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Running head: SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 1 PED 403 – Kinesiology & PED 404 – Motor Learning Soccer Goalkeeper’s Side Volley Punt Analysis & Motor Skill Program Scott Armistead, ATC Candidate McKendree University

Scott Armistead- Motor Learning and Kinesiology Research Paper

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Running head: SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 1

PED 403 – Kinesiology & PED 404 – Motor Learning

Soccer Goalkeeper’s Side Volley Punt Analysis & Motor Skill Program

Scott Armistead, ATC Candidate

McKendree University

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 2

Contents

Skill Description 3

Primary Purpose 6 Movement Phases 7

Classification of the Skill 11 Methods 12

Participants 12

Photographic Analysis 12 Video Analysis 12

Results 13 Anatomical Analysis 13 Mechanical Analysis 20

Description of Motion 20 Linear Kinematics 21

Rotary/Angular Kinematics 23 Kinetics 24 Force of Gravity 26

Muscular Force 26 Levers 27

Torque 27 Center of Gravity/Mobility/Stability 28 Motor Skill Program 29

Learning Experience Preparation 31 Instructional Materials 31

Conclusion 33 References 34 Appendices

Appendix A 35 Appendix B 37

Appendix C 38 Appendix D 41 Appendix E 44

Appendix F 46 Appendix G 49

Appendix H 50 Appendix I 53

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 3

Skill Description of the Soccer Goalkeeper’s Side Volley Punt

The goalkeeper is as important, if not the most important part of a soccer team. Having a

secure goalkeeper in goal can change the whole team’s dynamics in the way that the team plays.

Soccer as a game has evolved greatly in the past few decades. With improvements in all aspects

of the game (player conditioning, ball technology, player equipment technology), the game’s

speed has increased dramatically. With this increase in speed, an increase in the need for

goalkeepers to distribute the ball quickly has occurred also. The counterattack is an aspect of

soccer that is often underrated by the common observer. Often counterattacks start with the

speedy distribution from a goalkeeper, to the attackers who happen to be outnumbering the

opposition’s defenders at the time. The best way to get the ball from the goalkeeper to the

attacker is most commonly to “side volley” punt it forward. However, unlike the American

football punt, a goalkeeper’s side volley punt has a need to be direct and usually to a specific

player or area on the field. This often requires a different speed of the ball to the player- some

being direct and faster to an attacker’s chest, others being floated and a slower to a space in

behind the defending team’s backline to try and gain an advantage in terms of space on the field.

The speed of the leg swinging through to kick the ball will change the speed in which the ball

travels up the field, with a greater speed of the leg resulting in a greater speed off the foot, and

thus up the field.

In a study by Nicholas P. Linthorne and Dipesh S. Patel, the Optimum projection angle

for attaining maximum distance. In this study, the researchers used a classic punting style to

attain the best angle at which the foot connects with the ball to get the greatest distance away

from the goalkeeper.

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 4

The introduction to this research study noted that “It is well known that a greater

projection velocity results in a greater kick distance” (203). The authors also noted that in

previous studies the throwing and jumping optimum projection angles were investigated. Unlike

common belief, the optimum projection angle was not 45°.

There were two semi-professional participants in this study. Participant 1 was a 21 year

old male, 1.73 meters tall and weighing in at 78 kilograms. Participant 2 was also a 21 year old

male, 1.80 meters tall and weighing in at 76 kilograms. The kicks were conducted in a

Federation International de Football Association (FIFA) regulation outdoor stadium, using a

FIFA approved Nike match ball, the same match ball being used in the English Premiership. As

noted earlier, the participants used an old style, American football style punt, technique to kick

the ball. The participants performed maximum effort kicks at their own preferred projection

angle, then more maximum effort kicks at different angles ranging from either “much higher” to

“much lower” than their preferred projection angles (Linthorne & Dipesh, 2011).

In this study the foot velocity, thigh angular velocity and max thigh angular velocity were

each recorded. The results are as follows:

Participant 1 Participant 2

Foot Velocity (ms-1) 18.0 16.4

Thigh Angular Velocity

(deg s-1)

80 150

Max Thigh Angular Velocity

(deg s-1)

1160 930

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 5

The authors had this to say regarding kicking mechanics:

A soccer punt kick is a ‘throw-like’ pattern, where the movement of the proximal (thigh) segment is initiated through muscular torque at the hip joint, with the distal (shank-foot)

segment initially lagging behind. Later in the kick, momentum is rapidly transferred to the shank-foot segment... This whip like action results in the end point of the kinetic chain (the foot) reaching a high velocity at the instant of ball contact (210)

Linthorne and Dipesh conclude the kicking mechanics section of their research by stating

that “When kicking a soccer ball the projection velocity of the ball was expected to be

determined by the velocity of the player’s foot at impact” (Linthorne & Dipesh, 2011). Thus, if

the velocity of the foot is increased or decreased, the speed of the ball and thus potential

displacement of the ball will be increased or decreased respectively.

In an additional study conducted by Nicholas P. Linthrone and Thomas G. Stokes, the

optimum projection angle for attaining maximum distance in a rugby place kick was analyzed.

Although the topic of this research different to that being discussed in this works, Linthrone and

Stokes included information pertaining to the action of kicking. The authors included a graph

displaying the maximum kick distance plotted against the maximum projection angle. This

graph shows a positive linear correlation between the kick distance and projection velocity. To

increase projection velocity, it was discussed earlier one can increasing the speed of the foot.

The study by Linthrone and Stokes proves that a faster projection velocity results in a longer kick

distance. Thus, if the speed of the kicking leg increases, the distance the ball will increase also.

In a separate study performed by Glenn S. Fleisig and associates, the kinematic

comparison of baseball pitching among various levels of development was studied and

discussed. In this study, the authors noted the average speeds of the various athletes arm

acceleration phases, as well as the various average speed of the ball. For the youth participants,

the average elbow extension velocity was recorded at 2230 ±300 degrees/second, this is paired

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 6

with an average throwing velocity of 28 ±1 meters/second (Fleisig et. Al. 1999). For college

athlete, the average elbow extension velocity was recorded as 2380 ±300 degrees/second, this

was paired with an average throwing velocity of 35 ±2 meters/second (Fleisig et. Al. 1999). It

can be seen from these statistics that an increase in the elbow extension velocity correlates with

an increase in the ball speed, as the faster velocity of the elbow extension in college level

athlete’s results in a faster throw when comparing it to youth athletes. This can be related back

to the goalkeepers side volley punt as the extension of the forearm about the elbow joint in the

throw is a similar motion to the extension of the lower leg about the knee joint in the kick.

