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B

p o w e r q u a l i t y c o m p e n s a t i o n

B . R . L i n , H u n g a n d C . H . H u a n gT . L .

A b s t r a c t : A s i n g l e - p h a s e h a l f - b r i d g e r e c t i f i e r w i t h a c a p a c i t o r c l a m p e d s c h e m e i s p r o p o s e d . F o u r

p o w e r s w i t c h e s a n d o n e f l y i n g c a p a c i t o r a r e e m p l o y e d i n t h e p r o p o s e d . r e c t d i e r . B i p o l a r a n d

u n i p o l a r P W M c o n t r o l s c h e m e s a r e u s e d t o p e r f o r m p o w e r f a c t o r c o r r e c t i o n a n d a c h i e v e l o w t o t a l

h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n o f l i n e c u r r e n t . A n e u t r a l p o i n t

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Explore Content

Bidirectional Rectifierless Te Le Te RS Ra Tio Tro Tio Ro Ra Te RN Ra Te Ly Ria Tio Lo Itu Te Ly Tro Lle

c u r r e n t c o n t r o l l e r a n d D C l i n k v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r a r e u s e d t o b a l a n c e n e u t r a l p o i n t v o l t a g e , t o t r a c k

c u r r e n t s a c o m p e n s a t e t h e r e a c t i v e p o w e r g f r o m t h e

A u l t sa r

1 I n t r o d u c t i o n

P o w e r p o l l u t i o n g e n e r a t e d b y n o n l i n e a r l o a d s s u c h a s d i o d e

h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y r e s e a r c h e d

a d e v e l o p e d f o r p o w e r f a c t o r c o r r e c t i o n a c

h a r m o n i c s e l i m i n a t i o n , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A p o w e r f a c t o r c o r r e c -

b u s v o l t a g e . T h e

c o n v e r t e r [ l - 3 1 i s e m p l o y e d t o

f a c t o r . I f t h e r e c t i f i e r i s u s e d i n t h e f r o n t s t a g e o f t h e m o t o r

a P W M r e c t i f i e r w i t h b i - d i r e c t i o n a l p o w e r f l o w

c a p a b i l i t y [ a ] i s g e n e r a l l y n e e d e d t o s e n d t h e r e g e n e r a t i n g

p o w e r t o t h e A C m a i n s i n s t e a d o f t h e D C b r a k i n g r e s i s t o r .

A s f u l l - b r i d g e s w i t c h m g m o d e r e c t i f i e r i s

c o n t r o l l e d t o g e n e r a t e a b i p o l a r o r u n i p o l a r P W M v o l t a g e

D C - l i n k v o l t a g e . F o r a h a l f - b r i d g e

s v o l t a g e w a v e f o r m

i s g e n e r a t e d t h e t e r m i n a l . A s i n g l e - p h a s e h a l f - b r i d g eo n A C

P W M r e c t i f i e r e m p l o y s t w o p o w e r s w i t c h e s t o a c h i e v e

D C - l i n k a p p l i c a t i o n s , t h e v o l t a g e s t r e s s o f t h e

s

e

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r e s e a r c h e d b e c a u s e o f i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e r n w i t h t h e p o w e r

0 I E E , 2 0 0 3

I E E P r o c e e d i n g s o n l i n e 2 0 0 3 0 2 6 1n o .

d o i : 1 0 . 1 0 4 9 / i p - e p a : 2 0 0 3 0 2 6 1

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r e v i s e d f o r m I

T

o E E Y U n i v e r s i t y o S a

T

q u a l i t y a t t h e c o n s u m e r o r d i s t r i b u t i o n s i d e . S h u n t a c t i v e

a h a r m o n i c c u r r e n t s u p p r e s s i o n .

S e v e r a l c o n t r o l a l g o r i t h m s [ 7 - I O ] s a s i n s t a n t a n e o u s

r e a c t i v e p o w e r t h e o r y , s l i d i n g m o d e

s c h e m e , s t a t e f e e d b a c k s c h e m e a n d s y n c h r o n o u s r e f e r e n c e

h b p I t h e P W M r e c t i f i e r c a n

p e r f o r m b o t h f u n c t i o n s o f p o w e r f a c t o r c o r r e c t o r a n d a c t i v e

p o w e r f i l t e r [ l l - 1 3 1 , t h e c o s t o f t h e s y s t e m c a n b e r e d u c e d .

