1

Chapter 1 Display Devices

A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual

or tactile form (the latter used for example in tactile electronic displays for blind

people). When the input information is supplied as an electrical signal, the display is

called an electronic display.

Displaying Advancement:

1 Segment displays

2 Full-area 2-dimensional displays

o 2.1 Applications

o 2.2 Underlying technologies

3 Three-dimensional

1.1 Segment Displays

Figure 1.1 Digital clocks display changing numbers.

2

Figure 1.2 The digital display of a calculator.

Some displays can show only digits or alphanumeric characters. They are

called segment displays, because they are composed of several segments that

switch on and off to give appearance of desired glyph. The segments are usually

single LEDs or liquid crystals. They are mostly used in digital watches and pocket

calculators. There are several types:

Seven-segment display (most common, digits only)

Fourteen-segment display

Sixteen-segment display

HD44780 LCD controller a widely accepted protocol for LCDs.

1.1.1 Seven Segment Display

Figure 1.3 A typical 7-segment LED display component, with decimal point

3

The seven elements of the display can be lit in different combinations to represent

the Arabic numerals. Often the seven segments are arranged in an oblique (slanted)

arrangement, which aids readability. In most applications, the seven segments are of

nearly uniform shape and size (usually elongated hexagons,

though trapezoids and rectangles can also be used), though in the case of adding

machines, the vertical segments are longer and more oddly shaped at the ends in an

effort to further enhance readability.

The numerals 6, 7 and 9 may be represented by two or more different glyphs on

seven-segment displays, with or without a 'tail'.

The seven segments are arranged as a rectangle of two vertical segments on each

side with one horizontal segment on the top, middle, and bottom. Additionally, the

seventh segment bisects the rectangle horizontally. There are also fourteen-segment

displays and sixteen-segment displays (for full alphanumeric); however, these have

mostly been replaced by dot matrix displays.

The segments of a 7-segment display are referred to by the letters A to G, where the

optional DP decimal point (an "eighth segment") is used for the display of non-

integer numbers.

1.1.2 Fourteen-Segment Display

A fourteen-segment display (FSD) (sometimes referred to as a starburst

display or a "Union Jack" display is a type of display based on 14 segments that can

be turned on or off to produce letters and numerals. It is an expansion of the more

common seven-segment display, having an additional four diagonal and two vertical

segments with the middle horizontal segment broken in half. A seven-segment

display suffices for numerals and certain letters, but unambiguously rendering

the ISO basic Latin alphabet requires more detail. A slight variation is the sixteen-

segment display which allows additional legibility in displaying letters or other

symbols.

A decimal point or comma may be present as an additional segment, or pair of

segments; the comma (used for triple-digit groupings or as a decimal separator in

many regions) is commonly formed by combining the decimal point with a closely

'attached' leftwards-descending arc-shaped segment.

4

Figure 1.4 Fourteen-segment display.

Note unbroken top and bottom segments in comparison with a sixteen-segment

display.

Electronic alphanumeric displays may use LEDs, LCDs, or vacuum fluorescent

display devices. The LED variant is typically manufactured in single or dual

character packages, allowing the system designer to choose the number of

characters suiting the application.

Often a character generator is used to translate 7-bit ASCII character codes to the 14

bits that indicate which of the 14 segments to turn on or off.

1.1.3 Sixteen-segment display

Figure 1.5 Sixteen-Segment Display

A sixteen-segment display (SISD), sometimes called a "Union Jack" display or a

"British Flag" display, is a type of display based on 16 segments that can be turned

on or off according to the graphic pattern to be produced. It is an extension of the

more common seven-segment display, adding four diagonal and two vertical

segments and splitting the three horizontal segments in half. Other variants include

the fourteen-segment display which splits only the middle horizontal segment.

5

Often a character generator is used to translate 7-bit ASCII character codes to the 16

bits that indicate which of the 16 segments to turn on or off.

1.1.4 HD44780 LCD controller

Figure 1.6 LCD Controller

Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller is one of the most common dot matrix liquid

crystal display (LCD) display controllers available. Hitachi developed

the microcontroller specifically to drive alphanumeric LCD display with a simple

interface that could be connected to a general purpose microcontroller or

microprocessor. Many manufacturers of displays integrated the controller with their

product making it the informal standard for this type of display. The device can

display ASCII characters, Japanese Kana characters, and some symbols in two 28

character lines. Using an extension driver, the device can display up to 80

characters.

1.2 Full Area 2 Dimensional Displays

6

2-dimensional displays that cover a full area (usually a rectangle) are also

called video displays, since it's the main modality of presenting video.

