SEAPOWER - 1865 Above: USS Galena 1862 Right: USS Onadoga (Double Turret Monitor) 1864 By the end of...
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SEAPOWER - 1865 Above: USS Galena 1862 Right: USS Onadoga (Double Turret Monitor) 1864 By the end of the Civil War, the U.S. Navy was second only to the
SEAPOWER - 1865 Above: USS Galena 1862 Right: USS Onadoga
(Double Turret Monitor) 1864 By the end of the Civil War, the U.S.
Navy was second only to the Royal Navy in size and by far the most
modern navy in the world. Its expansion and technology played a
role in keeping Europe out. By 1863, it was too dangerous to
challenge.
Slide 2
SEAPOWER - 1865 In 1860, the U.S. had the largest merchant
fleet in the world with over 2,500,000 tons. It was largely as a
result of the American built Tea Clippers (left) which dominated
the trade with India and the Far East. The Civil War gutted the
U.S. Merchant Fleet. Tonnage dropped by over 50% by the end of the
war. Some was due to Confederate Commerce Raiders, the most
successful being CSS Shenandoah (right). Most, however, was simply
sold off to foreign companies.
Slide 3
SEAPOWER - 1890 The U.S. Merchant Marine never recovered. The
Suez Canal made the Clippers obsolete and owners and financiers
moved to other industries to make their fortunes. By 1890, the U.S.
Merchant fleet was down to around 600,000 tons. This was during a
time when trade was booming. RMS Belgic (White Star Line) 1885.
Built in New Jersey for British passenger service. The demise of
the U.S. Shipping industry led to a corresponding lack of serious
interest in building canals in Central America. While the interest
remained in some circles, the Maritime Industry no longer exerted
pressure.
Slide 4
SEAPOWER - 1890 The last half of the 19 th Century saw massive
leaps in naval technology, the most rapid progression in
destructive capability at sea in history. Above: HMS Collingswood,
Admiral Class Battleship 1897. Right: Marceau Battleship (France)
1897.
Slide 5
SEAPOWER - 1890 By 1880, the U.S. Navy was not even first rate
as compared to the navies of South America. It had not built any
significant warships since the Civil War and had endured a 90%
reduction in manpower and >96% reduction in warships. Convinced
it had to do something as even a third-rate power was better,
Congress authorized new ships. These ships were obsolete when they
were laid down. Above: USS Chicago 1897. Right: USS Puritan
1890.
Slide 6
SEAPOWER - 1890 The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1640 -
1783 Published 1890. Was one of the two great works of Military
Philosophy of the 19 th Century. It was the first treatise on naval
power written. The book would influence naval and national leaders,
trigger massive naval buildups in Japan and the U.S., be the
inspiration for two arms races (Britain and Germany, Chile and
Argentina), and seen as a justification for Imperialism. This was
not the intent. The intent was to influence Congress to fix the
embarrassment that the U.S. Navy became. Alfred Thayer Mahan CAPT
USN 1840-1914
Slide 7
SEAPOWER 1890s Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 1893-1897 SAMOAN
CRISIS: A civil war raged in Samoa. The U.S. backed one faction,
Germany the other. Cleveland sent a squadron to the Island to
protect U.S. interests. Germany sent a squadron to back the rebels.
War was averted when a Typhoon wrecked both Squadrons. HAWAII: He
approved a coaling station at Pearl Harbor, but rejected
annexation. VENEZUELA: Border dispute between Venezuela and British
Colony. U.S. threaten military intervention against British. U.S.
will not tolerate European trouble making in the Americas. Britain
backs down.
Slide 8
SEAPOWER - 1898 THEODORE ROOSEVELT Assistant Secretary of the
Navy 1897-1898 Wrote a highly regarded history of the U.S. Navy in
the War of 1812 while still at Harvard. An avid reader, he was a
huge fan of Mahans work and corresponded with the author. Far
smarter and better read than any gave him credit for at the time
(and much of his life), he accepted the position and became an
advocate for naval expansion and modernization and war. He also
believed the U.S. had to assert itself and a canal was vital.