M

v o l t a g e s t r e s s o f p o w e r s e m i c o n d u c t o r s , a n d r e d u c e t h e

c a p a c i t o r - c l a m p e d s c h e m e i s p t

d r a w a n e a r l y u n i t y p o w e r f a c t o r a n d r e g u l a t e t h e D C - l i n k

v o l t a g e . A u n i p o l a r P W M v o l t a g e w a v e f o r m i s g e n e r a t e d

t o m a i n t a i n t h e D C - l i n k v o l t a g e a t t h e

d v a l u e . B y u s i n g t h e s a m e c o n t r o l s c h e m e , t h e

p r e c t i f i e r c b w o r k e d a a s

r e c t i f i e r t o s s w o r k e d a s a

s

p p o w e r q u a l i t y c o m p e n s a t i o n c r e d u c e

t h e h a r d w a r e c o s t o f t h e s h u n t a c t i v e f i l t e r n e e d e d i

t h e r e f e r e n c e c u r r e n t c o m m a n d s w i t h h p o w e r

c o n t r o l s c h e m e i s e v a l u a t e d b y e x p e r i -

m

2 S d e s c r i p t i o n

T

I E E P r o c . - E l e c t r . N o . P o w e r A p p l . , V o l . 1 5 0 , 4 , J u l y 2 0 0 3 3

' s

I l

a

n o n l i n e a r l o a d

3 S w i t c h i n g m o d e r e c t i f i e r

3 . 1 O

B

s a m e t i m e , t h e c o n s t r a i n t s o n p o w e r

s w i t c h e s i n t h e p r o p o s e d r e c t i f i e r a r e d e f i n e d a s

E + E ' = 1 1 , 2 ( 1 )

w h e r e T i = 1

t h e r e a r e o n l y t w o i n d e p e n d e n t p o w e r s w i t c h e s T 1 a n d 7 2

i n t h e p r o p o s e d r e c t i f i e r . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s w i t c h i n g s t a t e s

- a r e g e n e r a t e d o n t h e A C t e r m i n a l . T h e r e a r e t w o

o p e r a t i o n s t a t e s t o g e n e r a t e v o l t a g e U =

v o l t a g e l e v e l o n t h e A C t e r m i n a l v U h , t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e

p r e c t i f i e r c b c i n t o t h r e e o p e r a t i o n

s h o w n i n F i g . p o w e r s w i t c h e s a n d a r e t u r n e d o n

g v o l t a g e u ( a s s u m i n g v v v

V , ~ J ~ ) .T h e l i n e c i s d e c r e a s i n g b u

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b

F i g . 1 P r o p o s e d h a l f - b r i d g e r e c t $ i e r

a

b

A

p r e c t i f i e r i n c l u d e s f o u r p o w e r s w i t c h e s , o

c l a m p e d c a p a c i t o r , o n e b o o s t i n d u c t o r a n d t w o D C s

c a p a c i t o r s . T h e v o l t a g e s t r e s s o f t h e f o u r p o w e r s w i t c h e s T 1 ,

7 2 , T 1 ' a n d 7 2 ' i s u d J 2 . T h e c o n t r o l g o a l s o f t h e p r o p o s e d

r e c t i f i e r a r e p e r f o r m i n g p o w e r f a c t o r c o r r e c t i o n , b a l a n c i n g

n e u t r a l p o i n t v o l t a g e a n d m c o n s t a n t D C b

v o l t a g e . A h y s t e r e s i s c u r r e n t c o n t r o l i n t h e i n n e r h g h -

b a n d w i d t h c o n t r o l s c h e m e i s e m p l o y e d t o t r a c k t h e l i n e

b u s v o l t a g e . A n e u t r a l

p o i n t v o l t a g e c o m p e n s a t o r i s u s e d t b a l a n c e c a p a c i t o r

v o l t a g e s , v 1 = =u 2 = u 3 V , ~ J ~ .B t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o n t r o l

a l g o r i t h m , a b i p o l a r ( o r u n i p o l a r ) P W M v o l t a g e w a v e f o r m