Applications

Full-area 2-dimensional displays are used in, for example:

Television sets

Computer monitors

Head-mounted display

Broadcast reference monitor

Medical monitors

1.2.1 Television sets

Figure 1.7 A television set

A television set, also called a television receiver, television, TV set, TV, or "telly"

(UK), is a device that combines a tuner, display, and speakers for the purpose of

viewing television. Television sets became a popular consumer product after World

War II, using vacuum tubes and cathode ray tube displays. The addition of color to

broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets,

and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. The

ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in

the 1970s and 1980s, such as videotape and laserdisc movies. It was also the display

device for the first generation of home computers (e.g., Timex Sinclair 1000)

and video game consoles (e.g., Atari) in the 1980s.

7

In 2014, flat panel television sets incorporate liquid-crystal, plasma, or LED flat-

screen displays, solid-state circuits, microprocessor controls and can interface with a

variety of video signal sources, allowing the user to view broadcast and

subscription cable TV signals or satellite television, recorded material

on DVD or Blu-ray discs, or home security systems, and over-the-air broadcasts

received through an indoor or outdoor antenna. Modern flat panel TVs are typically

capable of high-definition display (720p or 1080p).

1.2.2 Computer Monitors

Figure 1.8 A Computer monitor

A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor

comprises the display device, circuitry and an enclosure. The display device in

modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD)

thin panel, while older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT) about as deep as the

screen size.

Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television

receivers were used for entertainment. From the 1980s onwards, computers (and

their monitors) have been used for both data processing and entertainment, while

televisions have implemented some computer functionality. The common aspect

ratio of televisions, and then computer monitors, has also changed from 4:3 to 16:9

(and 16:10).

8

1.2.3 Head Mounted Display

Figure 1.9 Head Mounted Display

A head-mounted display or helmet mounted display, both abbreviated HMD, is a

display device, worn on the head or as part of a helmet, that has a small display

optic in front of one (monocular HMD) or each eye (binocular HMD).

There is also an optical head-mounted display (OHMD), which is a wearable

display that has the capability of reflecting projected images as well as allowing the

user to see through it.

1.2.4 Broadcast reference monitor

Figure 1.10 Rack-mounted video monitors as used in television broadcasting.

A video monitor also called a broadcast monitor, broadcast reference

monitor or just reference monitor, is a display device similar to a television set,

used to monitor the output of a video-generating device, such as playout from

a video server, IRD, video camera, VCR, or DVD player. It may or may not

have professional audio monitoring capability. Unlike a television set, a video

monitor has no tuner (television) and, as such, is unable independently to tune into

9

an over-the-air broadcast like a television receiver. One common use of video

monitors is in television stations, television studios, production trucks and in outside

broadcast vehicles, where broadcast engineers use them for confidence checking

of analog signal and digital signals throughout the system.

Video monitors are used extensively in the security industry with closed-circuit

television cameras (CCTV) and recording devices.

1.3 Three Dimensional

Holographic display

Swept-volume display

Varifocal mirror display

Emissive volume display

Laser display

Light field displays

1.3.1 Holographic Display

Holograms were used mostly in telecommunications as an alternative to screens.

Holograms could be transmitted directly, or they could be stored in various storage

devices (such as holodiscs) the storage device can be hooked up with a

holoprojector in order for the stored image to be accessed.

Figure 1.11 Visual Image

10

Debatably, virtual reality goggles (which consist of two small screens but are

nonetheless sufficiently different from traditional computer screens to be considered

screen less) and heads-up display in jet fighters (which display images on the clear

cockpit window) also are included in Visual Image category. In all of these cases,

light is reflected off some .

Intermediate object (hologram, LCD panel, or cockpit window) before it reaches the

retina. In the case of LCD panels the light is refracted from the back of the panel,

but is nonetheless a reflected source. The new software and hardware will enable

the user to, in effect; make design adjustments in the system to fit his or her

particular needs, capabilities, and preferences. They will enable the system to do

such things as adjusting to users behaviors in dealing with interactive movable type.

1.3.2 Swept-Volume Display

Swept-surface (or "swept-volume") volumetric 3D displays rely on the

human persistence of vision to fuse a series of slices of the 3D object into a single

3D image. A variety of swept-volume displays have been created.

Figure 1.12 Swept-Volume Display

11

Fast-moving LEDs create a 360 degree object in air in this prototype by University

College Sedaya International

For example, the 3D scene is computationally decomposed into a series of "slices,"

which can be rectangular, disc-shaped, or helical cross-sectioned, whereupon they

are projected onto or from a display surface undergoing motion. The image on the

2D surface (created by projection onto the surface, LEDs embedded in the surface,

or other techniques) changes as the surface moves or rotates. Due to the persistence

of vision humans perceive a continuous volume of light. The display surface can be

reflective, transmissive , or a combination of both.

