bkjlx sm|`hs.

Jlae` xm ehl`xecu mjdloxs xbkx jlae` qexb

skfl sm|`hs.

Jlae` xm ozlkxl k`h e`l`x qmzhs ju

s|jsxex|xeà m`l sm|`h cmz k`mxblz.

Jlae` xm |`hlzsxk`h xbkx ilxxlzs bkl k

`kfl k`h k sm|`h.

Jlae` xm ehl`xecu ikà|kals qbl` xblu

blkz xblf s~mgl`.


khh um|z mq` ehlks.



;3

EE. IK@A\KAL) IEXLZKOU k`h OMFF\@EOKXEM@4 Lkziu Qzexeà k`h Ki~bkjlx G`mqilhal


\sl qzexeà mz hzkqs ~eox|zls qexb

mjdloxs k`h ~lm~il xm omff|èokxl k`

ehlk mz ll`x) qexb kssesxkòl.

\sl hlxkeis qbeil heoxkxeà ehlks xm k`

kh|ix xm sozejl.

Ehl`xecu smfl) ec `mx kii) ilxxlzs e` xblez

mq` `kfls.

Jlae` xm qzexl xblez mq` `kfl e`

Làiesb mz xbl ilkz`lzs― bmfl ikà|kal.

\sl qzexeà xm hm k hkeiu sea`&e`.

Ikjli kzx qmzg qexb zk`hmfiu ~ikolh

ilxxlzs mz xbl ilkz`lzs― `kfls.

Qzexl s~m`xk`lm|siu h|zeà ~iku) l.a.)

sbm~~eà iesx) flfm) hmoxmz―s `mxl.

Zlomaètl k`h `kfl fmsx |~~lz oksl

ilxxlzs e` xbl ki~bkjlx.

Zlomaètl k`h `kfl smfl mz fkù

imqlz oksl ilxxlzs e` xbl ki~bkjlx

sufjmis k`h obkzkoxlzs.

Fkxob eèxeki ilxxlz) obkzkoxlzs) sufjmis

k`h sm|`hs qexb k~~zm~zekxl ~eox|zl

eii|sxzkxeà xbkx jlae`èà sm|`h) l.a.)

’h‖ es fkxoblh xm k ~eox|zl mc k hma.

Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

• \`hlzsxk`hs xbkx qzexeà es k qku mc

omff|èokxeà cmz k kzelxu mc

~|z~msls.

• Jlae`s xm zl~zlsl`x sxmzels k`h

lr~lzelòls xbzm|ab ~eox|zls) heoxkxem`)

k`h e` ~iku.

• Lr~lzefl`xs qexb k kzelxu mc qzexeà

xmmis k`h fkxlzekis) s|ob ks ~lòeis)

ozkum`s) k`h omf~|xlzs.

• Om~els mz qzexls ckfeiekz qmzhs)

sufjmis k`h obkzkoxlzs) s|ob ks xbmsl

e` bes mz blz mq` `kfl.

Ki~bkjlx G`mqilhal

• Kssmoekxls xbl `kfls mc ilxxlzs qexb

sbk~ls k`h sm|`hs.

• @mxeols xbl jlae`èà ilxxlzs e` ckfeiekz

qmzhs.

• Ehl`xecels kx ilksx ;> ilxxlzs) sufjmis mz

obkzkoxlzs mc xbl ki~bkjlx) ls~loekiiu

xbmsl e` bes mz blz mq` `kfl.

• E`xzmh|ol k kzelxu mc m~~mzx|èxels cmz

obeihzl` xm omff|èokxl xbzm|abm|x xbl

hku.

• Ozlkxl k`h khh ~kzl`xs― zls~m`sls xm ’Jem

Jmkzhs‖ qbeob iesx xbl bm~ls k`h hzlkfs

cmz xbl obeih.

• Xkgl ~bmxmazk~bs mc obeihzl` xm |sl e`

mzhlz xm ozlkxl sxmzels k`h zlciloxem` mc xbl

qmzg xbkx xbl obeihzl` hm xbzm|abm|x xbl

hku. Bkl xbl obeihzl` xlii xblez mq` sxmzels

|seà cik``li jmkzhs.

• ^zmehl k {|kiexu qzexeà ol`xlz e` xbl

oiksszmmf) xbkx eòi|hls xmmis s|ob ks ~l`s)

fkzglzs) bmil ~|òbls) sxkf~s) xk~l lxo.

• ^zmehl obeihzl` qexb oie~jmkzhs k`h ~k~lz

sm xblu ok` qzexl kùqblzl ks xblu fml

kzm|`h czlliu.

• _~l`h xefl qexb xbl obeih xqeol k fm`xb

xkgeà heoxkxem` kjm|x k zlol`xiu zlkh jmmg

mz lr~lzelòl.

• Làkal obeihzl` |seà ki~bkjlx imxxm

akfls) ~|ttils) îku Hmb) ki~bkjlx ommgel

o|xxlzs) ki~bkjlx jimogs) k`h fka`lxs.• ^zmehls m~~mzx|èxels cmz sx|hl`xs xm

ehl`xecu jlae`èà ilxxlzs mc ~llzs― `kfls.

• îku akfls s|ob ks Li Imjm) mz Ki~bkjlx

_oklàlz B|`x xm bli~ obeihzl` ehl`xecu

ilxxlzs.

$_|aalsxlh Koxeexels$Xblsl kzl flzliu s|aalsxem`s. ilksl clli czll xm khh

um|z mq` ehlks.



;1

EE. IK@A\KAL) IEXLZKOU k`h OMFF\@EOKXEM@4 OZLKXESL KZX_ & F|seo k`h Kzx


• ^kzxeoe~kxl e` k kzelxu mc f|seo

koxeexels) eòi|heà iesxlèà) seàeà)

ceàlz ~ikus) akfls) k`h ~lzcmzfkòls.

• Hlfm`sxzkxl ckfeiekzexu qexb sm|`h

{|kiexels mc k kzelxu mc f|seoki

e`sxz|fl`xs) s|ob ks qe`h) sxzeà k`h

~lzo|ssem`.

• Zlomaètl k kzelxu mc om``loxem`s

jlxqll` jkseo mzki k`h qzexxl` f|seo

k``mxkxem`s.

• Zlomaètl ~kxxlz`s e` f|seo.• Hlfm`sxzkxl okzl k`h bk`hieà mc

f|seoki e`sxz|fl`xs.

• \sl hecclzl`x kzx flhek k`h fkxlzekis e`

k kzelxu mc qkus xm ozlkxeliu lr~zlss

k`h xm zl~zlsl`x qbkx xblu g`mq)

xbe`g) jliell) mz clli.

• \`hlzsxk`h k`h sbkzl m~eèm`s kjm|x

kzxesxeo ~zmh|oxs k`h lr~lzelòls.

• Ozlkxl hlxkeilh hzkqeàs) ~ke`xeàs)

fmhlis) k`h mxblz kzx qmzg.

• Hlfm`sxzkxl kjeiexu xm ~ik`) okzzu m|x)

k`h ~lzsesx e` k kzelxu mc kzx ~zmdloxs.

• \`hlzsxk`h xbkx hecclzl`x kzx cmzfs ok`

jl |slh xm xlii k sxmzu) s|ob ks hkòl)

f|seo) mz ~ke`xeà.

Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

F|seo k`h Kzx

• \sls ozlkxel) es|ki k`h ~lzcmzfkòl

kzxs s|ob ks f|seo k`h hkòl xm

|`hlzsxk`h) lr~zlss) k`h zl~zlsl`x

qbkx xblu g`mq) xbe`g) jliell) mz clli.

• _lls efkals mc xbl hkeiu iels mc helzsl

k`h hecclzl`xiu kjil ~lm~il czmf k

kzelxu mc jkogazm|`hs k`h ieclsxuils.

• _lls k`h ilkz`s xm k~~zloekxl kzxqmzg)

~ze`xs) so|i~x|zls) xlrxeils ju kzxesxs mc kzem|s o|ix|zki jkogazm|`hs.

• ^zmehl k kzelxu "cel mz fmzl% mc

zlkheiu kkeikjil f|seoki e`sxz|fl`xs

cmz obeihzl`.

• ^zmehl k OH ~ikulz cmz xbl obeihzl`―s

|sl qexb k kzelxu mc xu~ls mc f|seo)

s|ob ks dktt) oiksseoki) zbuxbf k`h ji|ls)

lxbèo) cmig lxo.

• ^zmehl ~zm~s) s|ob ks bkxs) qzk~s) k`h

sokzls xbkx l`bkòl lr~zlssem` h|zeà

~lzcmzfkòl kzx.

• _eà zla|ikziu qexb obeihzl` k`h hes~ikuiuzeos k`h ~eox|zls m` ikzal obkzxs.

• Eèxl k`h qliomfl ckfeiu flfjlzs

k`h ~lm~il czmf xbl omff|èxu xm

sbkzl hkòl) kzx k`h f|seo czmf

hecclzl`x o|ix|zls.

