18
This article was downloaded by: [New York University] On: 18 September 2013, At: 01:51 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology: Toxic/ Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lesa19 Seasonal variation of high dam lake water R.M. Awadallah a & S.M.N. Moalla a a Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan, Egypt Published online: 15 Dec 2008. To cite this article: R.M. Awadallah & S.M.N. Moalla (1996) Seasonal variation of high dam lake water, Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 31:4, 731-746 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529609376384 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor

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Page 1: Seasonal variation of high dam lake water

This article was downloaded by: [New York University]On: 18 September 2013, At: 01:51Publisher: Taylor & FrancisInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street,London W1T 3JH, UK

Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Health .Part A: EnvironmentalScience and Engineeringand Toxicology: Toxic/Hazardous Substances andEnvironmental EngineeringPublication details, including instructions forauthors and subscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lesa19

Seasonal variation of highdam lake waterR.M. Awadallah a & S.M.N. Moalla aa Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science,Aswan, EgyptPublished online: 15 Dec 2008.

To cite this article: R.M. Awadallah & S.M.N. Moalla (1996) Seasonal variationof high dam lake water, Journal of Environmental Science and Health . PartA: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology: Toxic/HazardousSubstances and Environmental Engineering, 31:4, 731-746

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529609376384

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of allthe information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on ourplatform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensorsmake no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy,completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Anyopinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions andviews of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor

Page 2: Seasonal variation of high dam lake water

& Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon andshould be independently verified with primary sources of information.Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims,proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilitieswhatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly inconnection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private studypurposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution,reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in anyform to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of accessand use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions

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J..ENVIRON. SCI. HEALTH, A31(4), 731-746 (1996)

Seasonal Variation of High Dam Lake Water

R.M.Awadallah and S.M.N.MoallaChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan, Egypt

Abstract

Seasonal vertical and horizontal variations in water level, temperature, con-

ductivity, transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, calcium,

magnesium, total hardness, sulphates, soluble silicates, inorganic ortho-

phosphates, chlorides, bicarbonates, nitrates and nitrites were determined

during the period January to December 1983 (winter, spring, summer and

autumn). The samples were taken from surface, at 25, 50, 65 and 80% depth

between Abu Simbel and the High Dam wall (Abu Simbel, Tushki, Tomas,

Korosko, El Madig, Allaqi, Wadi Abyad, Kalabsha and El Ramla). The

results showed that the water depth in the Lake was in range 171.79 to

169.42 m a.m.s.l; temperature, 15.0 to 30.4 °C; conductivity, 18.7 to 30.0

mSm-1; transparency, 50 to 450 cm; dissolved oxygen, 0.2 to 12.0 mg/L; free

C O 2 , 0.88 to 5.88 mg/L; CO32-, 4 to 24 mg/L; HCOJ ,78 to 108 mg/L;

NO2-, 0.256 mg/L; NO3

-, 0.05 to 3.76 mg/L; PO43-, 0.002 to 0.156 mg/L ;

S iO 2 , 4.8 to 10.7 mg/L; Ca2+ , 17.9 to 39.6 mg/L; Mg2+, 4.2 to 14.8 mg/L;

TH, 74.0 to 121.2 mg/L; Cl - , 5.8 to 11.0 and SO, 7.3 to 28.0 mg/L. SD and

SE were in the range, 0.049 to 18.91 and 0.069 to 18.6, respectively.

Statistical analysis of the database showed positive, significant and interesting

correlation coefficient values ( r =0.44 to 0.89) between the physical and

chemical components existing in the water of the High Dam Lake.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.

731

Copyright © 1996 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

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732 AWADALLAH AND MOALLA

IntroductionThe irregular distribution of water supply in Africa, both geographically, and seasonally,

has led, in recent years, to the construction of dams on many rivers in an effort to full

advantage of natural water resource (agriculture, hydroeiectricity,.., etc.).

As a result of the construction of dams, many lakes have been created such as the High

Dam (Egypt-Sudan), Kariba (Zimbabwe-Zambia), Volta (Ghana), Chad (Chad),..etc.

The presence of large numbers of metals, organic compounds, weeds, micro-organisms

and parasites in the water, many of which are known to be toxic or pathogenic, has caused

considerable and widespread concern. There is mounting evidence that longterm exposure

to low concentration of certain substances can be a significant factor in the development

and manifestation of Bilharzia and other parasites, kidney diseases, Alzheimer's disease,

cancer,....etc. The distribution of certain chemical components may provide information

about charge and discharge of water, fertility of water masses for the growth of micro-

organisms, aquatic plants and fish; and sedimentation of heavy metals.