Primary Purpose of the Skill

The goalkeeper’s side volley is a skill utilized by many high level goalkeepers in the

modern game of soccer. It is a skill that has developed as the game has developed. The need to

get the ball up the field to an attacker quickly has become more important as the game’s

technology has evolved. The ball is now faster than it ever has been, and the players are now

faster and stronger than they ever have been. This means that the movement of the ball by the

players also has to be faster to keep up with the increased game speed.

When the goalkeeper gets the ball in his hands, the opposing team is often pushed up the

field more than they usually would be (as they are trying to help their team score a goal). This

means that there is more space for the goalkeeper’s team to exploit behind the opposing team’s

backline. The fastest way to get the ball from the goalkeeper to behind the opposing team’s

backline is to kick it. However, there is not enough time nor space available for the goalkeeper

to place the ball on the ground and kick it, as when he places the ball on the ground, it invites the

other team to tackle him.

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 7

The next best alternative is a punt. However, the traditional punt has become outdated as

by the time the ball is lofted high into the air and by the time it takes to come down, the opposing

team has gained their shape again well enough to defend it. This is where the side volley comes

in. The side volley punt has the direction and speed of a regular kick and the height of a punt,

meaning the goalkeeper is able to exploit the space at a speed that is suited to the time he has

available to him.

Movement Phases

Phase I: The ball transfer phase is the first phase of the side volley punt, the ball is being

transferred from being held in both the players’ hands to being held solely in the goalkeepers’

left hand. This is the beginning phase of the side volley punt and is a critical phase as without

this, the kick would be being performed incorrectly (with the ball being released from both

hands). The beginning point of this phase is anywhere from when the goalkeeper has the ball

secured in both his hands- he could be either on the ground (just made a diving save), in the air

(just caught a cross), or standing (just saved a ball that has been shot at him but not required to

dive). The end point of this phase is when the ball is out in front of the goalkeeper. The end of

this phase coincides with the beginning of the second phase. This is shown in Figure 1(a).

Phase II: Height judgment. In this phase, the player has the ball in front of his body, still

in their release hand (left). The purpose of this phase is to have the ball in front of the

goalkeeper and to judge the height he will release it from; a different release height has the

potential to change the critical component of the kick. The beginning of this phase is where the

goalkeeper has the ball in front of his body. The end point of this phase is where the goalkeeper

has chosen a correct height and begins his release of the ball. The end of this phase also

coincides with the beginning of the next phase. This is shown in Figure 1(b).

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 8

Phase III: The release. This phase begins and ends with the goalkeeper releasing the ball

out of his left hand. This is an important phase as the height at which the ball is thrown will

change the kicks dynamics, a higher throw will mean the goalkeeper will make contact later,

changing the direction the ball will travel, a lower throw will result in the connection being made

earlier- also changing the kicks dynamics. This is shown in Figure 1(c).

Phase IV: The step phase. This phase is initiated as Phase III: The release is in progress,

this phase also the first of two critical components in the kick: the angle at which the leg begins

its forward movement toward the ball. In this phase, the goalkeeper lunges forward with his left

leg and begins to wind his right leg (kicking leg) up. The end point of this phase is where the

goalkeeper has his left leg planted in the ground and his right leg has begun to follow through.

This phase is critical as the length of the lunge will change the amount of room the following leg

will have to swing through- altering the amount of power the goalkeeper has available from his

wind-up/follow through. The end of this phase is also the beginning of the fifth phase. This is

shown in Figure 1(d).

Phase V: Contact phase. In this phase, the goalkeepers trailing leg (right leg) follows

through the left leg that has been planted in phase IV. This phase contains the second critical

component of the kick: The moment at which the foot connects with the ball. This phase is the

final phase that this works will focus on, the paper will be interested in how the speed in which

the foot connects with the ball changes the speed by which the ball will travel. This phase begins

when the planting leg has been fully planted the trailing leg begins to follow through. This phase

travels with the right leg right the way through the kick until the point at which the foot connects

with the ball, the moment in which the foot connects with the ball is the end point of this phase.

This is shown in Figure 1(e).

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 9

Phase VI: The follow through. This is the final phase of the side volley punt. The

beginning of this phase overlaps with the end of Phase V, the moment at which the foot connects

with the ball is also the moment at which the follow through phase is initiated. The follow

through phase moves with the kicking leg right the way through until the leg is planted in the

ground also. It should be noted that in this phase, the planting leg also moves. As the kicking

leg is planted, the weight of the body is transferred over to this leg. The left leg is allowed to

follow its own course being released from holding the body’s weight and becoming relaxed

when compared to the right. The right leg holding the body weight and left leg becoming

relaxed marks the end of this phase. This is shown in Figure 1(f).

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 10

Figure 1. Side Volley Punt Mechanics Photographs

Figure 1. The (a) The ball transfer phase, (b) Height judgment phase, (c) Ball release phase, (d) Stride phase

(critical phase I), (e) Contact phase (critical phase II), and (f) follow through phase are the six sequential phases of

the goalkeepers side volley punt.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 11

Classification of the Skill

The action of the goalkeepers side volley punt is giving motion to an external object, that

being the ball, through kicking. It can also be classified on a “Simultaneous-Sequential”

continuum. The action is more sequential in nature than simultaneous as there is a distinct

phases of the punt that occur in sequence.

This skill is also classed as a discrete, open skill. It is discrete as there is a clear

beginning and end to the skill. It begins when the goalkeeper has the ball and ends when the ball

has left the goalkeeper’s foot. As the skill is being performed as part of a sport that is played

outside in an environment that is unpredictable due to different weather patterns and player

movement, the skill is classified as open.

At a college level, the skill should be classed heavily on the motor side of the motor-

cognitive continuum. However, this athlete has recently changed his kicking style (from the

more classic punt to the side volley), the skill is being classed as in the middle of motor-

cognitive continuum. This is due to the athlete still having to concentrate on the specific

movement patterns required to create a successful kick.