Slide 9
A WAR THAT NEVER WAS The debate in Clausewitz was whether war
was an abandonment of diplomacy or merely a tool. These men added a
new idea: war as a marketing device. The truth is only useful if it
sells newspapers. And if it sells newspapers, then it is right.
William Randolph Hurst Joseph Pulitzer
Slide 10
A WAR THAT NEVER WAS Joseph Pulitzer owned the New York World
and St. Louis Post- Dispatch. William Randolph Hurst owned the New
York Journal and San Francisco Examiner. Both had significant
influence over separate newspaper empires and being men of this
age, both wanted to put the other out of business. Circulation was
the key. And sensational stories meant greater circulation. And the
truth was only interesting if it sold newspapers. They would create
a crisis where none existed, create a scandal from thin air, create
a cause for no reason other than it sold papers. And in the end,
they would start a war that was unnecessary.
Slide 11
A WAR THAT NEVER WAS 1895: Disgruntled tenant farmers in Cuba
riot and burn farms and crops. Cuba is a Spanish Colony and Spain
reinforces its garrisons. There is indeed a rebellion, but it lacks
weapons, money, support and its leadership is divided. There are no
glorious battles, just hit and run attacks. Hurst sends Remington
to provide pictures of the glorious rebels and their great
victories. Remington reports theres nothing happening. He allegedly
is told: You provide the pictures, Ill provide the war.
1896:Inspired by the glorious triumphs, Filipinos rise up against
the Spanish colonial. They are more successful. 1897:Spanish forces
outnumber the rebels about 10:1. Most of the government force is
Cuban. To starve out the rebels, mass evacuations are ordered.
This, at least, was reported.
Slide 12
A SPLENDID LITTLE WAR 1897: McKinley does not want a war, but
the papers and their readers scream for it. More importantly, the
situation now threatens the interests of U.S. tobacco and sugar
companies. February 1898: A riot in Havana initiated by angry
displaced persons from the countryside. U.S business feel
threatened and beg the U.S. for help. Until now, U.S. has prevented
arms and funds from entering Cuba. USS MAINE (Armored Cruiser)
Commissioned in 1895, it took ten years to build due to funding.
The design was obsolete when the ship began construction. It is
sent to Havana to remind Spain the U.S. is interested.
Slide 13
A SPLENDID LITTLE WAR February 15, 1898: The USS Maine blows up
in Havana harbor. Surviving crew members blame a coal bunker fire
near a main powder magazine. The Hurst and Pulitzer papers find
that droll. They immediately make up experts who are certain it is
the result of a Spanish torpedo (we now call them mines). Remember
the Maine! The papers demand war. USS Maine the day after the
explosion. McKinley and senior congressional leaders want a
negotiated settlement. But Roosevelt is already preparing for
war.
Slide 14
A SPLENDID LITTLE WAR JANUARY 1898:Roosevelt, acting without
consulting superiors, orders stop loss for U.S. Asiatic Squadron
and for Squadron to assemble at Hong Kong. Cancels orders for
Olympia to return to U.S. for overhaul. Orders USS Baltimore from
San Diego to Philippines as well as additional ammunition for the
Squadron. FEBRUARY 1898:USS Maine blows up in Havana Harbor.
McKinley and key congressional leaders seek diplomatic resolution
of the dispute. MARCH 17, 1898:Key Republicans advocate war. MARCH
28, 1898:Navy Board of Inquiry concludes Maine destroyed by mine.
There were numerous irregularities at least in hindsight.
Slide 15
A SPLENDID LITTLE WAR April 11, 1898:Under extreme pressure
from congressional leaders, McKinley asks for use of military force
to intervene in Cuba. April 20, 1898:Joint Resolution calls for
Spain to quit Cuba, U.S. Troops to deploy to restore order but not
to establish colony. April 21, 1898:Spain breaks relations. Navy
ordered to blockade Cuba. April 23, 1898:Spain declares War. April
25, 1989: U.S. declares War
Slide 16
A SPLENDID LITTLE WAR USS Olympia recently in Philadelphia PA
In 1898 it was RADM Deweys Flagship of the Asiatic Squadron sent
from Hong Kong to attack the Spanish at Manila. Today it is the
most well known ship of that war. It took over three months for
Dewey to assemble his squadron and reinforcements from Hawaii. On
April 28, word is received that War has been declared and Britain
is neutral. U.S. squadron must depart Hong Kong with in 24 hours,
and they do. May 1. The Asiatic Squadron catches Spanish fleet by
surprise and destroys it in about an hour.