Geographical Morphology

The High Dam reservoir is about 500 km, 350 km of which are in Egypt and 150 km ino o

the Sudan, and extends approximately within latitudes 21 N in the Sudan and 24 N in

Egypt. The reservoir started filling up in 1964. It is bounded in the west by the Great

Western Desert and in the east by Eastern Desert, which extends as far as the Red Sea.

During the period January-December 1983, the water level of the High Dam Lake was

171.79 to 169.42 m above mean sea level.

Sampling and MethodsWater samples were collected from different localities (Abu Simbel, Tushki, Tomas,

Korosko, El Madig, Allaqi, Wadi Abyad, Kalabsha and El Ramla) at various depths

(surface, 25, 50, 65 and 80% depth) by means of a stainless steel water sampler, Nansen

bottle [1]. Water samples were filtered through Whatman number 42 filter paper and the

filtrate was analysed for free CO2, HCO J and CO2" in situ by titration with HCI[2], Ca2+

and Mg2+ by EDTA,[3], PO*~, NOJ, SiO2 [4], CI" by Hg(NO3)2 method[5], SO2" iasitu

[6&7], NOT [8], dissolved oxygen iasiülby Winkler method, whereas temperature was

immediately measured in situ by thermometer, pH immediately by Orion Research Model

211 /digital pH meter, electrical conductivity in situ by conductivity bridge YST Model 33

S-C-T Meter and transparency was immediately measured in situ using Sechhi disc. The

samples were collected during the period January to December 1983. Samples' locations

are shown on the attached map (Fig. 1).

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SEASONAL VARIATION OF HIGH DAM LAKE WATER 733

N

36 Km.

High Dam Wall

WadiAbyad

Fig. (1) Lake Nasser - Lake Nubia.

Preparation of Solutions

All the chemicals used were purchased from BDH, Aldrich, Sigma, E, Merck, Riedel de

Haen of AnalaR quality (99.9%). The standard, reagent, solvent, indicator [3&4] and

buffer [9] solutions were prepared following recommended methods.

Results and Discussion

The data obtained are represented graphically in Figs.2-8. The figures show vertical and

horizontal changes in temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, CO^~,

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734 AWADALLAH AND MOALLA

-Winter j Spring j Summer; _ ,_Autumn

33

29

25

21

17

13

33

29

£ 2573«-*Saï 21a.E_0; 17

13

33

29

25

21

17

13

On surface

At 50°/. depth

- - " \

,-V-/^/

At 807. depth

A

\ /

n in iv v vi vu vra ix

300

260

E 2 2 0

u

SI

£r 3oo

On surface

o 260•a§ 220

alo 180

At 50V. depth

U300

260

220

180

At SO'/, depth

i H m iv v vi vn vin ix

Fig. (2) Seasonal distribution of temperature and electrical conductivityvalues of the High Dam Lake water during Winter-Autumn 1983.

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SEASONAL VARIATION OF HIGH DAM LAKE WATER

Winter* Sprfng; Summer,- *—.*—*-«Autumn

735

On s u r f a c e

At 50 •/. depth

I II III IV V VI VIIVIII IX I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

Fig. (3) Seasonal distribution of dissolved oxygen and free CO2

concentrations of the High Dam Lake water during Winter-Autumn 1983.

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736 AWADALLAH AND MOALLA

-Winter; •Spring: Summer * .—.—.-.-. Autumn

25

20

15

10

• On surface

/

/

/ . , ,

/f

\\

m

\

V \ '.

i'\rrIïI

\\X

\

r/7\ fi%

/ •

\

, \

At 80°/. depth

. . / .

I II III IV V VI VII VIIIIX

70

\ / , - \

130

110

100

90

80

At 80°/. depth

/ '

1 U 111 IV V VI VII VIIIIX

Fig. (4) Seasonal distribution of [COf] and [HCO^] of the High DamLake Water during Winter-Autumn 1983.

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SEASONAL VARIATION OF HIGH DAM LAKE WATER 737

On surface

s P r i n 9 ; . _ . Summer; ,_ ,___Autumn

IGOi

7.6

7.2

6.8

8-4

8.0

7.6

7.2i ii m iv v vi vnvin ix

120

2 0

80

«0

0

At 80s/. depth

At 50"/. depth

AI II HI IV V VI VII VIII IX

500

400

. A *

Mv

Ut8O*/.

X\\depth 300

w 2002

% 100

0.0

1 II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

Fig. (5) Seasonal distribution of pH, Secchi disc tronsparency and [NO'2]Values of the High Dam Lake Water during Winter-Autumn 1983.