• ^zmehl fkxlzekis sm xbkx obeihzl` ok`

ozlkxl xbzll&hefl`sem`ki kzxqmzg.

• Eòmz~mzkxl jmmgs k`h qmzgs czmf k

kzelxu mc kzxesxs k`h kzx cmzfs e` xbl

oiksszmmf) ks qlii ks) esex xm akiilzels

k`h f|sl|fs.

• ^zmehl f|ixe~il m`&cmmh fkxlzekis)

s|ob ks hecclzl`x xu~ls mc ~ke`x)

fkzglzs) omimzlh ~lòeis) ~ksxlis) obkig)

omiikal fkxlzekis) sbkeà ozlkf) qezl)

qmmh) k`h clkxblzs cmz kzxesxeo ~zmdloxs.

• Jl om`sehlzkxl mc al`zls mc f|seo xbkx

fku `mx jl kool~xkjil e` smfl o|ix|zki

azm|~s.


khh um|z mq` ehlks.



;2

EE. IK@A\KAL) IEXLZKOU k`h OMFF\@EOKXEM@4 OZLKXESL KZX_ ‟ Fmlfl`x k`h Hzkfkxeo iku


• Lr~zlss qbkx es clix k`h blkzh xbzm|ab

fmlfl`x k`h hkòeà e` kzem|s

f|seoki xlf~ms k`h sxuils.

• Fml xm hecclzl`x ~kxxlz`s mc zbuxbf e`

f|seo.

• ^kzxeoe~kxl e` k kzelxu mc hzkfkxeo ~iku

koxeexels.

• Hlfm`sxzkxl ozlkxeexu k`h efkae`kxem`

ju |seà fkxlzekis k`h ju kss|feàhecclzl`x zmils e` hzkfkxeo ~iku

sex|kxem`s.

• Hllim~ likjmzkxl ~iku soze~xs jkslh m`

o|ix|zki lr~lzelòls) sxmzels xblu bkl

blkzh) k`h sbkzlh lr~lzelòls kx

sobmmi.

AmkisLkob obeih4


Fmlfl`x

Lr~zlssls bes mz blz ehlks) cllieàs) k`h

ozlkxeexu xbzm|ab fmlfl`x.

Hzkfkxeo iku

Lr~lzefl`xs) ~zmjilf smils) k`h

fkgls sl`sl mc blz mz bes helzsl qmzih

lr~lzelòls xbzm|ab hzkfkxeo ~iku.

• ^zmehl m~~mzx|èxels cmz obeihzl` xm

blkz k`h fml xm k kzelxu mc zbuxbfs.

• Ael obeihzl` m~~mzx|èxu xm ozlkxl

xblez mq` zbuxbfs k`h fmlfl`xs.

• Lòm|zkal hkòl czmf fkù o|ix|zls ks

kzxesxeo lr~zlssem`.

•

Bkl obeihzl` hlsea` xblez mq`hzkfkxeo ~iku kzlk.

• ^zmehl k kzelxu mc al`hlz s~loeceo k`h

al`hlz `l|xzki llzuhku qlkz k`h

s~loeki mooksem` oimxbeà.

• L`s|zl xbkx obeihzl` bkl k kzelxu mc

k|xbl`xeo ~zm~s xbkx zl~zlsl`x xbl

ckfeiels mc obeihzl` e` xbl oiksszmmf

k`h xbl jzmkhlz m|xsehl omff|èxu.


khh um|z mq` ehlks.



;5

EEE. ^BU_EOKI HLSLIM^FL@X4 Ikzal Fmxmz) _l`smzu Fmxmz k`h ^buseoki Cex`lss


• Bm~ kx ilksx ser xefls m` lkob cmmx.

• Fke`xke` jkikòl qbeil jl`heà)

xqesxeà) mz sxzlxobeà.

• Qkig |~ k`h hmq` sxkezs |seà

kixlz`kxeà cllx.

• Okxob k jkii) jlk` jka mz exlf xbzmq`

czmf kx ilksx cel cllx.

• _ge~.

• Z|` <> xm 1< cllx qexbm|x sxm~~eà.

• ^kzxeoe~kxl e` ~buseoki ~iku mz koxeexu)

s|ob ks hkòls) geogeà jkiis) oiefjeà.

• Hlfm`sxzkxl kjeiexu xm m~lzkxl ikzal

fmxmz xmmis mz exlfs) s|ob ks jzmmf mz

xzeouoil.

• Jkikòl m` k jlkf mz ilhal xbkx e s kx

ilksx cm|z eòbls qehl k`h xqm eòbls

kjml azm|`h.

• _qef.

AmkisLkob obeih4


• _bmqs ~zmceoelòu) om`xzmi k`h jkikòl

e` qkigeà) oiefjeà) z|`èà) d|f~eà)

bm~~eà) k`h sge~~eà.

• Ommzhe`kxls ikzal f|soils h|zeà

koxeexels s|ob ks fk`l|lzeà k`

mjsxkoil om|zsl mz sqeàeà m` k sqeà.

• \sls xbl sl`sls "seabx) blkzeà) sflii)

xksxl) k`h xm|ob% xm a|ehl fmxem`s.

• îk` kx ilksx m`l bm|z e` xbl hkeiu o|zzeo|i|f

soblh|il xm koomffmhkxl e`hmmz k`h

m|xhmmz azmss fmxmz koxeexels.

• ^zmehl f|seo) sxmzels k`h akfls czmf k

kzelxu mc o|ix|zls) qbeob om`xke` azmss

fmxmz fmlfl`x o|ls cmz obeihzl` xm

hlfm`sxzkxl qkigeà) z|`èà) bm~~eà)

d|f~eà) sge~~eà) akiim~eà lxo. Lrkf~ils mc

akfls k`h hkòl eòi|hl4 ’Zlh Ieabx) Azll`

Ieabx k`h xbl Liloxzeo _iehl qbeil lrkf~ils mc f|seo kzl Bk~ ^kiflz‒s ’_kffu)‖ Azla k`h

_xll―s ’Iesxl` k`h Fml) k`h Dmsl I|es

Mzmtom―s ’Iks Bmzfea|exks.‖

• \sl xzk`sexem` xefls xm ~zmehl m~~mzx|èxels

cmz sge~~eà k`h bm~~eà.

• ^zmehl azmss fmxmz akfls k`h l{|e~fl`x

xbkx kiimq obeih xm ~zkoxeol xbzmqeà k`h

okxobeà) s|ob ks e`hmmz mz m|xhmmz jlk`jka

xmss akfl) jkiis e` k kzelxu mc setls)

jksglxjkii k`h bmm~.

• ^zmehl xzeouoils) d|f~ zm~ls) k`h jzmmfs

k`h skcl ~ikols xm ~zkoxeol oiefjeà k`h

jkikòeà.

• Jl om`sehlzkxl mc al`zls mc f|seo xbkx fku

`mx jl kool~xkjil e` smfl o|ix|zki azm|~s.

• Eòmz~mzkxl akfls obeihzl` ~iku e` xblez

omff|èxu.


khh um|z mq` ehlks.



:>

EEE. ^BU_EOKI HLSLIM^FL@X4 Ce`l Fmxmz _geiis


Zlfml k`h zl~ikol lksu&xm&m~l`

om`xke`lz iehs.

Te~ te~~lzs k`h j|xxm` ikzal j|xxm`s m`

oimxbeà.

J|eih k xbzll&jimog xmqlz k`h jzehal

|seà m`l eòb o|jls.

^|x xmalxblz kal k~~zm~zekxl ~|ttils

qexb iexxil mz `m kssesxkòl.

_xzeà ikzal jlkhs k`h ikoeà okzhs.

\sl soessmzs xm o|x k sxzkeabx ie`l.

Qlkl) jzkeh) k`h ozlkxl ~k~lz mjdloxs.

Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

• Hlfm`sxzkxls sxzlàxb) hlrxlzexu) k`h

om`xzmi mc xbl sfkii f|soils `llhlh xm

|sl kal k~~zm~zekxl xmmis.

• Hlfm`sxzkxls azmqxb e` bk`h&lul

ommzhe`kxem`.

• ^zmehl k kzelxu mc kzx flhek k`h ~k~lz

mc hecclzeà qleabxs) xlrx|zls) omimzs k`h

o|ix|zkiiu s~loeceo ~ze`xs cmz obeih xm

lr~lzefl`x qexb o|xxeà) xlkzeà k`h

cmiheà. Lrkf~ils eòi|hl4 okzh sxmog) cmei)

om`sxz|oxem` ~k~lz) xess|l ~k~lz)

bk`hfkhl ~k~lz) sbmde ~k~lz) zeol ~k~lz)

k`h oliim~bk`l.

• ^zmehl o|ix|zkiiu zlilk`x koxeexels k`h

akfls cmz obeih xm ~zkoxeol ce`l fmxmzsgeiis7 cmz lrkf~il) |sl sfkii Ilam jzeogs)

s`k~ jimogs) ozusxki oiefjlzs) ~|ttils)

Fkòkik) Obe`lsl obloglzs) ikzal dkogs)

Dlàk) hmfe`ms) mzeakfe.