When classified on Bompa’s Force-Speed-Endurance triangle, the skill lies heavily on the

force corner, however, it should be noted that the skill is often required to be completed

anywhere from 1-20 times in any given game setting, and the speed at which the skill is

completed is often required to be fast (to create a counter-attack situation). So the skill cannot be

completely forceful, there is still endurance and speed aspects involved in it.

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 12

Methods

Participants

The sample size of this research study includes one athlete. The athlete is a New Zealand

born male, 20 years of age. The subject has completed his high school education in New

Zealand under the Cambridge International Examination (CIE) Certificates and is currently

studying his undergraduate degree in Athletic Training at McKendree University (Lebanon, IL).

This athlete’s is native language English. The athlete has been playing soccer since he was 4

years of age, so he is currently competing in his 16th year of participation. The athlete has had

international playing experience as a soccer goalkeeper, travelling to an Under 17 World Cup

played in Mexico in 2011, as well as experience at elite men’s competition in New Zealand sicne

the age of 17.

Photographic Analysis

On Friday, 29th August 2014, Kinesiology (PED 403-02WA) students selected a skill

each to be analyzed. The students set up a time and date for a photo shoot of that skill. On the

selected day, the instructor was the photographer. The photography equipment utilized is as

listed: Nikon D2H Digital Camera Body; Nikon AF Nikkor 24-85mm Camera Lens; SanDisk

Ultra CompactFlash 30MB/s* 4GB SanDisk; Belkin USB 2.0 Hub & All-in-1 Media Reader &

Writer; Manfrotto Tripod with Manfrotto Joystick Camera Mount. The images were sent to the

author and received via Microsoft Outlook. The author used an ASUS Windows 8.1 laptop with

Windows Photo Viewer to analyze the images.

Video Analysis

On Friday, 29th August 2014, Kinesiology (PED 403-02WA) students selected a

skill each to be analyzed. The students set up a time and date for a video shoot of that skill. On

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 13

the selected day, the instructor was the videographer. The video equipment utilized is as listed:

Samsung Galaxy S5 with 16 megapixel video camera/camcorder; and the RightView Pro

Unlocker Application. The video was sent to the author and received via Microsoft Outlook.

The author used an ASUS Windows 8.1 laptop with Windows Media Player to analyze the

video.

Results

Anatomical Analysis

The anatomy of the human body is a critical component to any skill or movement pattern.

Each individual has a different makeup of body composition and tissues, however, the muscle

contractions and movement patterns governing each movement come from the same muscles and

each joint will be the same joint moved. The only difference is the force exerted while the

individual completes said skill. With regards to the goalkeepers side volley, the knee joint and

ankle joints are quintessential joints. The knee joint gives the lower leg the speed, and thus

power, to create an effective kick. The position and relative tension inside ankle joint will

determine if the kick is successful or not. For a concise breakdown of each joint involved in the

motion of the goalkeepers side volley punt, complete with the type of contraction, force creating

contraction, plane and axis the joint is moving, and muscle effecting the joint, refer to Appendix

A.

The knee joint is the largest joint in the body. It is made up of 3 bones; the femur, tibia,

and patella. The distal femur is covered in articular cartilage allowing smooth articulation with

the patella and proximal tibia. At the end of the femur are two condyles separated by a trochlear

notch, the intercondylar fossa, this notch is the articulation point between the femur and patella.

Proximally to each condyle are epicondyles which serve as the attachment site for various

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 14

muscles, tendons and ligaments. The proximal tibia articulates with the distal femur through

condyles formed from the tibial shaft. Superior to each condyle, the tibial plateaus are convex to

allow for acceptance of the distal femur. Inferior to the plateaus and along the midline of the

tibia is the landmark of the tibial tuberosity. This is the attachment site of the patella tendon.

Embedded in the patella tendon, the patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. It is shaped

as an inverted triangle. The patella rests just proximal to the joint line when the patient is resting

with their legs extended. Posteriorly, a thick layer of articular cartilage covers the bone. This

articular cartilage allows for smooth gliding over the intercondylar notch. Also posteriorly, a

ridge through the middle of the patella separates it into medial and lateral facets, commonly a

second ridge runs through the lateral facet, creating a third “odd” facet. These facets aid in

smooth articulation inside the intercondylar notch.

There are four main ligaments inside the knee. These ligaments work together to allow

the knee the greatest, and safest, range of motion, while providing breaking forces at the extreme

of the ranges and stabilizing the knee. Medial and lateral to the knee joint and crossing over the

joint line, the medial and lateral collateral ligaments assist to resist forces from the medial and

lateral side respectively. These forces will occur through the frontal anterior/posterior plane. An

example of this force would be a football player being tackled and having his knee “buckle

sideways.” For a force from the lateral side, the medial ligament acts to hold the medial side

from opening, causing injury. From the medial side, the lateral ligament works to stop the lateral

side from opening and causing injury. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), runs anteriorly,

medially and distally from the femur to the tibia. The ACL works primarily to restrain anterior

translation of the tibia on the femur. The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), runs posteriorly,

laterally, and distally from the femur to the tibia. The PCL works primarily to restrain posterior

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 15

translation of the tibia on the femur. Also inside the knee capsule, two menisci are present to aid

as shock absorbers for the femur when in a closed packet position. These menisci are located

superior to the tibial plateaus, with the lateral menisci being attached to the plateau itself. The

medial menisci has no attachment site, it simply occupies a space inside the knee capsule.

The muscles of the knee work to flex or extend the leg about the knee joint in the sagittal

plane. The knee joint allows for 2 degrees of freedom; flexion/extension, and internal/external

rotation. The muscles that work to extend the knee while in an open packet position are, in no

particular order, as follows: Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus

Intermedius, Iliotibial band. The Vastus Medialis is an important muscle when discussing the

anatomy of the knee as it is responsible for the tracking motion of the patella- essentially moving

the patella as the knee extends or flexes. The Iliotibial band is important in the screw home

mechanism of the knee, in this mechanism, the tibia and femur will rotate to complete extension,

depending on whether the individual is weight bearing or not. When the individual is non-

weight bear, the tibia internally rotates. When the individual is weight bear, the femur externally

rotates. The Iliotibial band is the muscle that is responsible for the tibial rotation when the

individual is non-weight bear. The knee is capable of extension to 0°. The primary muscle that

work to flex the knee while in an open packet position are, in no particular order: Biceps

Femoris, Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus. The range of motion for flexion of the knee joint

is 0-140° (Magee, 2008).