Another type of 3D display which is a candidate member of the class of swept-

volume 3D displays is the Varifocal mirror architecture. One of the first references

to this type of system is from 1966, in which a vibrating mirrored drumhead reflects

a series of patterns from a high frame rate 2D image source, such as a vector

display, to a corresponding set of depth surfaces.

1.3.3 Laser lighting display

Figure 1.13 Laser Light Display

A laser lighting display or laser light show involves the use of laser light to

entertain an audience. A laser light show may consist only of projected

laser beams set to music, or may accompany another form of entertainment,

typically musical performances.

Laser light is useful in entertainment because the coherent nature of laser light

allows a narrow beam to be produced, which allows the use of optical scanning to

draw patterns or images on walls, ceilings or other surfaces including theatrical

smoke and fog without refocusing for the differences in distance, as is common with

video projection.

12

Chapter 2 Introduction to Screenless Display

2.1 Screenless Display

Screenless display is the present evolving technology in the field of the computer-

enhanced technologies. It is going to be the one of the greatest technological

development in the coming future years [1]. Several patents are still working on this

new emerging technology which can change the whole spectacular view of the

screenless displays. Screen less display technology has the main aim of displaying

(or) transmitting the information without any help of the screen (or) the projector.

Screen less displays have become a new rage of development for the next GEN-X.

Screenless videos describe systems for transmitting visual information from a video

source without the use of the screen. Screen less computing systems can be divided

mainly into 3 groups:

A.VISUAL IMAGE

Visual Image screen less display includes any screen less image that the eye can

perceive as shown in figure 1 and 2. The most common example of Visual Image

screen less display is a hologram.

Figure 2.1 Example of visual Image

13

HOLOGRAM Holograms were used mostly in telecommunications as an alternative

to screens. Holograms could be transmitted directly, or they could be stored in

various storage devices (such as holodiscs) the storage device can be hooked up

with a holoprojector in order for the stored image to be accessed.

Figure 2.2 Example of visual Image

Debatably, virtual reality goggles (which consist of two small screens but are

nonetheless sufficiently different from traditional computer screens to be considered

screen less) and heads-up display in jet fighters (which display images on the clear

cockpit window) also are included in Visual Image category. In all of these cases,

light is reflected off some intermediate object (hologram, LCD panel, or cockpit

window) before it reaches the retina. In the case of LCD panels the light is refracted

from the back of the panel, but is nonetheless a reflected source. The new software

and hardware will enable the user to, in effect; make design adjustments in the

system to fit his or her particular needs, capabilities, and preferences. They will

enable the system to do such things as adjusting to users behaviors in dealing with

interactive movable type.

14

B. RETINAL DISPLAY

Virtual retinal display systems are a class of screen less displays in which images

are projected directly onto the retina as shown in figure 3. They are distinguished

from visual image systems because light is not reflected from some intermediate

object onto the retina; it is instead projected directly onto the retina. Retinal Direct

systems, once marketed, hold out the promise of extreme privacy when computing

work is done in public places because most inquiring relies on viewing the same

light as the person who is legitimately viewing the screen, and retinal direct systems

send light only into the pupils of their intended viewer.

Figure 2.3 Retinal Display

15

C. SYNAPTIC INTERFACE

Synaptic Interface screen less video does not use light at all. Visual information

completely bypasses the eye and is

Figure 2.4 Synaptic Interface

Transmitted directly to the brain. While such systems have yet to be implemented in

humans, success has been achieved in sampling usable video signals from the

biological eyes of a living horseshoe crab through their optic nerves, and in sending

video signals from electronic cameras into the creatures' brains using the same

method as illustrated in figure 4.

16

Chapter 3 The Working Principle

There are several new emerging ways for the technological development of the

working principle of the screen less displays. Several softwares are merging for the

GEN-X wonder view. Any computer system that can run the mudoc software can

present text that has been set in interactive movable type. Most of the mudocs that

are consumed in the next few years will be consumed with conventional personal

computers, e-book readers, and other kinds of display and projection devices that

are now in use. Very soon it appears to be a new kind of input/output system will

facilitate communication and interaction between the computer and the computer

user. This new human/computer interface is the telereader terminal. Visual Image is

a bitmap manipulation and composition product. Bitmaps can be manipulated

independently, in the Image Mode or multiple bitmaps can be composited Together

in the Object Mode to create a "collage". Visual Image can create and Manipulate

images of any size: the only limitation is the amount of memory resources your

system has.