• ^zmehl k kzelxu mc xmmis cmz obeih xm

~zkoxeol ce`l fmxmz sgeiis s|ob ks) xbeog k`h

xbe` ~ke`x jz|sbls) ozkum`s) fkzglzs)

~lòeis) soessmzs) obm~sxeogs) xqlltlzs mc

hecclzl`x setls) ) ikoeà okzhs) ~|ttils)

jmrls qexb hecclzl`x ikxobls) om`xke`lzs

qexb hecclzl`x iehs7 smfl xbkx cie~) k`h

mxblzs xbkx xqesx.

• Kiimq m~~mzx|èxels cmz obeihzl` xm

lr~lzefl`x qexb omf~|xlz glujmkzh k`h

fm|sl) mz f|seo e`sxz|fl`xs qexb sxzeàs

k`h j|xxm`s) l.a.) a|exkz) |g|ilil) xz|f~lx)

mz ci|xl.

• ^zmehl qmmh qmzgeà kzlks e`sehl mz

m|xsehl qexb kii `llhlh fkxlzekis s|ob ks&

bkfflz) skqs) `keis) lxo.


$Xblsl kzl flzliu s|aalsxem`s. ilksl clli czll xm khh um|z mq` ehlks.



:;

EEE. ^BU_EOKI HLSLIM^FL@X4 Blkixb _xkx|s) buseoki Hllim~fl`x k`h _kclxu


Hlfm`sxzkxl xbl sxkfe`k k`h l`lzau xm

~kzxeoe~kxl e` hkeiu koxeexels.

Hlfm`sxzkxl kjeiexu xm xkgl okzl mc

xmeilxeà k`h mxblz ~lzsm`ki `llhs.

Omff|èokxl `llhs cmz zlsx) hze`g) k`h

cmmh kxxl`xem`.

Hlfm`sxzkxl kjeiexu xm lkx e`hl~l`hl`xiu.

Lkx k kzelxu mc `|xzexem|s cmmhs.

Ehl`xecu kh|ixs qbm ok` kssesx e`hkàlzm|s sex|kxem`s.

Cmiimq skclxu hezloxem`s) cmz lrkf~il)

sxm~) hzm~ k`h omlz.

Cmiimq skclxu z|ils e`sehl k`h m|xsehl.

Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

Blkixb _xkx|s k`h buseoki

Hllim~fl`x

^zmazlssls e` ~buseoki azmqxb) sxzlàxb)

sxkfe`k) k`h cilrejeiexu ks k~~zm~zekxl

cmz xbl e`heeh|ki obeih.

^kzxeoe~kxls koxeliu e` e`hmmz k`h

m|xhmmz ~iku k`h mxblz cmzfs mc

lrlzoesl xbkx l`bkòl ~buseoki cex`lss

ks k~~zm~zekxl cmz xbl e`heeh|ki obeih.

_bmqs e`hl~l`hlòl e` xmeilxeà)lkxeà) k`h ~lzsm`ki okzl) l.a.)

hzlsseà) jz|sbeà xllxb) ks k~~zm~zekxl

cmz xbl e`heeh|ki obeih.

_kclxu

Hlfm`sxzkxls kqkzl`lss mc k`h kjeiexu

xm |`hlzsxk`h k`h cmiimq jkseo blkixb

k`h skclxu z|ils) l.a.) bk`h qksbeà)

qe~eà) jz|sb xllxb) sxm~ kx zlh ieabx)

ozmss kx ozmss qkig.

• Kiimq obeihzl` czllhmf xm z|` e` skcl

m~l` s~kol) ~iku akfls iegl xka) smoolz)

ilk~ czma) zliku zkols.

• _lx |~ mjsxkoil om|zsl zkols xbkx ~zmehl

obeihzl` xbl obkòl xm ~zkoxeol k kzelxu

mc azmss fmxmz xksgs.

• Ael obeihzl` m~~mzx|èxels xm skcliu

x|fjil.

• E`xzmh|ol o|ix|zki k`h ~m~|ikz hkòls xm

obeihzl` xbkx eòi|hl cilrejeiexu k`h

sxkfe`k7 cmz lrkf~il) xk~ hkòl) jkiilx)

be~&bm~) Obe`lsl Cmighkòl) Jmfjk)O|fjek) ok~mlezk) k`h Iefjm.

• Ael obeihzl` m~~mzx|èxels xm czll

hkòl.

• E`xzmh|ol obeihzl` xm ef~mzxkòl mc

lkxeà `|xzexem|s cmmh ju ~zmeheà

jkikòlh flkis k`h s`kogs xbkx zlcilox

obeih―s o|ix|zl k`h fllx \_HK sxk`hkzhs.

• ^zmehl azm|~ ommgeà koxeexels xbkx

cmo|s m` `|xzexem|s cmmh. Cmz lrkf~il)

fkgl k xmsslh omih `mmhil skikh)

Selx`kflsl czlsb zmiis) Flreok` omz`

skisk k`h {|lskheiiks) mz Dkfjkikuk.

• Bkl obeihzl` jz|sb xllxb kcxlz flkis

k`h s`kogs.

• Xlkob obeihzl` ~zm~lz bk`h qksbeà k`h

xmeilxeà ~zmolh|zls.

• Zlkh sxmzels om`xkeèà xblfls kjm|x

skclxu k`h |sl hzkfkxeo mz zmil ~iku ks k

flk`s xm ~zkoxeol skclxu.

• ^zkoxeol cezl k`h lkzxb{|kgl hzeii akfls.

• Jzke`sxmzf oiksszmmf k`h m|xhmmz z|ils

qexb obeihzl` k`h ~|x xblf m` hes~iku.

$_|aalsxlh Koxeexels$Xblsl kzl flzliu s|aalsxem`s. ilksl clli czll xm khh

um|z mq` ehlks.



::

ES. _MOEKI k`h LFMXEM@KI HLSLIM^FL@X4 _moeki Zlikxem`s) Lfmxem`ki Hllim~fl`x k`h _lic Omòl~x


• Hlfm`sxzkxl kjeiexu xm omff|èokxl

qexb kx ilksx m`l kh|ix.

• Ksg cmz bli~ czmf ~llzs k`h kh|ixs

qbl` llhlh.

• @kfl smflm`l ks k ’czel`h.‖

• Jlae` xm sbmq ~zlclzlòls cmz k olzxke`

~ikufkxl.

• Zls~m`h xm ~llzs qbm kzl e` `llh)

|~slx) b|zx) mz kàzu.

• \`hlzsxk`h jkseo omòl~xs mc z|ils)

zeabxs) k`h ckez`lss.

• \`hlzsxk`hs ki|l mc zliekjeiexu)

bm`lsxu k`h om|zxlsu.

• Jl om`cehl`x e` fkgeà `lq czel`hs.

• Jlae` xm `kfl lfmxem`s k`h qkus xm

lr~zlss xblf e` kzem|s slxxeàs) l.a.)

bk~~u) skh) aikh) k`h kàzu.

• Xkgl m` `lq xksgs k`h ef~zml sgeiis

qexb ~zkoxeol.

• Jl kjil xm bk`hil obkàls mz

|òlzxke`xu.

• Hlfm`sxzkxl qbkx xblu g`mq k`h ok`

sbkzl qexb mxblzs.

Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

_moeki Zlikxem`s

E`xlzkoxs qexb mxblzs k`h sbmqs

~zmazlss e` hllim~eà zlikxem`sbe~s.

• Kool~xs a|ehkòl k`h hezloxem`s czmf k

zkàl mc ckfeiekz kh|ixs.

• E`xlzkoxs qexb mxblz obeihzl` k`h sbmqs

~zmazlss e` hllim~eà czel`hsbe~s qexb

~llzs.

_bmqs kjeiexu xm jl omf~kssem`kxl

xmqkzhs k`mxblz k`h sbmqs lf~kxbu

k`h okzeà cmz mxblz obeihzl` k`h

kh|ixs.• Xz|sxs xbkx lfmxem`ki `llhs qeii jl

zls~m`hlh xm ju mxblz obeihzl` k`h

kh|ixs.

Hllim~s k sl`sl mc qbm bl mz sbl es

k`h bes mz blz ~ikol e` qmzih zlikxem`s.

Zls~loxs z|ils kjm|x `mx bkzfeà

mxblzs k`h xbl lèzm`fl`x k`h

|`hlzsxk`hs zlksm` cmz z|ils.

Lfmxem`ki Hllim~fl`x # _lic Omòl~x

_bmqs e`hl~l`hlòl k`h

e`xlzhl~l`hlòl.

_bmqs kjeiexu xm om``lox ll`xs)~lzsm`ki lr~lzelòl) k`h g`mqilhal

kjm|x xbl qehlz qmzih.

• Lr~zlssls k zkàl mc lfmxem`s.