There are a few common injuries to the knee joint, but none more common than an

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) tear. An ACL tear occurs when an individual’s tibia is

translated forward of the femur at a force that is greater than the ACL’s holding capacity. These

injuries require surgical intervention and quite often are devastating to an individual’s sporting

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 16

career. While it is possible to come back from an ACL tear, it requires months of rigorous

rehabilitation and the likelihood of re-tearing the same ACL is higher, as the structural integrity

of the ligament has been compromised. Common ways to surgically repair the ACL are

replacement. This replacement tendon can either come from the patella tendon (either on the

same knee that has the tear, or the opposing), through a cadaver tendon, or from the extension of

the hamstrings muscle tendon. Rehabilitation of an ACL tear has improved with advances in

medical technology, however, still stands at around 6-9 months before return to play criteria is

met. Along with ACL tears, the following tears are likely connective tissue tears that the knee

joint is capable of sustaining: meniscal tears, collateral ligament tears, and posterior cruciate

ligament tears. Muscle tears to the surrounding musculature are also common, however, these

are commonly able to be resolved in a matter of weeks and do not often require and surgical

procedure.

When looking at the goalkeepers side volley punt, the knee joint is also a critical

component. The knee joint provides the ‘snapping’ motion of the lower leg after rotation of the

hips and prior to contact with the ball. This is done through rapid concentric contractions of the

knee extensors, resulting in a quick movement through the available range of motion that has

been provided. This range of motion is from flexion through to full extension. The power of the

kick essentially comes from the speed at which the lower leg ‘snaps’ to extension. This speed is

determined by the speed of concentric contraction of the knee extensors and ease of joint

movement in the knee. The knee also provides the stopping motion of the planting left leg.

Through eccentric contractions of the hamstrings muscle group, the left leg is able to stop all

linear motion of the body so to allow the right leg to move through the available rotational range

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 17

of motion about the hip joint before the snapping motion of the lower leg making contact with

the ball.

The Talocrural joint, more commonly known as ankle joint is made up of three bones: the

tibia, fibula and talus. The distal tibia and fibula are known as the medial and lateral malleolus

respectively. The Talocrural joint is classified as a uniaxial hinge joint, and allows for 3 degrees

of freedom of movement; dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, inversion/eversion, and

pronation/supination. The talus is the second largest bone in the foot, behind the calcaneus. It is

surrounded by the tibia and fibula superiorly, the malleoli medially and laterally, and calcaneus

inferiorly. The superior surface of the talus is known as the trochlea. According to Louden et.

Al. “the trochlea is wedge shaped and 4.2mm broader in the front than behind” (Louden et. Al.

pg. 306). The calcaneus articulates with three primary facets on the talus, medial, anterior, and

posterior. The posterior facet is the largest, and the concavity of it allows for articulation with

the facet on the upper surface of the calcaneus. The anterior facet is small in size and the most

distal when comparing the three. The middle facet articulates with the calcaneus through the

sustentaculum tali. A depression, known as the sinus tarsi is found on the inferior lateral side of

the talus. This point is an insertion point for rear foot ligaments. Medially, the talus is flat, with

a pear-shaped articular surface for the medial malleolus (Louden et. Al. pg. 306). The talus is

the only bone in the Talocrural joint that has no muscle attachment.

There is two groups of major ligaments on either side of the Talocrural joint. Medially,

the deltoid ligament is responsible for resistance against forces attempting to place the foot in

excessive pronation. The deltoid is made up of three ligaments: the anterior tibiotalar ligament,

tibiocalcaneal ligament, and posterior tibiltalar ligament. On the lateral side, three ligaments

work to hold the ankle against forces attempting the place the foot in excessive supination. The

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 18

three lateral ligaments, from anterior to posterior are: anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular,

posterior talofibular.

The muscles of the ankle joint work to move the joint through the three degrees of

movement: plantar flexion/dorsiflexion, pronation/supination, and inversion/eversion. Most of

the muscles have attachments superior to the joint and insertions inferior to the joint, thus to

create movement in the joint they pass over, or around, the joint. Laterally, the peroneus longus

and brevis run down and hook under the lateral malleolus, attaching in the mid foot. These

muscles work to evert the foot through the range of motion 0-25 degrees (Starkey, et. Al. 2010).

Running anteriorly down the tibia and crossing the joint line is the anterior tibialis muscle, this is

a primary dorsiflexor of the ankle through the range of motion 0-25 degrees (Starkey, et. Al.

2010). The posterior tibialis runs posterior to the medial malleolus, also attaching in the mid

foot. The action of the posterior tibialis is inversion of the foot through the range of motion 0-25

degrees (Starkey, et. Al. 2010). Posteriorly, the Achilles tendon is an extension of the soleus

muscle. Contraction of the soleus causes a pull of the Achilles, resulting in plantar flexion of the

foot. The plantar flexion range of motion is 0-50 degrees (Starkey, et. Al. 2010).

The most common injury seen in athletes regarding the ankle is the lateral ankle sprain.

This is where the anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular and posterior talofibular ligaments are

stretch or torn due to forces greater than their holding capacity. The rehabilitation and return to

play timelines of lateral ankle sprains are variable, depending on the severity of the injury. The

worst case scenario, a complete tear of the ligaments, could require surgical intervention and

probably season ending. Simple to moderate ankle sprains require between 2 and 6 weeks of

rehabilitation. Although a lateral ankle sprain is the most common, it is also possible for an

athlete to receive a medial ankle sprain, whereby the medial ligaments, known collectively as the

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 19

deltoid ligament, are stretched or torn due to excessive force placed on them. A third kind of

ankle sprain, although not physiologically classed as a sprain, is a “high” ankle sprain. This is

where the tibia and fibula separate slightly from each other, resulting in a small tear to the

connective tissue sheath that connects the two bones together. Furthermore, ankle dislocations

are likely injuries to be sustained, a dislocation would be the result of a great amount of force

placed on the ankle, and tearing of the ligaments is more than likely to occur simultaneously with

the dislocation.

