Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Scramble for Africa. 1870-1914. Scramble for Africa. European race to carve up Africa into their colonies Made possible by the use of the steamboat and quinine. North Africa. Took over Algeria in 1831 and took over Tunisia in 1881 Italy took Libya in1911. Egypt. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
1870-1914
Scramble for Africa
Scramble for Africa
European race to carve up Africa into their colonies
Made possible by the use of the steamboat and quinine
North Africa
Took over Algeria in 1831 and took over Tunisia in 1881
Italy took Libya in1911
Egypt
After Napoleon’s defeat in Egypt, British restored power in 1805 to Muhammad Ali
He set about modernizing EgyptModernized army, set up public education,
and created industrial areasIn 1854, Ferdinand de Lesseps (French) built
the Suez canalLeft Egypt in debt and had to rely on foreign
assistance
Brits establish a protectorate
Rebels revolted in Egypt against foreign influence and in 1881, the British intervened
The British wanted to establish a protectorate to insure their investments
Khartoum and Gordon’s head
A revolt in the Sudan led by the Mahdi brought much of it under his control
British General Gordon led a military force to Khartoum to restore Egyptian authority, but ended up becoming besieged
Mahdi’s troops destroyed Gordon and his forces. They also cut off Gordon’s head - 1885
The Mahdi’s Tomb
Humiliated by the death of Gordon and his army, the British vow revenge
General Kitchener used a new railway to by pass lower cataracts and reach Omdurman.
On Sept. 2. 1898, the Battle of Omdurman occurs. Easy British victory. 10,000 of the Mahdi’s army are killed and the Brits lose only 47 men
Kitchener and Get revenge but are sent to Fashoda
Fashoda Incident -1898
The British want an uninterrupted line of British territory in Africa from “Cairo to Cape Town”
The French want an uninterrupted line from Dakar to the Horn of Africa
The two crossing points of these lines are roughly around the island of Fashoda in the Nile
The French under Marchand reach the fort followed closely by Kitchener. The mood is tense and is the closest the powers came to war over the Scramble
The French leave because they knew they could not win a war against the British navy
West Africa
France, Germany, and Great Britain compete for territory
In 1884, the Brits declare Nigeria a protect because they are worried about French encroachment on the Niger River. At the same time the Germans gobble up Cameroon
French and British recognition of territory in W. Africa - 1890
France – Madagascar, western Sudan, Morocco, Senegal, Guinea, Gabon, the French Congo
British – Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast, and Nigeria
German SW Africa
Germans take it in 1884 before other European countries claimed it.
Felt colonies lead to national prestige
East Africa
Island of Zanzibar was a massive Arab slave market and was a reason for the rise of western interest. Brits take it over and end slave trade
Brits and Germans
Agree to partition mainland between them in East Africa in 1886 will become Tanzania
Germany received German East AfricaBritish get the area called British East Africa
known as Uganda and Kenya
Italians and East Africa
Italy tries to invade Ethiopia from Eritrea and our soundly defeated by Emperor Menelik at the Battle of Adowa.
In exchange for Italian POWs, the Italians recognize Ethiopian independence
Italy already had obtained Somalia in the 1880s
South Africa
Boers – Dutch speaking inhabitants of South Africa were forced to migrate East by the British after the Napoleonic Wars
Set up colonies of Transvaal, Orange Free State and Natal
In 1842, the British take over Natal and in 1877 the Brits annex Transvaal
Battle of Isandlwana-1879
Brits invade Zulu land under pretense that the Zulus were committing atrocities on to European farmers
1300 British troops are attacked by 20,000 Zulus armed with spears
It was an massive British defeat
Results
British end up sending in a larger invasion force and ultimately defeat the Zulus and take over Zululand
The Zulu chief is not able to negotiate a peace
Boer nationalism begins to grow
Transvaal Independence - 1880
Boers declare independence Brits go on in to crush Boers and are
defeated at the Battle of Majuba HillTransvaal obtains its independence
Cecil Rhodes
Rhodes expands British territory North, outflanking the Boers territory in 1890
He has commercial interest at stake, especially diamonds and gold – founder of DeBeers diamonds
Brits also want to prevent the Portuguese from joining Mozambique and Angola
The Congo
Both the French and Belgians vie for territory by moving up the Congo river
The French explorer is Brazza and the Belgian explorer is Stanley
French up claiming territory north of the Congo River and the Belgians claim territory to the south of the river
Rest of story can be found in the Ghost of Leopold
Brazza Stanley
The explorers
Conference of Berlin - 1885
- meeting of European nations to divide up Africa
- 14 nations total- 1884-1885 in city of Berlin- said any European country can claim land in
Africa by notifying other nations in Europe- they divided the continent without thought
for African cultures - Africa provided mineral resources &
plantation style farming
Resistance
The Boers in South AfricaHereros rebellion – SW Africa , German
territoryMaji, Maji rebellion – East Africa, German
territory
Herero rebellion - 1904
Hereros were semi-nomadic with heavy reliance on cattle
Rinderpest virtually wiped out all the cattle and malaria hit
More and more Germans arrivedHereros revolted and attacked cities and
besieged German garrisonsGerman General Trotha overreacted to the
threat. He cornered the Herero at Waterberg but left a route of escape into the desert
Herero rebellion - 1904
Hereros fled, around 16,000 men, women, and children.
Because of these atrocities, the Nama revolted
The Nama put down their arms in 1905
Half the Nama and 75% of the Herero would be killed outright or die in labor camps
“Maji, Maji” – Water, Water - 1905
In German held territory of East Africa, there are revolts of several tribes against the German rule
Tribal leaders promised medicine “Maji” which would protect them against German bullets
Spread south and west – very difficult for tribes to unite into one large force
Recognized very quickly that “Maji” did not work and brought about an “every tribe for itself” mentality
“Maji, Maji”
Governor von Gotzen issued a “famine strategy” to destroy the fields of the tribes
This led to sever famine that persisted long after the rebellion was over in July 1906
Estimated 250,000 to 350,000 Africans died
Milner – Governor of Cape Colony
Kruger – Transvaal leader
Boer War, 1899-1902
British Blockhouse
Concentration Camps for Boer women and children
Concentration Camps for Boer women and children
Colonialism in Africa
Primarily used indirect rule in Africa, it was the least expensive method
European officials would maintain central administration, but local authority was assigned to local chiefs
Local authorities were expected to maintain control and collect taxes