Hllim~s e`hl~l`hlòl k`h k|xm`mfu

k`h es kjil xm fkgl obmeols e` k zkàl

mc koxeexels) zm|xe`ls) k`h xksgs.

• \sls k zkàl mc sxzkxlaels cmz alxxeà

bli~ cmz slic k`h mxblzs.

• Es kjil xm lr~zlss clkzs) k`h xz|sxs xbkx

clkzs qeii jl xkgl` slzem|siu.

• G`mqs bmq xm gll~ slic skcl k`h es kjil

xm ksg {|lsxem`s k`h sbkzl omòlz`s.

• E`heeh|kiiu qliomfl xbl obeihzl` k`h

ckfeiels e`xm xbl oiksszmmf lkob hku e`

obeih―s bmfl ikà|kal.

• Làkal e` ~iku k`h bkl hkeiu

om`lzskxem`s qexb obeihzl`.

• Zlomaètl xbl hecclzl`x o|ix|zki o|ls cmz

qbl` k obeih `llhs bli~ k`h ilx xblf

g`mq ex es mgku xm ksg cmz bli~.

• Ksg obeihzl` ec xblu `llh bli~ k`h

~zmehl s|~~mzx qbl` `lolsskzu.

• Jl fe`hc|i mc obeihzl` qbm `llh lrxzk

s|~~mzx e` l`xlzeà ~iku k`h fkgeàczel`hs7 khd|sx sxzkxlaels xm s|~~mzx

obeihzl` qbm fku bkl k zkàl mc

s~loeki llhs.

• Qkxob cmz jlae`èà czel`hsbe~s k`h

~zmehl m~~mzx|èxels cmz czel`hsbe~s xm

azmq.

• \sl ~lzsm`k hmiis) ~|~~lxs) mz slic xm

fmhli hllim~fl`x mc lf~kxbu sgeiis.

• \sl ~eox|zls) sxmzels qexb hecclzl`x

o|ix|zki xblfls) k`h es|ki ~zmf~xs

czmf xbl obeihzl`―s bmfl omff|èxu xm

bli~ obeihzl` ilkz` xm zlomaètl kzem|s

ckoeki k`h jmhu oi|ls k`h lr~zlssem` mc cllieàs.

• Hlsozejl zkxblz xbk` ozexe{|l obeihzl`―s

qmzg ks xblu kzl làkalh e` ex. Kh|ixs

feabx sku) ’E `mxeolh um|z j|`ù es

ji|l‖ zkxblz xbk` ’E iegl um|z ji|l

j|`ù.‖

• Ksg m~l`&l`hlh {|lsxem`s xbkx bli~ xbl

obeihzl` xbe`g k`h xkig kjm|x xblez

cllieàs. \sl lfmxem`s obkzx mz

’Lfmxem`s Jeàm‖) ’Bmq Hmls xbkx

Fkgl Um| Clli=‖


khh um|z mq` ehlks.



:?

ES. _MOEKI k`h LFMXEM@KI HLSLIM^FL@X4 _lic Om`xzmi k`h Omm~lzkxem`


• Lr~zlss cllieàs) `llhs) k`h

m~eèm`s e` hecclzl`x sex|kxem`s k`h

om`cieoxs.

• Cmiimq k`h k~~iu z|ils e` hecclzl`x

sex|kxem`s.

• Hlfm`sxzkxl k` |`hlzsxk`heà mc

xbl hecclzlòls jlxqll` bmfl k`h

sobmmi o|ix|zls.

• Lr~ike` ckfeiu mz oiksszmmf z|ils

xm mxblzs.

• _bkzl) qkex) k`h xkgl x|z`s h|zeà

~iku k`h xzk`sexem`s.

• Ilx ~llzs g`mq qbl` xblu bkl

hm`l smflxbeà o|ix|zkiiu

e`k~~zm~zekxl.

• ^kzxeoe~kxl omm~lzkxeliu e` ikzal

k`h sfkii azm|~ koxeexels.

• \sl f|ixe~il sxzkxlaels xm smil

~zmjilfs qbeob fku eòi|hl`lamxekxeà.

• E`xlzkox qexb ~llzs ju bli~eà)

sbkzeà k`h bkeà heso|ssem`s.

• [|lsxem` z|ils qbl` xblu jliell

xbmsl z|ils kzl |`ckez.

Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

_lic Om`xzmi• Hlfm`sxzkxls ~buseoki k`h lfmxem`ki

slic&om`xzmi.

• Hllim~s |`hlzsxk`heà mc bmq xblez

koxem`s kcclox mxblzs k`h jlae`s xm

ilkz` xbl om`sl{|lòls mc xblez koxem`s.

• Hlfm`sxzkxls ok~koexu xm cmiimq z|ils

k`h zm|xe`ls k`h |sl fkxlzekis

~|z~mslc|iiu) skcliu) k`h zls~loxc|iiu.

Hlfm`sxzkxls smoeki sgeiis xbkx ilkh xm~msexel e`xlzkoxem`s qexb mxblzs.

• Khk~xs xm obkàls e` zm|xe`ls k`h

fk`kals xzk`sexem`s.

• Hllim~s om`sxz|oxel sxzkxlaels cmz

om~eà qexb obkàl.

Omm~lzkxem`

Cmiimqs sef~il z|ils mc ~kzxeoe~kxem` e`

azm|~ koxeexels.

• _bmqs eòzlkseà kjeiexu xm omiikjmzkxl

k`h omf~zmfesl e` qmzgeà) ~ikueà

k`h zlsmieà om`cieoxs qexb ~llzs.

• Es kjil xm heskazll k`h sxkxl m~eèm`

ksslzxeliu k`h k~~zm~zekxliu.

Jlae`s xm |`hlzsxk`h qbkx ex flk`s xm

jl ~kzx mc k azm|~.

• _bmqs omòlz` kjm|x ckez`lss qexbe`

~llz azm|~.

• \sl ~|~~lxs mz ~zm~s xm bli~ kiehkxl k`h

lr~ike` xbkx ex es bkzh xm qkex) sbkzl) k`h xkgl

x|z`s.

• Khk~x k`h zlelq z|ils qexb obeihzl` ks

obeihzl` azmq k`h obkàl.

• Lòm|zkal k`h fmhli f|ixe~il qkus cmz

obeihzl` xm omff|èokxl qbl` xblu kzl b|zx

mz |~slx qexb ~llzs mz kh|ixs.

• Hllim~ k`h ~msx k oilkz soblh|il mc hkeiu

zm|xe`ls |seà k kzelxu mc flhe|fs) l.a.)

~eox|zls) qmzhs) sufjmis) k`h mxblz o|ls.

• Hllim~ k oilkz sea`ki cmz xzk`sexem`s) l.a.)

obefl) hz|f) oik~~eà.

• Hlsozejl ~msexel jlbkemz) s|ob ks ’Xbkx

qks bli~c|i qbl`‣‖k`h kmeh |seà al`lzeo

mz lki|kxel ~bzksls s|ob ks ’ammh dmj.‖

• Bli~ obeihzl` sbkzl kccezfkxem`s kjm|x

xblfslils k`h mxblzs e` xbl cmzfs mc

qzexeà) hzkqeà) mz lzjkieteà.

• Ozlkxl k`h ~zkoxeol z|ils qexb obeihzl`.

• ^zmehl k`h fmhli f|ixe~il sxzkxlaels cmz

obeihzl` xm |`hlzsxk`h bmq xm `lamxekxl

om`cieox k`h ~zmehl bli~ qbl` `llhlh.

• Kiimq obeihzl` xefl xm `lamxekxl om`cieoxs

zkxblz xbk` cereà xbl ~zmjilf cmz xblf.

• Lòm|zkal obeihzl` xm bli~ ~zmjilf smil

om`cieoxs qexb xblez ~llzs.

• Ilkz` mokj|ikzu cmz lr~zlsseà ehlks kjm|x

slic om`xzmi k`h omm~lzkxem` xm a|ehl k`h

s|~~mzx obeihzl`―s bmfl ikà|kals.


khh um|z mq` ehlks.



:8

ES. _MOEKI k`h LFMXEM@KI HLSLIM^FL@X4 G`mqilhal mc Ckfeiels k`h Omff|èxu


Zlomaètl k`h zls~lox sefeikzexels k`h

hecclzlòls jlxqll` ~lm~il s|ob ks

al`hlz) zkol) s~loeki llhs) o|ix|zls)

ikà|kals) omff|èxels k`h ckfeiu

sxz|ox|zls.

Clli czll xm sbkzl ckfeiu o|ix|zki ki|ls

e` xbl oiksszmmf) s|ob ks helx) oimxbeà)

mz zlieaem|s ~zkoxeols.

J|eih xblez k`xe&jeks k`h helzsexu sgeiis

e` xbl cmiimqeà kzlks4

m Zls~loxeà slic

m Zls~loxeà mxblzs

m Hllim~eà sgeiis xm ~iku) iel)

qmzg) k`h ilkz` xmalxblz.