i s g e n e r a t e d o n t h e t e r m i n a l . U n d e r t h e s a m e c o n t r o lA C

a l g o r i t h m , t h e p r o p o s e d r e c t i f i e r c a n a l s o b e w o r k e d aa s

r e c t i f i e r f o l l o w e d b a c a p a c i t o r . T m a

c D b v o l t a g e , a P v o l t a g e c o n t r o l l e r i s

e m p l o y e d t o b t a i n l i n e c c o m m a n d . O l i n e

d <c h a r g i n g t h e c a p a c i t o r C 2 . T h e r e a r e t w o o p e r a t i o n s t a t e s i n

t h e s e c o n d o p e r a t i o n m o d e t o g e n e r a t e v o l t a g e =

t h e p o w e r s w i t c h e s a n d a r e t u r n e d o n a s s h o w n i nT I 7 2 '

C

c u r r e n t . I t h s o p e r a t i o n m o d e , t h e m c i s

i n c r e a s i n g ( o r d i f t h e m i s p o s i t i v e ( o r

=

i s i n c r e a s i n g i n t h i s o p e r a t i o n m o d e b t h e b

i n d u c t o r v o l t a g e u L = v s + v d J 2 > 0 . T h e n e g a t i v e ( o r p o s i -

t i v e ) l i n e c u r r e n t w i l l c h a r g e ( o r d i s c h a r g e ) c a p a c i t o r 0 .

T a b l e V a l i d s w i t c h i n g s t a t e s o f t h e r e c t i f i e r1 : p r o p o s e d

V a l i d T l2 v v M o d e

s t a t e s V

s w i t c h i n g ( v 1 = v 2 = v 3 =

1 1 1 v * V 1

2 1 0 - v q + v 2 0 2

3 0 1 V I - V ~ 2

4 0 0 - v 3 - 3

3 . 2 S

B

d i , U r T T T T -

1U - - U 2

- ~

L U ( 2 )-

d t L L L

d c I s

( 3 )

dvl - T - T

I E E P r o c . - E l e c t r . P o w e r J u l yA p p l . , V o l . l S 0 , N o . 4 , 2 0 0 33

' d c

m

L

-- -

l V 2- U 0 0 ? -L L L L ? L

- _ _-

-

T$!

I I

a

1 J

b

'1

~

c 2 y

-

c

L o

c

= u ( x ) + B ( x ) u

Y

w h e r e

T

( 6 )

( 7 )

-1'1 - - 9 -L L L

0 0

0 "c O

T

= [ T::l

1

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0 0- o

O O & 0

- 0 u I

- 0 & 0 R L ( c ~ ) ~ R C 2 C 3

u , R C 3 - r R C 3 i T + L t ,1 5

L R R L ( C 3 ) 2 -

d

F i g . 2

a 1

b

c

d

O

d-

T . ~ +- - -

L it c 2 l s - -

d v 3 T 1 U

-

d C '' -

~

R

w h e r e

T h e r a n k ( P ( x ) ) = 4 a n d r a n k ( a x ) ) = 4 , a n d h e n c e t h e

p r o p o s e d r e c t i f i e r i s c o n t r o l l a b l e a n d o b s e r v a b l e .

3 . 3 C

T w o P W M c o n t r o l s c h e m e s ( b i p o l a r a u n i p o l a r

P W M ) a r e p r o p o s e d t o i m p r o v e t h e i n p u t p o w e r f a c t o r o f

t h e p r s l i n e c w i t h

n e a r l y u n i t y p o w e r f a c t o r i s d r a w n a n d t h e b u s v o l t a g eD C

i s c o n t r o l l e d t b c o n s t a n t . F i g . 3 a g i v e s t h e s i m p l i f i e d

3

( 4 )

( 5 )

I E E P r o c - E l e c t r . P o w e r A p p l . V

b l o a d+ i s a

( ‘3

I I

a

1

0

0

0

~ i y s ( d i , ) 0

T

T

T 0

T

b

o p e r a t i o n m o d e s a n d

m s w i t c h i n g s i g n a l s s t a t e v a r i a b l e s

r - v - nr n o d e 3 t , ( ( T I . = T 2 . = 1 ) / ~ i s f , v 3 J I

C

F i g . 3

a

B

w h e r e A & = i * , s - i , y a n d

1

0 - hh

F t h e u n i p o l a r P W M o p e r a t i o n , t h r e e v o l t a g e l e v e l s