When relating back to the goalkeepers side volley punt, the ankle is important due to the

position it must be in for an effective kick to occur. The ankle must be in a locked plantar flexed

position. This is due to the need for the foot to be strong and steady when making contact with

the ball. To be this way, the muscles acting upon the Talocrural joint must be contracting in such

a way that no movement is able to occur. When the foot hits the ball, the foot must be locked

enough that the ball cannot affect how the foot is positioned, otherwise the kick will not be

anywhere near as powerful as it should be. On the planting leg, the ankle must be strong enough

to take the body’s weight as the body is transferring weight from the back leg which is pushing

the body laterally to the planting leg, stopping the body from moving forward any more. The

force the body places through that planting leg and thus through the ankle is greater than the

body’s weight itself. So the planting leg ankle must be strong enough to take this force.

Thus, by analyzing the knee and ankle joints respectively, one is able to see how critical

of a role each plays in the goalkeepers side volley punt. The knee provides the “whip” action of

the lower leg through the extensor mechanism- the quadriceps concentrically contracting and

causing a pull on the patella tendon, resulting in extension of the lower leg. The contraction of

the muscles about the ankle provides the stability the joint needs to perform a successful kick.

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 20

Without the stability provided through muscular contractions, the ankle would “flop” when

connecting with the ball, causing the kick to be less effective than the goalkeeper desires.

Mechanical Analysis

Description of Motion.

The term motion is described as the act or process of changing place or position with

respect to a specific reference point. It can be caused by a force. Examples of different kinds of

motion are a passenger in a jet plane taking off: the passenger is not moving personally, however

he or she is a part of a greater body that is moving past the houses that are outside (he or she is

changing place with respect to the house), therefore the person is moving. Another example is a

runner; when a person runs through the park, he or she is moving past trees in the park (changing

place with respect to the trees in the park), thus he or she is described as being in motion

(Louden et. Al. 2013).

Linear or translational (a.k.a. translatory) motion occurs when an object is transferred

from one place to another either in a straight line or curved line. The most common type of

linear motion happens when a whole body moves from one place to another. An example of this

when the athlete in figure 1 moves from photo (a) to photo (d), the entire body as a whole has

moved from the starting point to the planting point.

Angular or rotary motion occurs when an object acting as a radius moves about a fixed

point. Angular motion is most commonly found in the joints of a body. The joint will be the

axis of rotation, and the two (or more) bones comprising the joint will be the levers at which are

being moved about the axis. In figure 1, each of the athletes major joints go through rotary

motion between each of the phases. Any increase or decrease in joint range of motion angle can

be described as an increase or decrease through rotary motion about that joint. The joint that this

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 21

paper will be working around is the hip joint: formed by the convex femoral head articulating

with the concave acetabulum.

General motion is a combination of linear and angular motion as in walking, running,

throwing, kicking, etc. In this research, the whole action of kicking a ball, from figure 1(a)

through to Figure 1(f) can be classed as a general motion.

Other forms of motion are circular motion, and reciprocating. Circular motion regards a

motion that has an aspect of a 360° turn in it. The easiest way to identify a reciprocating motion

is a motion resembling a child swinging on a swing. These two kinds of motion are not

represented in the goalkeepers side volley punt.

Linear Kinematics.

Kinematics is classed as a branch of mechanics that describes motion. It specifically

involves distance, displacement, velocity, and acceleration. Kinematic movement can also be

described in two dimensions as planar motion or in three dimensions as spatial motion. The

major difference between planar and spatial motion is that spatial has a magnitude as well as a

direction, planar simply has a magnitude.

Distance is the actual line of path of the body travelled. The unit of distance travels the

same path as the body. Distance is measured in meters (m). In the case of the athlete in Figure

1, distance could be calculated on the ball coming off the foot, or Figure 1(a) to Figure 1(d); the

distance between the starting point and the end point of the left foot. It should be noted that the

left foot takes a movement backwards when compared to the body (Figure 1(b)) before driving

laterally, the distance calculation will be the summation of both the backwards step and lateral

drive. There is no directional component involved in distance, thus it is a scalar quantity.

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 22

Displacement (s) is referred to as the distance travelled from point of origin to point of

culmination. Unlike distance, it is a straight line between the two points. There is a direction

involved in displacement, so it is referred to as a vector quantity. To calculate displacement,

measure the distance from the start point to the end point. The units of meters (m) are commonly

used. In the athlete in figure 1, taking the same movement of the left foot as described in the

distance calculation, the displacement of the left foot will be the straight line between Figure 1(a)

and Figure 1(d).

Velocity (v) is the rate of change of an object in a given direction. As there is a

directional component involved, velocity is described as a vector quantity. Velocity is calculated

with the equation: 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑣) = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑠)

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑡). The unit for velocity is meters per second

(m/s or ms-1). In Figure 1, the velocity of the drive of the left foot can be calculated. By taking

the displacement between Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(d), and dividing the result by the time it has

taken. It is important to note that velocity is not the same as speed. Speed is calculated by

distance over time, however, does not have a given direction.

Acceleration (a) is classed as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time (Louden

et. Al. 2013). Acceleration is calculated by taking velocity and dividing it by time again. As

velocity is a unit with a vector quantity, acceleration also has a vector quantity. The

mathematical formula for acceleration is as follows: 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑎) =

[𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖)]

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑡). The unit of velocity is meters per second squared, or ms-2.

Acceleration can either be positive or negative. Negative acceleration is more commonly termed

deceleration. Once the velocity of the athlete in Figure 1 is determined, it is possible to

determine the acceleration of the body by dividing the velocity by time again. The resultant

would be acceleration between Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(d).

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 23

Rotary or Angular Kinematics.

Angular kinematics is another form of kinematics that concerns movement about a

certain point. Like linear kinematics, angular kinematics has values of distance, displacement,

velocity, and acceleration. Angular kinematics is commonly used when looking at the distance

travelled about a joint in the body. This paper will analyze the angular kinematics about the hip

joint and discuss how they affect the speed of the ball coming off the foot.

Angular distance (d) is the total distance travelled between the beginning and end of the

movement. It is commonly a curved line between the starting point and the ending point. As

there is no direction involved in distance, it is classed as a scalar quantity. Angular distance is

measured by the formula 𝑑 = 𝑟 × 𝜃, where r represents the radius from the center point, and θ

represents the radians in which the body has travelled about the center point. Angular distance is

measured in meters.