J|eih k sl`sl mc e`heeh|ki ~zehl e` xblez

mq` ckfeiu omf~msexem`) ks qlii ks)

|`hlzsxk`h k`h kool~x xbkx ckfeiels kzl

ozlkxlh e` fkù hecclzl`x qkus.

Lr~imzl xblez hecclzlòls k`hsefeikzexels qexb m`l k`mxblz k`h xbl

qkus e` qbeob lkob om`xzej|xl xm

fkgeà xblez oiksszmmf k ckfeiu.

Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

G`mqilhal mc Ckfeiels k`h

Omff|èxels

Hlfm`sxzkxls g`mqilhal mc xbl

zlikxem`sbe~ jlxqll` ~lm~il k`h

~ikols.

• Hlfm`sxzkxls |`hlzsxk`heà mc

sefeikzexels k`h zls~loxs hecclzlòls

jlxqll` ~lm~il.

• Zlomaètls k`h zls~loxs hecclzlòls e`

ckfeiu sxz|ox|zls.

Hllim~s k sl`sl mc bes mz blz lxbèo

k`h o|ix|zki ehl`xexu.

• Hlfm`sxzkxls |`hlzsxk`heà mc k`xe&

jeks amkis k`h ~zeòe~ils.

\`hlzsxk`hs xblez zlikxem`sbe~ xm xblez

ckfeiels) xblez omff|èxu) k`h xblez

lèzm`fl`x.

G`mqs kjm|x ~buseoki k`h s~ezex|ki

hecclzlòls k`h xbl seaèceokòl.

• Lòm|zkal obeihzl` xm jzeà e` ~eox|zls

k`h sxmzels mc ckfeiu flfjlzs k`h

bmfl koxeexels xm jl sbkzlh k`h

hes~ikulh e` xbl oiksszmmf xbzm|ab

koxeexels s|ob ks sxmzu jmkzhs k`h ’Kii

Kjm|x Fl‖ jmmgs.

• Ce`h m~~mzx|èxels xm kxxl`h omff|èxu

k`h o|ix|zki ll`xs k`h eòmz~mzkxl

xblsl ll`xs e`xm ilkzèà koxeexels.

• E`xzmh|ol k` k`xe&jeks k~~zmkob qexb

k`xe&jeks amkis.

• Eòmz~mzkxl obeihzl`―s sxmzels kjm|x

xblez iecl lr~lzelòls e`xm hkeiu

om`lzskxem`s) koxeexels) k`h hzkfkxeo

~iku.

• Eèxl ckfeiels e`xm xbl oiksszmmf k`h

~kzxeoe~kxl e` koxeexels.


$Xblsl kzl flzliu s|aalsxem`s. ilksl clli czll xm

khh um|z mq` ehlks.



:<

ES. _MOEKI k`h LFMXEM@KI HLSLIM^FL@X4 Zlksmèà k`h zmjilf _mieà


• _bmq kjeiexu xm ce`h fmzl xbk` m`l

smi|xem` xm k {|lsxem`) xksg mz ~zmjilf.

• Slzjkietl ~zlclzlòls k`h zlksm`s cmz

xbmsl obmeols qexb ~llzs k`h kh|ixs.

• Xkgl zesgs xm {|lsxem` k`h `lamxekxl

z|ils. Obkiilàl) {|lsxem` mz ozexe{|l

z|ils qbl` xblu clli xbmsl z|ils kzl

|`ckez.

Amkis

Lkob obeih4

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

• Azmqs e` zlomaèteà k`h smieà

~zmjilfs xbzm|ab koxel lr~imzkxem`.

E`lsxeakxls fkxlzekis k`h xbl

lèzm`fl`x xm ake` e`cmzfkxem`.

• Hlfm`sxzkxls lamxekxem` sgeiis.

• Zlomaètls sxlzlmxu~eoki mz |`ckez

efkals k`h qmzhs e` jmmgs mz e`

om`lzskxem`s qexb mxblzs.

• Koxeexels xbkx lòm|zkal lr~imzkxem`

k`h ozexeoki xbe`geà) l.a.) xzlks|zl b|`x

mz mjsxkoil om|zsl.

• ^zmehl s~kol k`h xefl xm bli~ qexb

om`cieox zlsmi|xem`) cmz lrkf~il ozlkxl k

[|elx Omz`lz mz [|elx _~kol cmz slic&

zlsmi|xem`.

• Kog`mqilhal obeihzl`―s omòlz`s k`h

bli~ obeihzl` sll xbkx ozlkxeà m~xem`ses k sxl~ e` smieà ~zmjilfs.

• Fkgl om``loxem`s jlxqll` obeihzl`―s

zlki iecl lr~lzelòls k`h xlrx.

Czl{|l`xiu ksg ilkz`lzs xm xbe`g kjm|x

k`h lr~zlss bmq qbkx xblu zlkh)

k~~iels xm xblf ~lzsm`kiiu.

• Om``lox zlki iecl xm xlrx& Bmq hmls

qbkx um| zlkh k~~iu xm um|=

"Lflzal`x%

• Ael obeihzl` m~~mzx|èxels xm jle`milh e` zlki iecl ~zmjilf smieà

sex|kxem`s7 l.a.) m` k celih xze~)

om`sxz|oxem` qmzg) qbkx hm ql hm `mq.

• \sl ge`lsxblxeo koxeexels xm xlkob fkxb

k`h zlkheà.


$Xblsl kzl flzliu s|aalsxem`s. ilksl clli czll xmkhh um|z mq` ehlks.



:3

S. K^^ZMKOBL_ xm ILKZ@E@A4 Eèxekxel) O|zemsexu) Làkalfl`x k`h lzsesxlòl


Amkis

Lkob obeih4

• ^kzxeoe~kxl e` k kzelxu mc xksgs k`h

koxeexels.

• _bmq e`xlzlsx e` ilkzèà kjm|x k`h

heso|sseà k azmqeà zkàl mc xm~eos)

ehlks k`h xksgs.

• \sl ~iku ks k qku xm lr~imzl k`h

|`hlzsxk`h iecl lr~lzelòls.

• Ksg {|lsxem`s) lr~imzl mz lr~lzefl`x.

• ^lzsesx e` k`h omf~ilxl k kzelxu mc

xksgs) koxeexels) ~zmdloxs k`h

lr~lzelòls.

• _bmq slic hezloxem` e` koxem`s k`h ok`

qmzg e`hl~l`hl`xiu.

• Làkal e` k`h omf~ilxls sef~il

zm|xe`ls qexbm|x kssesxkòl.

Fkgl k~~zm~zekxl obmeols qbl`

o|ix|zki om`cieoxs mz om`cieoxeàflsskals lresx.

E`heokxmzs-_geiis

Obeihzl` fku4

Eèxekxel k`h O|zemsexu

• Hllim~s kjeiexu xm fkgl obmeols.

• Lrbejexs o|zemsexu cmz ilkzèà.

• Lr~imzls k`h xzels `lq xbeàs k`h `lq

lr~lzelòls.

Làkalfl`x k`h lzsesxlòl

• Hlfm`sxzkxls kjeiexu xm hllim~ k ~ik`

k`h cmiimq xbzm|ab qexb a|ehkòl.

• _bmqs kjeiexu xm cmo|s m` k xksg)

{|lsxem`) mz slx mc hezloxem`s.

• Hllim~s sxzkxlaels cmz ~lzsesxeà qexb k

xksg qbl` sbl mz bl lòm|`xlzs

hecceo|ixels.

Ok` smil ~zmjilfs xbzm|ab sufjmieozl~zlsl`xkxem`) zlciloxem` k`h zbuxbf.

• ^zmehl m~~mzx|èxels cmz obeihzl` xm

hloehl qbeob koxeexels xblu qk`x xm

làkal e`.

• _lx |~ hkeiu lèzm`fl`x qblzl obmeols

kzl oilkz cmz xbl obeihzl`.

• Xkgl m~~mzx|èxels xm zmxkxl fkxlzekis

k`h obkàl ilkzèà kzlks.

• \sl k kzelxu mc flxbmhs xm e`xzmh|ol

`lq xm~eos k`h ehlks e` hecclzl`x

qzexxl` k`h mzki ikà|kals.

• Zlomaètl xbl hecclzl`x o|ix|zki o|ls cmz

qbl` k obeih `llhs bli~ k`h ilx xblf

g`mq ex es mgku xm ksg.

• Lòm|zkal hlfmozkxeo ~zkoxeols s|ob ks

ckez qkus cmz xkgeà x|z`s k`h cmz

seaèà |~ cmz oiksszmmf zm|xe`ls.

• Làkal e` om`lzskxem`s qexb obeihzl`)

ksgeà m~l`&l`hlh {|lsxem`s xm lrxl`h

~iku k`h mxblz ilkzèà xksgs.

• ^zmehl khhexem`ki fkxlzekis k`h

s|aalsxem`s xbkx j|eih m` obeihzl`―sehlks xm lrxl`h ~iku.