( a - a r e g o t h e A s o

t h e r e c t i f i e r . F o u r o p e r a t i o n s t a t e s o f t h e p r o p o s e d r e c t i f i e r

a r e a l l u s e d i t h i s P W M o p e r a t i o n . F i g . 4 a g i v e s t h e

s i m p l i f i e d e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t o f t h e r e c t i f i e r . F o r p o s i t i v e

m v o l t a g e , t h e o p e r a t i o n m o d e 1 ( T 1 = 7 2 = 1 )

a o p e r a t i o n m o d e 2 ( T 1 = 7 2 ’= 1 o T

a r e u t g t h e v o l t a g e v & = v d c / 2 a 0

r e s p e c t i v e l y . O p e r a t i o n m o d e 1 i s a d o p t e d t o d e c r e a s e t h e

2 i i n c r e a s e t h e

c a p a c i t o r C 1 . P o w e r s w i t c h e s T 1 ‘ a 7 2

a r e t u r n e d o n t o c h a r g e c a p a c i t o r a n d p o w e r s w i t c h e sC l

T a 7 2 ’ a r e t u r n e d o t d

1 . T h e r e f o r e t h e s e t w o s w i t c h i n g s t a t e s a r e u s e d t o c o n t r o l

c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e v I . F n e g a t i v e m v o l t a g e ,

o p e r a t i o n m o d e s 2 a n d 3 a r e s e l e c t e d t o a c h i e v e u & = O

a n d T h e s w i t c h i n g s t a t e s a n d s h o w n i n T a b l e 1- u d c / 2 . 2 3

a r e u t d e c r e a s e t h e l i n e c u r r e n t . C a p a c i t o r C i s

c h a r g e d ( o r d i s c h a r g e d ) i n s w i t c h m g s t a t e 2 3 ) . ( o r s t a t e

t h r e e v o l t a g e l e v e l s a r e a o t h e

A t e r m i n a l o t h e p r F i g . 4 6 g i v e s

t h e P W M w a v e f o r m o p o w e r s t h e A

s U F i g . g i v e s t h e c o n t r o l s t r a t e g y o f t h e4 c

u n i p o l a r P W M o p e r a t i o n . F i r s t , t h e s o t h e

m

1 i s s e l e c t e d t d e c r e a s e t h e l i n e c u r r e n t a n d t

g v o l t a g e v,b = I f v, > 0 , h a

v 7 2 ’= 1

t i n c r e a s e t h e l i n e c u r r e n t a d t h e c a p a c i t o r

v o l t a g e v l . O t h e o t h e r h i f v h 1

a u t h e n s s t a t e 3 ( T l ’ = 7

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b w a v e f o r m

c

e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t t h e p r o p o s e do f r e c t i f i e r f o r t h e b i p o l a r

P W M o p e r a t i o n . O n l y o p e r a t i o n m o d e 1 ( T l = 7 2 = I )

a n d m o d e 1 ) a r e u s e d i n t h e c o n t r o l s c h e m e .3 ( T l ’ = 7 2 ’=

T t e r m i n a l

v o l t a g e o t h e r e c t i f i e r a r e s h o w n i n F i g . 3 b . T h e A

s v ,h i s e q u a l t o o rv d c / 2 - v d c / 2 . T

s i g n a l s ; o f T a 7 2 a r e r e l a t e d t t h e l i n e c

e r r o r b e t w e e n t h e l i n e c u r r e n t c o m m a n d a n d t h e m e a s u r e d

l i n e c u r r e n t . H y s t e r e s i s c c o n t r o l i t h e h i g h -

b a n d w i d t h c o n t r o l s c h e m e i s u t t r a c k t h e m

c u r r e n t c o m m a n d . W h e n t h e l i n e c u r r e n t e r r o r r e a c h e s t h e

u h y s t e r e s i s b a n d , p o w e r s w i t c h e s T 1 ’ a n d 72‘ a r e

t u r n e d o n ( o p e r a t i o n m o d e 3 ) t o g e n e r a t e A C s i d e v o l t a g e