A. Creating Visual Catalog Files with Visual Image

Visual Image gives you the ability to create files in the EYE file format for use in

the Visual Catalog program. These EYE files can be used to create catalogs of

images in logical sub groupings: for example, you can create a catalog file in the

EYE format that lists all images of building materials (brick, concrete, stone, etc.).

The File, Export Project command creates an EYE file that refers to all of the

images that are currently loaded into Visual Image. When you select this command,

you are prompted to enter a filename for the EYE file that is to be created. If you

have created any image in Visual Image that are not yet saved to disk you will be

asked if you wish to include those images in the EYE file and if so, you are

prompted to store those images as bitmaps. The File, Exports Editor Command in

Visual Image allows you to pack and choose those image files on disk that you wish

to include in a catalog EYE file. When you select File in Export Editor, a file

browser appears from which you can choose the image files to include. Use this

browser to select images to add to a project file for use in Visual Catalog.

17

B. Additional Software and Hardware Requirements

optimize the users perceptual and cognitive capabilities

signal methods)

time, etc. The new software and hardware will enable the user and the system to

better exploit each others capabilities and to function as a fully integrated team.

18

Chapter 4 Virtual Retinal Display Structure

A virtual retinal display (VRD), also known as a retinal scan display (RSD), is a

new display technology that draws a raster display (like a television) directly onto

the retina of the eye. The user sees what appears to be a conventional display

floating in space in front of them. Similar systems have been made by projecting a

defocused image directly in front of the user's eye on a small "screen", normally in

the form of large sunglasses. The user focuses their eyes on the background, where

the screen appeared to be floating. The disadvantage of these systems was the

limited area covered by the "screen", the high weight of the small televisions used to

project the display, and the fact that the image would appear focused only if the user

was focusing at a particular "depth". Limited brightness made them useful only in

indoor settings as well. Only recently, a number of developments have made a true

VRD system in practice. In particular, the development of high-brightness LEDs

have made the displays bright enough to be used during the day and adaptive optics

have allowed systems to dynamically correct for irregularities in the eye (although

this is not at all needed in all situations). The result is a high-resolution screen less

display with excellent color range and brightness, far better than the best television

technologies. The VRD was invented at the University of Washington in the Human

Interface Technology Lab in 1991. Most of this research into VRDs to date has been

in combination with various virtual reality systems. In this role VRDs have the

potential advantage of being much smaller than existing television-based systems.

They share some of the same disadvantages however, requiring some sort of optics

to send the image into the eye, typically similar to the sunglasses system used with

previous technologies. It can be also used as part of a wearable computer system.

More recently, there has been some interest in VRDs as a display system for

portable devices such as cell phones, PDAs and various media players. In this role

the device would be placed in front of the user, perhaps on a desk, and aimed in the

general direction of the eyes. The system would

then detect the eye using facial scanning techniques and keep the image in place

using motion compensation. In this role the VRD offers unique advantages, being

able to replicate a full- sized monitor on a small device. The most recent

innovations in mobile computing have been based around touch screen technology.

19

The future of mobile devices is both touch less and screen less. By 2020 the mobile

phone as we know it today will disappear and something very different will take its

place. Instead of touching a screen, we will interact with technology directly

through our senses, through technology embedded in what he is calling Internet

Glasses. Voice was always organized in sessions with a beginning and an end.

Today we have threads, i.e when a thread is started it never ends and we have many

continuing in parallel. Think of your email, RSS feeds, Twitter, etc. So this is how

our brain works.

The hone of tomorrow will be telecoupling and related machines and future is

bypassing screens and keyboards altogether as in figure 6. The two key

technologies will be laser based displays, which display images directly onto our

retinas and brain wave sensing implants as shown in figure 5. This will allow

technology to integrate with our reality vision much more seamlessly. We are on

the verge of a hardware revolution that will make this all possible, as well as the

cloud-based information streaming that will enable the user interface to become a

reality as shown in figure 9 and 10.

Figure 4.1 Virtual Retinal Display Example.

20

Figure 4.2 System Architecture

21

Chapter 5 Applications of the Screenless Display

The main use of the screen less displays are used for the development of the mobile

phones which are mainly used by the old and blind people as shown in figure 7.

This type of the invention of the screen less displays was first done on the mobile

phone named OWASYS 2CC. This model is very useful for the old, blind, and even

for the people with less vision power.