• ^zmehl m~~mzx|èxels cmz koxeexels xbkx

zl{|ezl xbkx obeihzl` cmiimq oilkz

hezloxem`s e` mzhlz xm omf~ilxl xblf

s|oolssc|iiu) s|ob ks ommgeà k`h

soelòl lr~lzefl`xs.

• ^zmehl xefl k`h s~kol cmz obeihzl` xm

lr~imzl xblez e`xlzlsx mlz xefl k`h

qmzg m` k ~zmdlox

• ^zmehl xefl cmz obeihzl` xm hllim~

e`xlzlsx xbkx es |è`xlzz|~xlh.


khh um|z mq` ehlks.



:1

K^^L@HER K4 Aimsskzu mc Xlzfs

K`xe&Jeks O|zzeo|i|f4 Obeihzl` kzl kqkzl lzu um|à xbkx omimz) ikà|kal) al`hlz) k`h ~buseoki kjeiexu hecclzlòls kzl om``loxlh qexb ~zeeilal k`h ~mqlz.

Xblu ilkz` ju mjslzeà xbl hecclzlòls k`h sefeikzexels kfmà ~lm~il k`h ju kjsmzjeà xbl s~mgl` k`h |`s~mgl` flsskals kjm|x xbmsl hecclzlòls.

Zkoesf) slresf) k`h bk`heok~esf bkl k ~zmcm|`h e`ci|lòl m` xblez hllim~eà sl`sl mc slic k`h mxblzs. Kii obeihzl` kzl bkzflh. M` xbl m`l bk`h)

sxz|aaieà kake`sx jeks xbkx hloikzls k ~lzsm` e`clzemz jlok|sl mc al`hlz) zkol) lxbèoexu) mz heskjeiexu hzkqs l`lzau czmf k`h |`hlzo|xs k obeih!s c|ii

hllim~fl x. M` xbl mxblz bk`h) ilkzèà xm jliell xblu kzl s|~lzemz jlok|sl xblu kzl qbexl) mz fkil) mz kjil&jmhelh) hlb|fkètls k`h hesxmzxs zlkiexu cmz

azmqeà obeihzl`) ll` qbeil xblu fku jl zloleeà xbl jl`lcexs mc e`sxex|xem`ki ~zeeilal.

Xbl *~zkoxeol mc czllhmf* es c|`hkfl`xki xm k`xe&jeks lh|okxem`. O|zzeo|i|f amkis kzl xm l`kjil llzu obeih4 xm om`sxz|ox k g`mqilhalkjil) om`cehl`x slic&

ehl`xexu7 xm hllim~ omfcmzxkjil) lf~kxblxeo) k`h d|sx e`xlzkoxem` qexb helzsexu7 k`h xm hllim~ ozexeoki xbe`geà k`h xbl sgeiis cmz sxk`heà |~ cmz m`lslic k`h

mxblzs e` xbl ckol mc e`d|sxeol. K`xe&jeks o|zzeo|i|f lfjzkols k` lh|okxem`ki ~beimsm~bu) ks qlii ks) s~loeceo xlobè{|ls k`h om`xl`x. Ex es ki|l jkslh.

Hecclzlòls kzl ammh) m~~zlssel ehlks k`h jlbkemzs kzl mx. Ex slxs |~ k ozlkxel xl`sem` jlxqll` zls~loxeà hecclzlòls k`h mx kool~xeà |`ckez jlielcs

k`h koxs. Ex ksgs xlkoblzs k`h obeihzl` xm om`czm`x xzm|jilsmfl ess|ls zkxblz xbk` omlzeà xblf |~. K` k`xe&jeks ~lzs~loxel es e`xlazki xm kii ks~loxs mc hkeiu

oiksszmmf iecl.

bxx~4--qqq.blkh&sxkzx.ik l.mz.|s-lh|okxem`-o|zzeo|i|f-k xe&jeks.bxfi

K`xe&Jeks Amkis4

Im|esl Hlzfk`&_~kzgs

Amki ;4 @|zx|zl lkob obeih―s om`sxz|oxem` mc k g`mqilhalkjil) om`cehl`x) slic &omòl~x k`h azm|~ ehl`xexu.

Xbl amki flk`s ozlkxeà xbl lh|okxem`ki om`hexem`s e` qbeob kii obeihzl` kzl kjil xm iegl qbm xblu kzl qexbm|x llheà xm clli s|~lzemz xm kùm`l lisl. Ex kism

flk`s l`kjieà obeihzl` xm hllim~ jeo|ix|zkiiu ‟ xm jl kjil xm lccloxeliu e`xlzkox qexbe` xblez bmfl o|ix|zl k`h qexbe` xbl hmfe`k`x o|ix|zl.

Amki :4 ^zmfmxl lkob obeih―s omfcmzxkjil) lf~kxbeo e`xlzkoxem` qexb ~lm~il czmf helzsl jkogazm|`hs.Xbes amki flk`s a|eheà obeihzl`―s hllim~fl`x mc xbl omaèxel kqkzl`lss) lfmxem`ki hes~msexem`) k`h jlbkemzki sgeiis `llhlh xm zls~loxc|iiu k`h

lccloxeliu ilkz` kjm|x hecclzlòls) omfcmzxkjiu lamxekxl k`h khk~x xm hecclzlòls) k`h omaèxeliu |`hlzsxk`h k`h lfmxem`kiiu kool~x xbl omffm`

b|fkèxu xbkx kii ~lm~il sbkzl.

Amki ?4 Cmsxlz lkob obeih―s ozexeoki xbe`geà kjm|x jeks.

Xbes amkis flk`s a|eheà obeihzl`―s hllim~fl`x mc xbl omaèxel sgeiis xm ehl`xecu ’|`ckez‖ k`h ’|`xz|l‖ efkals "sxlzlmxu~ls%) omffl`xs "xlkseà) `kfl&

okiieà%) k`h jlbkemzs "hesozefe`kxem`% hezloxlh kx m`l―s mq` mz mxblzs― ehl`xexels "jl xblu al`hlz) zkol) lxbèoexu) heskjeiexu) oikss) kal) mz qleabx% k`h bkeà

xbl lfmxem`ki lf~kxbu xm g`mq xbkx jeks b|zxs.

http://www.head-start.lane.or.us/education/curriculum/anti-bias.html

http://www.head-start.lane.or.us/education/curriculum/anti-bias.html



:2

Amki 84 O|ixekxl lkob obeih―s kjeiexu xm sxk`h |~ cmz blzslic-befslic k`h cmz mxblzs e` xbl ckol mc jeks.

Xbes ’koxeesf‖ amki eòi|hls bli~eà llzu obeih ilkz` k`h ~zk oxeol k kzelxu mc qkus xm kox qbl` k`mxblz obeih koxs e` k jekslh fk``lz xmqkzh blz-bef)

qbl` k obeih koxs e` k jekslh fk``lz xmqkzh k`mxblz obeih) mz qbl` k` kh|ix koxs e` k jekslh fk``lz. Amki 8 j|eihs m` Amki ?4 Ozexeoki xbe`geà k`h lf~kxbu

kzl lolsskzu omf~m`l`xs mc koxeà cmz m`lslic mz mxblzs e` xbl ckol mc jeks.

Hlzfk`&_~kzgs) I. k`h Zkfslu) . :>>3. Qbkx ec Kii xbl Gehs kzl Qbexl= @lq Umzg4 Xlkoblzs Omiilal ^zlss.

Omf~ilr _l`xlòl4 K sl`xlòl omf~mslh mc kx ilksx m`l fke` oik|sl k`h m`l s|jmzhe`kxl oik|sl "bxx~4--qmzh`lxqlj.~zeòlxm`.lh|-~lzi-qljq`%.

Omòl~xs mc ^ze`x4 "^ze`x g`mqilhal% Obeihzl`―s |`hlzsxk`heàs kjm|x xbl c|òxem`s "l.a.) ~zkoxeoki |sls%) sxz|ox|zl "l.a.) ~ze`xlh qmzhs kzl sl~kzkxlh ju

s~kols%) k`h om`l`xem`s "l.a.) ilcx&xm&zeabx) xm~&xm&jmxxmf sl{|lòl% mc qzexxl` ikà|kal.

Hekimaeo Zlkheà4 K` e`xlzkoxel cmzf mc sxmzujmmg zlkheà e` qbeob k` kh|ix bli~s k obeih xm jlomfl k sxmzuxliilz.

H|ki Ikà|kal Lkziu Obeihbmmh Lh|okxem`4 \òm`hexem`ki iml cmz kii obeihzl`) zls~lox cmz o|ix|zki helzsexu) xbl o|ixekxem` mc o|ix|zki lr~zlssem` k`h

ozlkxeexu) ckfeiu omiikjmzkxem`) k omffexfl`x xm ckez`lss k`h |`hmeà jeks) k obeih&ol`xlzlh k`h smoekiiu mzel`xlh k~~zmkob) hmo|fl`xkxem` k`hkoom|`xkjeiexu xm ilkzèà) k`h s~loekietlh sgeiis e` cezsx k`h slom`h ikà|kal k`h iexlzkou hllim~fl`x kzl xbl j|eiheà jimogs cmz H|ki Ikà|kal Lkziu

Obeihbmmh Lh|okxem`. Ex es k` kox mc iml l`zeoblh qexb k jlielc xbkx obeihzl` kzl jmz` xm jl bk~~u k`h kii obeihzl` ok` ilkz`. Ex es azm|`hlh e` lh|okxem`ki

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ki|kjil lr~lzelòl ilkzèà kjm|x xbl ikà|kal k`h o|ix|zki jkogazm|`h mc k`mxblz o|ix|zki omff|èxu.