U & = - - u d c / 2 a t i n c r e a s e t h e l i n e c u r r e n t . I f t h e l i n e

c u r r e n t e r r o r f a l l s b e l o w t h e l o w e r h y s t e r e s i s b a n d , p o w e r

s w i t c h e s T 1 a n d 7 2 a r e t u r n e d ( o p e r a t i o n m o d e 1 ) t oo n

g

c u r r e n t . T h e b i p o l a r P W M c o n t r o l s t r a t e g y o f t h e p r o p o s e d

t h e c s s o p o w e r

s w i t c h e s a r e g i v e n a s

T T 1 - h ( 1 3 )

s e l e c t e d t i n c r e a s e t h e l i n e c a i n c r e a s e t h e

c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e v l . I n t h e s a m e w a y , s w i t c h i n g s t a t e s 2 ,

3

p r o p o s e d c o n t r o l s t r a t e g y , t h e s w i t c h i n g s i g n a l s o f p o w e r

d e v i c e s c a n b e e x p r e s s e d a s

- ( U $ -T - v d / 2 )

+ - h - c o m p ( v l - v g / 2 ) ]

T - c o m p ( v l - v & / 2 ) ]( 1 7 )

+ - h y s ( A i , ) ] c o m p ( v 1. - v & / 2 )

T h e c o n t r o l b l o c k o t h e p r e c t i f i e r i s g i v e n i n

F i g . 5 . A p r o p o r t i o n a l - i n t e g r a l v o l t a g e c o n t r o l i t h e

o u t e r l o w - b a n d w i d t h c o n t r o l s c h e m e i s e m p l o y e d t

m a c D b v o l t a g e . A p h

w i t h t h e m v o l t a g e . A n e u t r a l p o i n t v o l t a g e

c o m p e n s a t o r i s a d d e d t t h e l i n e c c o m m a n d t

b a l a n c e t h e n e u t r a l p o i n t v o l t a g e . T h e s e n s e d l i n e c u r r e n t i s

t

t r a c k t h e l i n e c u r r e n t c o m m a n d . A l i n e v o l t a g e c o m p a r a t o r~

~

4

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FURTHER READING

Click any one of the following links to be taken to a website which contains the following documents.

There appears to be a lot of recent patent activity in the areaof building "bridgeless PFC convertors". The following aresome of the patents.

11_584_983_Method_and_apparatus_for_high_efficieny_rectifier11_204_307_AC_to_DC_power_supply_with_PF11_302_544_Simple_partial_switching_power_factor_correction11_474_712_BRIDGELESS_BI_DIRECTIONAL_FORWARD_TYPE_CONVERTER11_480_004_High_efficiency_power_converter_system11_706_645_AC_to_DC_voltage_converter_as_power_supply12_401_983_BRIDGELESS_PFC_CIRCUIT_FOR_CRM12_798_682_Bridgeless_PFC_converter

3295043_MASSEY_D_C__TO_D_C__REGULATED_CONVERTER4183079_DC_AC_inverter4523266_AC_to_DC_conversion_system4943902_AC_to_DC_power_converter_and_method5570276_Switching_converter_with_open_loop_input_regulation5815380_Switching_converter_with_open_loop_Primary_regulation5815384_Transformer_uses_bi_directional_synch_Rectifiers6115267_AC_DC_converter_with_no_input_rectifiers6157182_DC_DC_converter_with_multiple_operating_modes6608522_DC_to_DC_converter_providing_stable_operation7250742_Digital_control_of_bridgeless_power_factor_correction7265591_CMOS_driver_with_minimum_shoot_through

And here is some more information for those who may be interested.

A BIDIRECTIONAL PWM THREE-PHASE STEP-DOWN RECTIFIERA bidirectional, sinusoidal, high-frequency inverterA DUAL INPUT BIDIRECTIONAL POWER CONVERTERA new structure for bidirectional Power flowBI-DIRECTIONAL INVERTER-CHARGER Bi-directional single-phase half-bridge rectifier for power qualityBiDirectional ConverterBidirectional_UP_InverterSynthesis of Input-Rectifierless AC/DC

11.28.10_10.11AM dsauersanjose@aol.comDon Sauer http://www.idea2ic.com/