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738 AWADALLAH AND MOALLA

-Winter ;

80 On surface

20

00

80

60.

4 0

rO 2 0

D_

J / Wyy

1ii

X

At 50*/. depth

3.00

a 120

100

80

60

40

20

00

I Ati1iiLiI

• M1

1

80°/.

h. I

VI

depth

A

II"

Spring Summer,- «-«-«-«Autumn

i n m iv v vi vu vin \x

1.6

1-2

0.8

0.4

0.0

. At eo'i.

A

depth

i

i n HI iv v vi vu vin ix

Fig. (6) Seasonal distribution of [Pc£] and [NO"3] of the High Dam Lakewater during Winter-Autumn 1983.

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SEASONAL VARIATION OF HIGH DAM LAKE WATER 739

-Winter »Spring ; Summer »*-*-*—»-Autumn

29

25

21

17

30

On surface

ÀO22

18

30

28

26

24

22

20i ii in iv v vi vu vin ix i ii m iv v vi vii vra ix

Fig. (7) Seasonal distribution of [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] of the High Dam Lakewater during Winter-Autumn 1983.

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-Winter Spring ; — . - - — S u m m e n . »Autumn

\u

12

10

8

6

At eO'/o depthxAt 80

• A :

1 \

•/o depth

:-'vy— \

I II III IV V VIVII VIIIIX I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

Fig. (8) Seasonal distribution of [SO4"] , [CF] and [soluble silicate] of theHigh Dam Lake water during Winter-Autumn 1983.

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SEASONAL VARIATION OF HIGH DAM LAKE WATER 741

HCO3, Ca2+, Mg2+, NO", NO", PO^ , SiO2, SO2," , and Cl~ between Abu Simble and

El Ramla. Variations of Or1 were exhibited between 18.7 (winter, 1983) and 30 (summer,

1983) mSm"1. There was a good correlation between conductivity^ tempera-ture and

soluble salts. The relative decrease of electrical conductivities during winter and spring

was consistent with the low temperature and high pH values, and with the lower Ca and

Mg data. This might be attributed principally to the uptake of dissolved salts (Ca2+, Mg2+,

HCO", SO2", SiO2) by fish (breeding duration), to a lack of soluble salts in the region as

a result of sedimentation [as CaCO3, MgCO3, Ca(OH)2,...etc.], adsorption of these salts

on the suspended matter or on silt [10]. The relative increase of electrical conductivity

during summer and autumn (high temperature and low pH values) may be ascribed to the

hydrolyses and redissolution of insoluble salts, and desorption of these salts into the water

of the lake.

Seasonal vertical and horizontal variations of dissolved oxygen values showed a relative

increase in winter and spring and a relative decrease in summer and autumn. However,

dissolved oxygen values decreased from the south (Abu Simbel) to the north (El Ramla)

and from surface to bottom. The variations in dissolved oxygen values may be related to

the water temperature, penetration of light and photosynthesis [11], concurrent changes of

the formation and decomposition of organic compounds, and the uptake of inorganic

carbon and release of nutrient elements, i.e., N, P,....etc.[12]. Increase of dissolved oxygen

amounts may be attributed to the high rate of biosynthesis of oxygen; penetration of light

energy [11] accompanied by the uptake of inorganic carbon; photosynthetic production of

hydrocarbons, humic acids and carbohydrates by utilisation of CO2 (CO2 + H2O -> CH2O

+ O2) and nutrient ions[12]. Decreased dissolved oxygen levels in summer and autumn

may be ascribed to the raise of water temperature which led to a release of dissolved

oxygen. In addition, the isolation of the tropholytic zone from the upper waters, the

decrease of penetration of light energy from the surface to the bottom, the consumption of

dissolved oxygen by respiration of phyotoplankton and fish; and the decay of the aerobic

bacteria l'3l were also factors having decreasing effects.

Seasonal vertical and horizontal variations of CO2 were low in winter and spring, and

relatively high in summer and autumn. High CO2 values may be related to anaerobic

decomposition of organic matter present in the bottom sediments and the respirations of

biological bodies which led to the release of CO2 gas. Lower free CO2 values may be

related to its consumption as a result of the reaction between free CO2 product within the

water body and CaCO3 in the sediments, dissolving as Ca(HCO3 )2 [CO2 + H2O + CaCO3

-> Ca(HCO3 )2] and its consumption in the photosynthesis process (CO2 + H2O -> CH2O

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Page 14: Seasonal variation of high dam lake water

742 AWADALLAH AND MOALLA

+ O2). Carbonates showed seasonal horizontal increase and seasonal vertical decrease

from Abu Simbel to El Ramla while bicarbonates increased horizontally and vertically.