¥ :>;> Ozmè`

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http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn



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|seà k qmzh. "Ejeh.) ~. :>>%.

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`m s~loeki xzkeèà.

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kiehkxeà k obeih―s bmfl o|ix|zl k`h ikà|kal.

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obk`xs xblu ilkz` |fjlz omòl~xs.

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qexb kzem|s e`sxz|fl`xs czmf kzm|`h xbl qmzih xblu ake` jkseo g`mqilhal mc xbl hecclzl`x sm|`hs lkob fkgl k`h jlae` xm ilkz` kjm|x omòl~xs mc

ef~zmeskxem`) flks|zlfl`x mc xefl) k`h suòm~kxem`.

Xbl Ozlkxel O|zzeo|i|f cmz ^zlsobmmi) cm|zxb khhexem`) Hmhal) Omiglz) # Blzmfk`. Xlkobeà _xzkxlaels a. 8:2&8:5.

Mzki Ikà|kal Omf~zlbl`sem`4 Xbl kjeiexu xm iesxl` k`h koo|zkxliu zlom`sxz|ox qbkx es skeh m` xbl jkses mc |`hlzsxk`heà.

^bm`lfl4 E` k ikà|kal mz hekilox) k ~bm`lfl es xbl sfkiilsx slafl`xki mc sm|`h lf~imulh xm cmzf flkèàc|i om`xzksxs jlxqll` |xxlzkòls.

Czmf Qege~lhek) xbl czll lòuoim~lhek

^bm`lfeo Kqkzl`lss4 Xbl kqkzl`lss mc xbl sm|`hs "~bm`lfls% xbkx fkgl |~ s~mgl` qmzhs.

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http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch07_cognition/analytic_vs_holistic_thinking.html



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^bm`mimaeoki Kqkzl`lss4 Zlclzs xm k` e`heeh|ki!s kqkzl`lss mc xbl ~bm`mimaeoki sxz|ox|zl) mz sm|`h sxz|ox|zl) mc ikà|kal. Ex es k iesxlèà sgeii xbkx

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bk~~l`lh xm xblf k`h qbkx xblu qm|ih hm kjm|x ex.

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Zlol~xel Ikà|kal4 Xbl zlole~x mc k flsskal k|zkiiu mz es|kiiu. Xbes es kism om`sehlzlh xbl fl`xki sxmzl mc qmzhs k`h ~bzksls.

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"QK _xkxl Lkziu Ilkzèà Hllim~fl`x Jlòbfkzgs ":>><%4 Aimsskzu) ~. :>;%.

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mc lq fkxlzeki% k`h es xkgl` kqku kcxlz omf~ilxem` "mz qbl` xbl ilssm` es |`hlzsxmmh%.

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_|zeki Ikà|kal4

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mokj|ikzu s|ob ks qmzhs cmz qkxlz mz jkxbzmmf) jlok|sl xblu ok` |sl alsx|zls) mjdloxs) k`h ~eox|zls xm bli~ fkgl xbl e`cmzfkxem` omf~zlbl`sejil

Bku`ls) D. :>>1. Alxxeà _xkzxlh qexb Làiesb Ikà|kal Ilkz`lzs. Kzxeoil e` Kssmoekxem` cmz _|~lzesem` k`h O|zzeo|i|f Hllim~fl`x qljsexl.

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http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/GriffiS/Local%20Settings/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/NH3OLJI8/What%20Is%20Vygotsky's%20Scaffolding%3f%20%7C%20eHow.com

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5589381_vygotsky_s-scaffolding_.html%23ixzz11LPy1liE

http://webspace.webring.com/people/jr/reach_to_teach/antibias.html

http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/106048/chapters/How-Students-Acquire-Social-and-Academic-Language.aspx

http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/106048/chapters/How-Students-Acquire-Social-and-Academic-Language.aspx

http://webspace.webring.com/people/jr/reach_to_teach/antibias.html

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5589381_vygotsky_s-scaffolding_.html%23ixzz11LPy1liE

http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/GriffiS/Local%20Settings/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/NH3OLJI8/What%20Is%20Vygotsky's%20Scaffolding%3f%20%7C%20eHow.com



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Ksek`-Ksek` Kflzeok`-^miu lsek`7 k`h @kxel Kflzeok`.












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Zlclzlòls4

Jessm`) D. "@.H.%. _xmzu xliieà qexb ~lzsm`k hmiis. Xlkobeà cmz Obkàl4 J|eiheà _moeki D|sxeol _xkzxeà e` xbl Oiksszmmf. Kkeikjil kx

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FoGeìlu) D. ":>;>%. Zkeseà Jikog _x|hl`xs― Kobellfl`x xbzm|ab O|ix|zkiiu Zls~m`sel Xlkobeà. Kilrk`hzek) SK.4 K_OH.

FoGeìlu) D. ":>>2%. îk`è a cmz Lccloxel k`h O|ix|zkiiu Zls~m`sel Xlkobeà k`h Ilkzèà. @mzxb Obkzilsxm ) _O4 Jmmg_|zal.

Fmzzmq) I. # Akfjzlii) I. ":>>8%. \seà Obeihzl`―s Iexlzkx|zl e` ^zlsobmmi . @lqkzg4 E`xlz`kxem`ki Zlkheà Kssmoekxem`.

@eobmis) Lhqe`) D. b.H. O|ix|zki Cm|`hkxem`s cmz Xlkobeà Jikog Obeihzl`.

Zmsgms) G.) Xkjmzs) . # Il`bkzx) I. ":>>8%. Mzki Ikà|kal k`h Lkziu Iexlzkou e` ^zlsobmmi . @lqkzg4 E`xlz`kxem`ki Zlkheà Kssmoekxem`.

S|glieob) O. # Obzesxel D. ":>>8%. J|eiheà k Cm|`hkxem` cmz ^zlsobmmi Iexlzkou . @lqkzg4 E`xlz`kxem`ki Zlkheà Kssmoekxem`.

http://www.teachingforchange.org/node/100




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Mxblz Zlsm|zols4

K`xe&Jeks O|zzeo|i|f7 Xmmis cmz Lf~mqlzeà Um|à Obeihzl`. Im|esl Hlzfk`&_~kzgs k`h xbl K`xe&Jeks O|zzeo|i|f Xksg Cmzol. Qksbeàxm`) HO4 Xbl @kxem`ki Kssmoekxem`

cmz xbl Lh|okxem` mc Um|à Obeihzl`. ;525.

Ksek` Kflzeok` Hzlkfs7 Xbl Lflzalòl mc k` Kflzeok` ^lm~il. Blil` Tek. @lq Umzg4 Ckzzkz) _xzk|s k`h Aezm|r. :>>>.

Kx xbl Lsslòl mc Ilkzèà4 F|ixeo|ix|zki Lh|okxem`. Al`lk Aku. Qlsx Ikckulxxl4 Gk~~k Hlixk ê Jel`èki. ;558.

Jikog Obeihzl`7 Xblez Zmmxs) O|ix|zl) k`h Ilkzèà _xuils. Dkèol Bkil&Jl`sm`. Jkixefmzl4 Xbl Dmb`s Bm~ge`s \èlzsexu ^zlss. ;52:.

Jeieà|ki Lh|okxem` e` Lilfl`xkzu k`h _lom`hkzu _obmmi Omff|èxels7 Xmqkzh \`hlzsxk`heà k`h Okzeà. Obzesxek` Ckixes k`h _kzkb B|hlism`. @llhbkf Bleabxs4 Kiiu`

k`h Jkom`. ;552.

J|eiheà Omff|èxels mc Ilkz`lzs7 K Omiikjmzkxem` kfmà Xlkoblzs) _x|hl`xs) Ckfeiels) k`h Omff|èxu. _|hek ^kimfk FoOkilj. Fkbqkb4 Ikqzlòl Lzijk|f

Kssmoekxls) ^|jiesblzs. ;551.

Ozmsseà Mlz xm Ok`kk`7 Xbl Dm|z`lu mc @lq Xlkoblzs e` Helzsl Oiksszmmfs. Aimzek Ikhsm`&Jeiieàs. _k` Czkòesom4Dmsslu&Jkss) Eò. :>>;.

O|ix|zl k`h ^mqlz e` xbl Oiksszmmf. K`xmèk Hkzhlz. @lq Umzg4 Jlzae` # Akzlu. ;55;.