Slide 17
A SPLENDID LITTLE WAR USS OREGON (BB-3) In the Spring of 1898,
however, this was the best known ship in the U.S. Navy not because
of a battle, but because of a journey. Feb 26: USS Oregon ordered
to depart homeport Bremerton WA to join Atlantic Squadron in
Florida. Cannot leave coal not available. Mar 3: Departs Mar 6:
Arrives San Francisco to load ammo. Mar 15: CO hospitalized. Mar
18: New CO, final orders Mar 19: Departs San Francisco Ca. 5 stops
for coal and provisions. May 24: Arrives Jupiter Inlet FL.
Slide 18
A SPLENDID LITTLE WAR The total journey took 82 days to
complete. From San Francisco, it took 66 days. Total distance
travelled over 15,000 nautical miles. Throughout the journey the
papers questioned where it was and when it would arrive. The Navy
Department often did not know nor would they say. This redeployment
reinvigorated talk about a Canal at Central America. Given past
experience, many were reluctant. Oregon provided one justification.
As expensive as a canal would be, it was cheaper than building a
Navy large enough to meet U.S. needs in both the Atlantic and
Pacific. A Canal meant one fleet, not two.
Slide 19
THE AMERICAN CENTURY After a brief adventure in Cuba, Theodore
Roosevelt was elected Governor of New York in 1898 where he was a
bull in the china shop of politics. To silence him, he was
nominated (and elected) as Vice-President in 1900. He had dangerous
ideas about curbing the excesses of both government and business
alike and proved disturbingly popular. The good thing was no one
remembered Vice Presidents
Slide 20
THE AMERICAN CENTURY Left: The last photograph of William
McKinley (Sep 6,1901). He was shot minutes later. Right: Roosevelt
and Sen. Hanna. Photo taken as Roosevelt was walking to be sworn in
as President. In August 1901, the Pan-American Worlds Fair opened
in Buffalo NY. The theme was the new Century and Western Hemisphere
and included exhibitions promoting a canal. The Vice President
attended. There were warnings that should the President attend,
there was a risk. McKinley went anyway. On Sep. 6, he was shot
shaking hands with the public. He died from infection less than two
weeks later. Sometimes people do remember the Vice President.
Slide 21
THE AMERICAN CENTURY JOHN HAY (1838-1905) Raised in Illinois,
graduated from Brown University in 1859 and read law at a firm next
door to Lincoln & Herndon in Springfield. From 1861 to 1865 he
served as President Lincolns Personal Secretary. (Above: 1861)
(Below: 1865) 1865-1870 served as diplomat in Paris and London.
1870 he quit and became a reporter for the New York Tribune and a
writer. Assistant Secretary of State: 1879-1881. Ambassador Court
of St. James: 1897-1898.
Slide 22
THE AMERICAN CENTURY Secretary of State 1898-1905 Named
Secretary of State immediately following Treaty with Spain ending
Spanish-American War. One of the most effective in U.S. history.
Roosevelt inherited him. Continued thaw in U.S.-British relations.
Open Door Policy regarding China. Would negotiate three treaties
critical to the ultimate construction of Panama Canal.
Slide 23
THE AMERICAN CENTURY Lord Sir Julian Pauncefote 1828-1902
Ambassador to U.S. 1889-1902 HAY-PAUNCEFOTE TREATY OF 1901
Roosevelt wanted U.S. Canal at Panama. Problem: Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty forbade such a canal. Draft Treaty offered by Britain based
on the British Suez Convention submitted to Senate in February
1900. Rejected. Britain rejected counterproposal. Hay was tasked to
change this. Negotiations opened almost immediately after Roosevelt
was sworn in and concluded quickly. Treaty was signed November
1901. Ratified December 1901.