Decrease of carbonate concentrations and increase of bicarbonate concentrations may be

the result of turbulence promoting CO2[14], dissociation of CO*" into HC07 and H+ and

reaction between CO2 and OH" (CO2 + OH" -> HCOJ )[15], and between CO2 and

CO*" [CO2 + CO*" + H2O - • 2HCOJ ].

The relative decrease of HCOJ concentration may be attributed to the dissociation of

HCOj (2HC0 J -» H2O+COj"+CO2) and the uptake of combined CO2 in bicarbonate by

population and CO2-H2O interaction during the photosynthetic process [16], and

adsorption of dissolved bicarbonates on the surface of suspended particles[17]. There was

a slight horizontal increase and a slight vertical decrease of pH values from Abu Simbel to

El Ramla. The increase of pH may be as a result of high temperature effect, the buffer

action attributed to the dissolved CO2, CO^ and HCOJ ions, photosynthesis and growth

of aquatic plants such as fungi, algae and phytoplank-ton[18&19], while relative decrease

of pH may be attributed to the relative decrease in the production of phytoplankton

bloom and the decomposition of organic matter, bacteria and descending plankton

providing a release of CO2 gas, producing a decrease in pH values from the surface to

the bottom[20&21].

Nitrite appeared in some localities in 1983 and increased with depth. Nitrite was

produced and increased as a result of nitrate reduction by enzyme reductase, increase of

nitrification of free ammonia into nitrite, and denitrification of nitrate into nitrite by

bacteria existing in the Lake. The decrease of nitrite content may be principally due to the

increase of its oxidation to nitrate and reduction of nitrate to ammonia as well as its

uptake by plankton. Nitrate concentration decreased horizontally and vertically from the

south (Abu Simbel) to the north (El Ramla). Surface and bottom waters of the Lake

showed a slight decrease in nitrate concentration in spring and summer, and a high

concentration in winter and autumn.

The slight increase of nitrate concentration may be ascribed to nitrification of NH3, and

NO7 produced by biochemical decomposition of descending dead planktons into nitrate by

bacteria, and transformation of organic nitrogen to ammonia and nitrifying ammonia to

nitrate. The decrease of nitrate concentrations may be attributed to biological uptake in

spring and summer in the photic zone and recycling from the hypolimnion zone[22].

Seasonal vertical and horizontal distribution of phosphate showed a smaller decrease in

winter, spring and summer than in autumn. The increase of [PO4~] may be attributed to

the higher rate of decay of phytoplankton, release of the adsorbed phosphate on the

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SEASONAL VARIATION OF HIGH DAM LAKE WATER 743

sediments of the Lake and excretion of large amounts of phosphate by Zooplankton and

fish[23]. On the other hand, the increase of phosphate was consistent with low pH and

dissolved oxygen. The decrease and depletion of phosphate may be related to its

adsorption on hydrous iron or aluminium oxides, its consumption by algae, bacteria or

aquatic plants[24&25].

Soluble silicates decreased in winter and spring, and increased slightly in summer and

autumn. The pronounced decrease of soluble silicate amounts during the winter-spring

period may be ascribed to its uptake by diatoms, fungi, algae, phytoplankton, zoo-

plankton (flowering season), and fish (breeding season)[26]. High soluble silicate contents

during the summer-autumn period may be related to the decay of diatoms, fish, and

animals[27], the effect of water flood loaded with large quantities of silicates, the

redissolution of hydrous silica or silicates adsorbed on clay deposited on the bottom of the

lake, and the effect of soluble silicates released from the surrounding feldspars. Silicon is

an essential element for the growth of diatoms, the rigidity of plant and fish tissues, for

backbones, skeletons fins and scales of fish[28], for the growth of planktonic

chrysophcean and algae silicon cells[22]. The chloride content in surface and bottom

waters of the High Dam Lake decreased in autumn and winter, and increased in spring

and summer. High chloride concentrations in summer time may be ascribed to the high

rate of water evaporation caused by high air temperature [29], while in spring, the

increase of chloride concentration may be related to the effect of NaCl used by

fishermen for salting fish in combination with the excretion of gastric fluids of fish [30],

where the maximal fish breeding season and fishering was stoped. The relative decrease

of chloride content in autumn may be attributed to the dilution effect of water by flood in

addition to its utilisation by algae, phytoplankton and aquatic plants. Seasonal vertical and

horizontal changes of sulphate during the study period showed a remarkable vertical

decrease and horizontal increase from the south to the north. The relative decrease of

sulphate in bottom waters may be attributed to its reduction into sulphide as a result of

the great effect of reducing bacteria, protein synthesis and subsequent precipitation of

detrital organic matter and its decomposition into hydrogen sulphate and insoluble

sulphides[31]. Sulphur is very important for protein structure, for stabilisation of enzyme

geometry and for cell division[22].