Angular displacement (θ) is the angle through which a point has been rotated about a

specific axis in a specific direction. As there is a directional component involved, angular

displacement is classed as a vector quantity. Angular displacement is measured in degrees,

revolutions or radians. In the athlete from Figure 1: the angular displacement about the right hip

will be measured. For a reference point, a straight line backwards from the athlete will be 0°.

The athlete begins the swing at an angle of -20° and proceeds to move through his swing until

contact is made at 90°. The total distance moved through the athletes range of motion will be

90° − (−20°) = 110°, or 1.919 radian (refer to appendix C for full equation).

Once angular displacement has been calculated, angular velocity (ω) is able to be

calculated. Angular velocity is equal to the angle travelled divided by time, calculated by the

formula 𝜔 =𝜃

𝑡 where θ represents angular displacement in either degrees, radians or revolutions,

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 24

and t represents time in seconds. The unit of measurement for angular velocity is therefore either

degrees/second, radians/second or revolutions/second. As the calculation involves an aspect of

direction (displacement), angular velocity is also classed as a vector quantity. It should be noted,

angular speed is different to angular velocity as angular speed is simply the time taken to travel

the certain angle, and there is no involvement of direction. In the athlete from Figure 1: the

movement from Figure 1(d) to Figure 1(e) is a movement through 3 frames in real time.

Considering the camera shoots at 8 frames/second. It can be calculated that the athlete

completed the movement in 3/8 frames = 0.375seconds. From Appendix C, the angular velocity

has been calculated as 293.333 degrees/second or 5.1192 radians/second.

Angular acceleration (α) is the final calculation that can be expressed through kinematics.

To determine angular acceleration, the equation 𝛼 =(𝜔𝑓−𝜔𝑖)

𝑡 is used. In this equation, ωf is final

velocity (in degrees/second, radians/s or revolutions/s), ωi is initial velocity (in deg/s, rad/s or

rev/s), and t is time (in seconds). As velocity is a vector quantity describing movement in a

direction over time, the unit of acceleration is also a vector quantity. From Appendix C. the

angular acceleration is 782.222 degrees/second/second or 13.6513 radians/second/second.

Kinetics.

Kinetics is used to describe motion in terms of forces. Newton’s three laws of motion

form the basis of kinetics. Newton’s three laws of motion essentially work to produce or change

motion.

Newton’s First Law of Motion: Law of Inertia. This law states that a body at rest will

remain at rest (or a body in motion will move in a straight line with constant velocity) unless

acted upon by a resultant force (Louden et. Al. 2013). This applies back to the athlete as the

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 25

body of the ball will remain in motion of dropping (Following Figure 1(b)) unless acted upon by

the external force of the swinging leg.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration. This law states that a body

subjected to a resultant force will accelerate in the direction of that force, and that the

acceleration will be proportionate to the magnitude of the force (Louden et. Al. 2013). This law

is critical to the goalkeepers side volley punt as the by applying this law, the relationship

between the angle and acceleration of the leg (which denotes foot acceleration). A change in the

speed of the leg when connecting with the ball will change the acceleration at which the ball

travels. The greater the acceleration of the leg, the greater the acceleration of the ball off the foot

and the further the ball will travel.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Law of Action-Reaction. This rule states that for every

action there is an equal and opposite reaction (Louden et. Al. 2013). This rule is essential in the

planting leg of the side volley punt as it explains why the plant leg is able to remain holding the

body. The force that the body is exerting into the ground through the planting leg must be equal

or less than the force that the ground is placing back up to the body, otherwise the body will fall

through the ground.

The combination of these forces will work together to push the object of the ball through

mechanical contact to alter the direction in which the ball is travelling. Initially, the ball is

travelling in a downwards motion due to the effect of gravity, the leg moves through available

range of motion to come in contact with the ball. This changes the direction of the ball into the

same direction at which the leg was travelling.

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 26

The Force of Gravity.

The force of gravity is a force that causes a uniform acceleration of 9.8 m/sec2 . This

force is always applied in a downward manner and is applied to the center of gravity of the

object. This force relates back to the goalkeepers side volley punt as when the ball is dropping, it

is dropping at an acceleration of 9.8m/sec2 until connection with the foot occurs. Following this

connection, the ball will travel throughout a linear path at a speed denoted by the acceleration off

the foot. The Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) standards state that a size

five soccer ball must weigh between 420 and 445 grams. Let us assume the ball weighs 433g

(average weight), there will be the force of gravity acting on the ball at 9.8m/sec2 however, the

muscular force that the ball has been subjected to is greater than the force of gravity. When the

ball’s flight path hits its apex, the ball is being subjected to 9.8m/s2 of gravitational force in a

downward direction until it is culminated and hits the playing turf.

Muscular Force.

Muscular force magnitude is dependent on the number and size of fibers recruited. If the

force is coming from a muscle that has a higher number and bigger size of muscular fibers, the

force generated will be larger than if the force is coming from a muscle with a smaller size and

lesser number muscular fibers. As the primary mover of the leg in this athletes skill is the

quadriceps femoris (a large muscle group), it is assumed that the force created will be large.

Muscular force is applied at the distal attachment. The distal attachment of the

quadriceps femoris muscle group is the tibial tuberosity, so thus the force will be applied in the

direction of the tibial tuberosity- in the direction down the leg.

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 27

Levers.

Levers are rigid bars that can rotate about a fixed point to overcome a resistance when a

force is applied. Levers are classified into three different classes: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. Levers are

made up of three components. The axis or fulcrum is the point at which the lever rests or pivots.

The effort force application is the point at which the muscular force is exerting on the lever. The

resistance force application is the point at which the lever is undergoing resistance. The

arrangement of these three components determines the class of lever.

In the critical phase, Figure 1(e), there is one main lever being used through the knee to

create a mechanical advantage over the ball. The fulcrum is located at the tibiofemoral joint

(commonly termed knee). The resistance is being placed through the foot in the form of the ball.

There is a muscular force being used through the quadriceps to extend the lower leg at the knee,

this extension of the lower leg will create the power to propel the ball off the foot and down the

field.