Figure 5.1 Application applied to mobile Technology

Screen less displays technology is also implemented for the development of the

screen less laptops. A laptop without an LCD can be a very useful portable solution

when connected to CRT or fixed LCD monitors. Laptops without screens would

also be a green solution, giving value to donated CRT monitors that would

otherwise be heading for landfills. Portability means that volunteers, who dont

always have the time to travel to peoples homes, can more easily maintain this

computer. Screenless displays are also widely applicable in the field of the

22

holograms projection. Hologram projection is a result of a technological innovation

that truly helps in touch less holographic interfaces. In fact, hologram projection

projects 3D images of so high quality that it feels as if one can touch them.

However, holographic projection is still to achieve mass acceptance as until now,

conventional holograms, which offer 3D images.

Figure 5.2 Example view of holographic Projection

23

Latest laser technology are also implementing the special technique of the screen

less display through the presence of the several 3D scope animation or the screen

provides the advantage of being combined with the Laser Valve Video Projector

that helps in projecting video images by the use of the laser light instead of the

Xenon Arc lamps as depicted in figure 8. Laser technologies have given an edge

over the other technologies as the LVP gives the projector an excellent depth in the

focus.

Figure 5.3 Virtual screens

Screen less displays major working principle can also be implemented in the

emerging of the new screen less TVs. Imagine that watching the TV picture that

seems to be magically appearing in the thin air. The picture just floats on in front of

the viewer; this would be a latest emerging technology in the future as depicted in

figure 9.

24

Chapter 6 Advantages and Disadvantages of the technology

ADVANTAGES:

Low power requirements- Only six diodes are required and a few of a watts to

deliver their images to the users eyes.

Higher resolution images- The pixels in the images projected by the diodes can be

made smaller than is possible with any CRT or flat panel display, so higher

resolution can be achieved. With retinal projectors, the only limitation in the

resolution of visual images will be the resolving power of the users eyes.

Greater portability- The combination of diodes, lenses, and processing

components in a retinal projector system will weigh only a few ounces.

Wider angle of view- Retinal projectors will be able to provide a wider field of

view than is possible with display screens.

More accurate color- By modulating light sources to vary the intensity of red,

green, and blue light, retinal provide a wider range of colors and more fully

saturated colors than any other display technology.

Greater brightness and better contrast- Retinal projectors can provide higher

levels of contrast and brightness than any other display system.

Ability to present 3D images- With their capability of presenting high definition

image-pairs, retinal projectors can deliver the most highly realistic stereoscopic

movies and still pictorial images to their users.

Ability to present far-point images- The human visual system is a far-point

system. With todays desktop and laptop computers users must employ their near-

point vision. The excessive use of our near-point vision in using computers,

reading, sewing, playing video games, etc., is making myopia a very common

impediment. The use of the far-point images that can be provided by retinal

projector systems could reduce the incidence of myopia and, hence, the growing

need for and use of eyeglasses see figure 10.

25

Lower costs- The present cost of retinal projector systems is high. Nevertheless,

there are no hard-to-overcome manufacturing problems in mass-producing and low-

cost components, so inexpensive systems will soon become available.

Environmental and disposal costs of these tiny delivery devices will also be minimal

because toxic elements such as lead, phosphorus, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury

are not used in their manufacture.

26

DISADVANTAGES:

irtual retinal display (VRD) is not yet

available in the significant number.

al models are now being built, but their cost

per unit is high.

till under progress and development.

27

Chapter 7 Future Enhancements

For the future development of this emerging new technology, several researches are

being conducted and the several renowned IT sector companies and other best labs

present in the world are handling over the project of screenless displays.

work on an idea for an interactive table that mixes

both the physical and the Virtual worlds.

the hardware devices

that implement it, which allows users to compute without conventional input

devices.

multi Touch use of the

program.

ement of the micro vision also gives the improved and

the futuristic view of the screen less displays. This technology of the micro vision is

the very well useful in the Artificial Retinal Display properties.

intelligent Glasses that remembers

where people last saw their keys, Handbags, iPod, and mobile phones.

the wearer looks at the information what the viewer wants will be directly being

seen in through the glasses where there is no screen or projector present.

Several laboratories are working under progress on the electron beam lithography

which includes the advanced enhancement of the futuristic screen less display.

platform of the several applications which are to be viewed without the actual

screen.

28

Conclusion

The report has elaborately discussed screenless displays which is one of the most

emerging computer technologies and has become a new exciting rage for the

upcoming generations as a field of the futuristic technology. Due to the ability of

having several advantages which are involved in the making, designing, coding of

the screenless, this needs plenty of knowledge and process for the development is

still under the improvement. May be in the future the world may be dominated with

the screen less display technologies and this enriches the world of technological

empowerment in the field of the computer technology. Screenless displays promises

the cost effective aspect and also brighter future in the computer technology.

29

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