Calcium and magnesium showed seasonal vertical and horizontal variations. Ca and Mg

increased vertically and decreased horizontally from the south to the north. The relative

increase of Ca during winter and autumn may be attributed to the increase of CaCO3

solubility with the decrease of water temperature in winter, and the upwelling of bottom

water containing high Ca concentration to the overlaying water layers by the influence of

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744 AWADALLAH AND MOALLA

the stirring winds and induced current in autumn. The relative decrease of calcium and

magnesium contents in surface water in spring may be ascribed to the photosynthetic

precipitation of Ca as CaCO3 and Mg as Mg(OH)2 in alkaline waters, the utilisation of Ca

and Mg in chlorophyll synthesis during the day light, decrease of CaCO3 solubility and

adsorption of Ca on Mg(OH)2. In summer, the relative decrease of [Ca+2] and Mg(OH)2

may be attributed to decreasing CaCO3 and MgCO3 solubility as a result of temperature

increase and loss of CO2 [Ca(HCO3)2 o CaCO3 + H20 + CO2 and Mg(HCO3)2<=>

MgCO3 + H 2 0 +CO2] or may be due to their uptake by micro-organisms and fish living

in the Lake, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acids and chlorophyll

syntheses.

Magnesium is needed for phosphate transfer (ATP •» ATP + Energy) and serves as the

transition metal at the heart of the reactive centre of the chlorophyll molecule of plants.

From the statistical analysis of the database of the chemical analysis of the water samples

of the High Dam Lake. There are positive, significant and interesting correlation

coefficient values in spring (r = 0.401-0.928), summer (r = 0.414-0.892), autumn (r =

0.404-0.855) and in winter (r = 0.440-0.892). High correlations between chemical

components mean proportional relationships i.e., as one component increases the other

increases and exist as soluble salts while negative correlations reflect interlocking and

counteraction between the analysed items which exhibit negative correlations due to

environmental conditions.

ConclusionsFrom the results, it can be concluded that there is a marked thermal and nutrients

stratification, and there are also pronounced ecological and environmental changes in the

physical and chemical composition of water of the Lake due to regional and environmental

variations, physical circumstances (water masses movement, turbulence, eddies,...etc.),

hydrological, biological, biochemical, geochemical and biogeochemical variations. These

processes have great influence on the distribution of physical and chemical (nutrient)

components, on the populations (bacteria, algae, fungi, fish,...etc.) living in the Lake, and

on sedimentation of trace elements, on the distribution of trace elements between water

and mud sediments, on the water quality (the chemical components are within the desired

safety baseline levels for domestic, and irrigation uses of water), on the fertility (NOj ,

NO" ,PO?~,humâtes,...etc.) of irrigation water and soil, and on the productivity of crops.

References[1] M.H. Goodwin and C.I. Goddard. An inexpensive multiple level water sampler.

J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 31, 1667:1668, 1974.

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SEASONAL VARIATION OF HIGH DAM LAKE WATER 745

[2] F.J.H. Mackereth, J. Heron and J.F. Talling. Water analysis. Freshwater Biology

Association, 1978.

[3] The analytical uses of ethyle'ne diamine tetraacetic acid. In F.J. Welcher, editor,

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[4] Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public

Health Association, Washington, DC, 16th edition, 1985.

[5] A Textbook of quantitative inorganic analysis including elementary instrumental

analysis. In R.L. Vogel, editor. The English Language Book Society and Longman,

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[6] Testing of Water. In E. Merck, editor, Darmstadt, Germany, 1982.

[7] Complexitric Assay Methods with Titriplex. In E.Merck, editor, Darmstadt,

Germany, 1982.

[8] H.Caron and D.Raquet. Colourmetric determination of nitrates in presence of

chloride. J. Pharm. Chim., Paris, 23, 446:447, 1963.

[9] Hydrogen Ions. In H.T.S. Britton, editor, John Wiley and Sons, New York, London,

Vol.1. 4th edition, 1956.

[10] G.Guariso, D.Whittington, M.E.Abdel Sarnie and C.Kramer. A salt balance

simulation model of Lake Nasser. Water supply and Management, 4, 73:80, 1980.

[11] Fresh Water Biology. Fresh Water Biology Association. In L.G. Willoughby,

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Date Received: October 1, 1995Date Accepted: January 8, 1996

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