Torque.

Torque is the amount of force acting on an object causing a rotation about a fixed point.

It is calculated as the product of the magnitude of the force and perpendicular distance from the

force to the axis of rotation. The summation of torque can result in either rotational motion,

linear motion, or no motion. If rotational motion occurs, it can be either classed as negative

torque (clockwise motion), or positive torque (clockwise motion). If the summation of more

than one torque acting on the same point equals zero, they will cancel out and no motion will

occur. When there is a difference in the summation of the torques, rotation about the point will

occur in the magnitude and direction of the larger torque. When analyzing the goalkeeper’s side

volley punt, the torque about the knee joint and ankle joint are useful to calculate, as from torque,

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 28

work and power that the knee and ankle are doing are also calculations able to be summated.

According to Appendix C, the torque at the right knee during the kick is -228.547 Newton

Meters (Nm). The work the right knee is doing is calculated at -79.772 Joules (J). And the

power that the right knee is outputting is 18231.7 Joules per second (J/s). Also, according to

Appendix C, the torque at the right ankle during the kick is -47.0843 Nm. The work the right

ankle is doing is calculated to -57.5201 J, and the power the right ankle is outputting is 2708.30

J/s. This is useful as from these calculations, a base standard can be used to assess the

goalkeeper. If the goalkeeper is able to remain fairly constant with these units, increasing the

speed of the kicking leg can be accurately measured to determine whether or not it does truly

increase the velocity of the ball, or if the velocity of the ball increases due to an increase of

power through the kicking leg.

Center of Gravity, Mobility, and Stability.

The center of gravity of an object is the point at which all of the forces acting upon the

object are equal to zero. The location of this point is dependent on the shape of the body and the

segments which make up the body. The weight of an object acts directly through the center of

gravity (COG). The COG of the athlete in the critical phase of the movement (Figure 1(e)) is

shown in Figure 2: Center of Gravity and Torque for the Side Volley Punt. As the weight acts

through it, mobility and stability of the object is dependent upon COG. To obtain greater

stability, COG must be lowered (move the body closer to the ground), base of support must be

widened to an appropriate distance (place feet approximately shoulder width apart), as widening

the support too far will cause the body to lose stability rather than gain it. Finally, the line of

gravity (line acting straight down through the center of gravity) must be placed over the base of

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 29

support in a position allowing the greatest range of motion within the base in the direction of the

force. As the mobility of an object increases, the stability decreases, and vice versa.

Figure 2. Center of Gravity and Torque for the Connection Phase of the Side Volley Punt.

Figure 2. The center of gravity and torque of the contact phase in the side volley punt motion which is the fifth of

the six sequential phases of the goalkeeper’s side volley punt and is the critical phase identified for this analysis.

Discussion

Motor Skill Program

The results of the mechanical and anatomical analysis show that to increase the speed at

which the ball takes off from the foot, one way could be to increase the speed at which the foot is

travelling. To do this, a motor skill program can be put together to work on increasing the speed

of the foot. The athlete already has a generalized motor program (GMP) for the goalkeeper’s

punt, as he has already previously demonstrated the classic punting action. However, through

the use of motor learning techniques, the athlete may be able to make subtle changes to his action

that will improve performance.

By increasing his proprioception, the athlete will be able to understand how his body is moving

in relation to his environment. One way to increase proprioception is through the use of yoga.

Another way the athlete can increase his performance is by increasing his reaction time. By

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 30

increasing his reaction time, the athlete will increase the movement time. One benefit of

increasing his reaction time is being able to detect the ball is dropped too low or high. By being

able to detect this early, the athlete will be able to program his response movement early and

make the necessary changes to maintain clean contact with the correct speed of the foot.

Another way to increase the speed of the foot is to decrease the possible stimulus

response (S-R) alternatives. Hicks Law states that “the relationship between choice reaction time

and the number of S-R alternatives is linear” (Schmidt & Lee, 2013). Examples of S-R

alternatives for the side volley is whether the goalkeeper choses to play the ball flat, bell curved,

or not play the side volley at all. If the goalkeeper can chose one response, the reaction time will

be faster than if all three responses are available.

Furthermore, by using video analysis, the goalkeeper will be able to receive augmented

feedback on the side volley. Through the use of slow motion video footage during sessions, the

goalkeeper will be able to see the changes he needs to make to enhance the performance. An

example of how augmented feedback may be used is through the use of summary feedback.

With summary feedback, the athlete completes a set number of trials (side volleys), and

following the trials, the movement practitioner gives a summary of how each trial went. This

encourages the athlete to think about how the trial was different from what is regarded as a

perfect trial, promoting self-analysis and creating an opportunity to increase performance.

A final way to improve performance of the side volley punt is through the use of

similarity of training. By using a different sized ball, say a tennis ball, the goalkeeper will be

required to focus on a much smaller area of contact to achieve maximal results. When

transferred to the larger soccer ball, the goalkeeper will be able to use the same small target area

for contact to achieve a much more specific point on the ball. The specific point can be chosen

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 31

through the use of the slow motion video, analyzing which side volley contact point produced the

greatest result.

Learning Experience Preparation

As discussed earlier in the works, the goalkeeper’s side volley punt is a discrete skill, on

the open-closed continuum, it is open. On Bompa’s skill classification triangle, the skill lies

heavily on the force corner. The level of the athlete is an international representative who has

come to America to finish his education under scholarship. The setting that the athlete is being

instructed in is a 1 on 1 individual coaching on the turf field. There is a slow motion video

analysis available. The goals that the athlete has set for himself are as follows: by week 4 have

6/8 side volleys score into the goal on the sideline and by week 6 have 8/10 volley attempts score

into the goal on the sideline. The target skill is a goalkeeper’s side volley punt. Target behavior

is the ability to perform it repeatedly in a target context of a game like situation. The motor

elements involved in the skill is the physical action of the side volley, and perceptual elements is

the kinesthetic aspects of the volley. The outcome measure of this skill will be to score the goal

8/10 trials by the post training testing. This process will be measured at the 4 week mark, with

the goal to score 6/8 trial attempts. All of this information is represented in Appendix D:

Learning Experience Preparation.