O|ix|zkiiu Zls~m`sel Xlkobeà7 Xblmzu) Zlslkzob) # ^zkoxeol. Al`lk Aku. @lq Umzg4 Xlkoblzs Omiilal ^zlss. :>>>.

Lh|okxem` Zlslkzob e` xbl ^|jieo E`xlzlsx7 _moeki D|sxeol) Koxem`) k`h ^mieou. Aimzek Ikhsm`&Jeiieàs k`h Qeiiekf C. Xkxl) Lhs. @lq Umzg4 Xlkoblzs Omiilal ^zlss. :>>3.

Llzuhku Koxs Kake`sx Zkoesf7 Zkeseà Obeihzl` e` k F|ixezkoeki Qmzih. Fk|zll` Zlhhu. _lkxxil4 _lki ^zlss. ;553.

C|x|zl Sesem`) ^zlsl`x Qmzg4 Ilkzèà czmf xbl O|ix|zkiiu Zlilk`x) K`xe&Jeks Ilkhlzsbe~ ^zmdlox. _bkzm` Ozmè` lx ki. _x. ^k|i4 Zlhilkc ^zlss. ;552.

E` M|z Mq` Qku4 Bmq K`xe&Jeks Qmzg _bk~ls M|z Iels. Ololiek Kikzkhm lx ki. _x. ^k|i4 Zlhilkc ^zlss. ;555.

Geii Xblf Jlcmzl Xblu Azmq7 Fesheka`mses mc Kczeok` Kflzeok` Jmus e` Kflzeok` Oiksszmmfs. Feobkli ^mzxlz. Obeokam4 Kczeok` Kflzeok` Efkals. ;551.

Ilkzèà k`h @mx Ilkzèà Làiesb7 Ikxe`m _x|hl`xs e` Kflzeok` _obmmis) A|khki|~l Skihls. @lq Umzg4 Xlkoblzs Omiilal ^zlss. :>>;.

Ilxxlzs xm Fkzoek7 K Xlkoblz―s A|ehl xm K`xe&Zkoesx Lh|okxem`. Lèh Ill. Xmzm`xm4 Ozmss O|ix|zki Omff|èokxem` Ol`xzl. ;55<.

Iexlzkou k`h Jeieà|kiesf7 K Bk`hjmmg cmz Kii Xlkoblzs) Fkzek Lsxlik Jzesg k`h Fkzakzlx Bkzzeàxm`. Fkbqkb4 Ikqzlòl Lzijk|f Kssmoekxls. :>>>.

Immgeà E`) Immgeà M|x7 Zlhlceèà Obeih Okzl k`h Lkziu Lh|okxem` e` k Helzsl _moelxu. _k` Czkòesom4 Okiecmzèk Xmfmzzmq. ;553.

Fkgeà Om`xl`x Omf~zlbl`sejil cmz Làiesb Ilkz`lzs4 Xbl _EM^ Fmhli) Dk`k Loblkzzek) FkzuLiil` Smax) Hljmzkb _bmzx. _k` Czkòesom4 ^lkzsm` Lh|okxem`) Eò. :>>8.

F|ixeo|ix|zki Ess|ls e` Obeih Okzl. Dk`lx Am`tkilt&Fl`k. Fm|`xke` Selq4 Fkucelih ^|jiesbeà Om. ;551.



?<

Mxblz lm~il―s Obeihzl`7 O|ix|zki Om`cieox e` xbl Oiksszmmf. Iesk Hli~ex. @lq Umzg4 Q.Q. @mzxm` # Om.) Eò. ;55<.

Zloikefeà M|z Smeols7 Jeieà|ki Lh|okxem`) Ozexeoki ^lhkamau) k`h ^zkres) Dlk` Czlhlzeogsm`) Lh. Ims Kàlils4 Okiecmzèk Kssmoekxem` cmz Jeieà|ki Lh|okxem`. ;551.

Zle`l`xeà ^k|im Czelzl) K ^lhkamau mc Iml. K`xmèk Hkzhlz. Okfjzehal4 Qlsxelq ^zlss. :>>:.

Xlkobeà cmz Helzsexu k`h _moeki D|sxeol7 K _m|zoljmmg. Fk|zek``l Khkfs) Ill K``l Jlii) ^kx Azecce`. @lq Umzg4 Zm|xilhal. ;551.

Xlkobeà-Ilkzèà K`xe&Zkoesf7 K Hllim~fl`xki K~~zmkob. Im|esl Hlzfk`&_~kzgs k`h Okzmi Jz|`sm` ^beiie~s. @lq Umzg4 Xlkoblzs Omiilal ^zlss. ;551.

Xlkobeà \fmdk Sehlm k`h Jmmgilx4 _ef|ixk`lm|s O|ix|zl ol`xzeo K~~zmkobls xm Lh|okxem`. _bkzm` Ozmè`-B. ^kiflz.

Xbkx―s @mx Ckez7 K Xlkoblz―s A|ehl xm Koxeesf qexb Um|à Obeihzl` . K`` ^lim k`h Czk` Hkehsm`. Fe``lk~mies4 Zlhilkc ^zlss. :>>>.

Xbl Hzlkfgll~lzs7 _|oolssc|i Xlkoblzs mc Kczeok` Kflzeok` Obeihzl`. Aimzek Ikhsm`&Jeiieàs. _k` Czkòesom4 Dmsslu&Jkss ^|jiesblzs. ;558.

Xbl Cm|`hkxem`s mc H|ki Ikà|kal E`sxz|oxem`) D|hexb Ilssmq&B|zilu. @lq Umzg4 Khhesm` Qlsilu Imàfk`) Eò.:>>>.

Xbl Mxblz _ehl mc xbl Ksek` Kflzeok` _|oolss _xmzu. Ql`hu Qkiglz&Fmcckx. _k` Czkòesom4 Dmsslu&Jkss ^|jiesblzs. ;55<.

Xbl _moemieà|esxeos Zlkhlz4 F|ixeieà|kiesf k`h Skzekxem`) ^lxlz Xz|haeii k`h Dl`ù Oblsbezl) Lhs. @lq Umzg4 Kz`mih. ;552.

_moemieà|esxeos4 K` E`xzmh|oxem` xm Ikà|kal k`h _moelxu) ^lxlz Xz|haeii. @lq Umzg4 ^là|e` Jmmgs. ;55<.

_mu Jeieà|l Kh|ix H|ki Ikà|kal Fmhli cmz Lkziu Obeihbmmh k`h Lilfl`xkzu Xlkoblz Lh|okxem`. _bkzm` Ozmè`) Lh. _lkxxil4 Xbl Ol`xlz cmz Ieà|esxeo k`h O|ix|zki

Hlfmozkou. :>>2.

_mu Jeieà|l4 Ikà|kal) O|ix|zl) k`h Um|à Ikxe`m Obeihzl`) _bkzm` Ozmè` k`h Okzfl` _msk Fkssm. _lkxxil4 Xbl Ol`xlz cmz Ieà|esxeo k`h O|ix|zki Hlfmozkou. :>>?.

_~zlkheà xbl Qmzh4 Ikà|kal k`h Hekilox e` Kflzeok) Dmb` FoQbmzxlz. ^mzxsfm|xb4 Ble`lfk``. :>>>.

\`jk`g xbl Cezl4 Sesem`s cmz xbl Lh|okxem` mc Kczeok` Kflzeok` Obeihzl`. Dkèol Bkil. Jkixefmzl4 Xbl Dmb`s Bm~ge`s \èlzsexu ^zlss. ;558.

\`hlz Kxxkog4 Xbl Oksl Kake`sx Jeieà|ki Lh|okxem`) _xl~bl` Gzksbl`. O|ilz Oexu4 Ikà|kal Lh|okxem` Kssmoekxls. ;553.

\`hmeà Zkoesf4 K ^beimsm~bu mc E`xlz`kxem`ki _moeki Obkàl. Zm`kih Obesmif k`h Feobkli Qksbeàxm`. @lq Mzilk`s4 Xbl ^lm~il―s E`sxex|xl mc _|zeki k`h Jlum`h.

;551.

Ql Ok`―x Xlkob Qbkx Ql Hm`―x G`mq7 Qbexl Xlkoblzs) F|ixezkoeki _obmmis. Akzu Bmqkzh. @lq Umzg4 Xlkoblzs Omiilal ^zlss. ;555.

Qbkx Ec Kii xbl Gehs Kzl Qbexl= K`xe&Jeks F|ixeo|ix|zki Lh|okxem` qexb Um|à Obeihzl` k`h Ckfeiels. Im|esl Hlzfk`&_~kzgs k`h ^kxzeoek A. Zkfslu. @lq Umzg4 Xlkoblzs

Omiilal ^zlss. :>>3.

QLJ_EXL_4

Xlkobeà cmz Obkàl4 J|eiheà _moeki D|sxeol _xkzxeà e` xbl Oiksszmmf . Kkeikjil kx qqq.xlkobeàcmzobkàl.mza-`mhl-5;4 ^zmehls e`cmzfkxem` m` obeih hllim~fl`x jeks.