Instructional Materials

Appendix E presents a year long, week by week, day by day, periodization for the college

soccer season. It is seen that the college soccer calendar year consists of essentially two seasons,

with one being a lengthy, intense main season and the other a shorter, less intense spring season.

Included in this periodization is the cycle, stage, goal, week, intensity, and Monday through

Sunday outline of what the team will be doing. The cycles are spring season mesocycle, summer

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 32

mesocycle, preseason, competition season, and post season. Preseason is broken into early, mid,

and late stages, each of these having different goals and increasing in intensity. The competition

cycle is broken into early season, midseason and late season. To avoid fatigue, the intensity

begins high at the start of season, however, by midseason tapers off as the team reaches the late

season and post season. Post season is made up from the GLVC tournament and the NCAA

championship. The intensity of the post season is enough to remain in competition fitness,

however, is nowhere near as intense as the regular season intensity.

Appendix F shows a plan for the season. It can be seen that the amount of time spent at

training begins large with the majority of preseason being 2 two hour sessions, five days a week.

By the end of season, the sessions are shorter, and no longer every weekday. This allows the

players adequate time to recover as the long season begins to take an impact on their bodies.

Appendix G represents a phase installation plan for preseason. When observing the plan,

it can be seen how there is a “shock week” where the athletes are involved in two grueling

trainings per day, with two games in the one week as well as a fitness test. This is to show the

team how intense the season will be and give them a sense of what their bodies will be feeling as

they are asked to play two games a week for the next 8 weeks. It is also important to note that

the preseason consists of three team building days. Strong connections off the field result in

stronger connections on the field and thus team building should be an integral part of any team.

Appendix H presents an example of a practice plan for the team’s goalkeeper. The

goalkeeper begins by warming up with the team and completing the passing patterns. Following

the general footwork, he splits to work with the goalkeeper coach. The emphasis of this specific

session is short distance distribution. The modern goalkeepers distribution is as vital as their

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 33

ability to stop the ball from going into the net, so thus there should be sessions throughout the

season that emphasize good distribution techniques.

Finally, Appendix I discusses Professional Association/Organization Presentation

Outline/Notes that would be presented at a national coaching conference or a meeting of the like.

In this appendix, the different aspects of starting a counterattack from a defensive corner are

presented. It is shown that there are many different aspects that the goalkeeper must take into

account when choosing which type of distribution to use.

Conclusion

On paper, anything is possible. However, translating what is written on paper to an actual

task is what separates a good movement practitioner from a great one. Through the various use

of the techniques available, the practitioner should create a training program that best caters to

the needs of the athlete with maximal certainty of results. By the end of the training program,

the athlete should be able to see the results of the combined efforts of both themselves and their

practitioner. The works presented through this paper give an example as to how a goalkeeper’s

side volley punt can be analyzed and critiqued through various methods to produce maximal

certainty of success when performing the kick. This is an example of best practice, as the

development of such a program was extensive and can positively benefit the athlete and his

game.

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 34

References

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of baseball pitching among various levels of development. Journal of Biomechanics.

Retrieved November 14, 2014, from

http://www.udel.edu/PT/clinic/journalclub/old/sojournalclub/02_03/may03/fleisig.pdf

Linthorne, N. P., & Patel, D. S. (2011). Optimum projection angle for attaining maximum

distance in a soccer punt kick. Journal Of Sports Science & Medicine, 10(1), 203-214

Linthorne, N. P., & Stokes, T. G. (2014). Optimum Projection Angle for Attaining Maximum

Distance in a Rugby Place Kick. Journal Of Sports Science & Medicine, 13(1), 211-216.

Loudon, J.K., Manske, R.C., & Reiman, M.P. (2013). Clinical Mechanics and Kinesiology.

Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Magee, D. (2008). Orthopedic physical assessment (5th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders Elsevier.

Schmidt, R.A., & Wrisberg, C.A. (2008). Motor Learning and Performance: A Situation-Based

Learning Approach (4th ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Schmidt, R. & Lee, T. (n.d.) Motor learning and performance: From principles to application

(Fifth ed.).

Starkey, C., & Brown, S. (2010). Examination of orthopedic and athletic injuries (Ed. 3. ed.).

Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.

Schmidt, R., & Lee, T. (n.d.). Motor learning and performance: From principles to application(Fifth

ed.).

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 35

Appendix A

Anatomical Analysis of Goalkeeper’s Side Volley Punt

Sport: Soccer

Skill: Goalkeepers Side Volley

Critical Phase: Speed of the swing of the kicking leg

Joint Joint

Motion

Segment

Moved

Plane and Axis Force

Producing

Motion

Contraction

Type

Prime Movers

Ankle

R:

Plantarflexion L:

Dorsiflexion

Foot Sagittal Plane,

Bilateral Axis

Muscular Concentric R: Gastrocnemius,

Soleus L: Anterior Tibialis

Knee

R: Extension L: Flexion

Lower Leg

Sagittal Plane, Bilateral Axis

R: Muscular L: Gravity

R: Concentric L: Eccentric

R: Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis,

Vastus Intermedius,

Vastus Lateralis

Iliotibial Band

L: Biceps Femoris, Semimembranous,

Semitendinosus,

Gluteus Maximus

Hip

Flexion Femur Sagittal Plane,

Bilateral Axis

Muscular Concentric

Iliacus, Psoas Major,

Psoas Minor, Rectus

Femoris, Sartorius,

Tensor Fascia Latae

Torso/Trunk:

Lumbar

Side Flexion Lumbar

Spine

Frontal Plane,

Anterior/Posterior

Axis

Muscular Concentric Erector Spinae,

External Oblique,

Internal Oblique,

Rectus Abdominus

Torso/Trunk:

Thoracic

Side Flexion Thoracic

Spine

Frontal Plane,

Anterior/Posterior

Axis

Muscular Concentric External Oblique,

Internal Oblique,

Rectus Abdominus

Neck:

Cervical

Side flexion Head Frontal Plane,

Anterior/Posterior

Axis

Muscular Concentric Sternocleidomastoid,

Scalenes, Upper

Trapezius

Scapula

Protraction Scapula Transverse Plane,

Rotational Axis

Muscular Concentric Serratus Anterior,

Pectoralis Major,

Pectoralis Minor

Shoulder

R: Internal

Rotation

L: Horizontal

Adduction

Humerus R: Transverse

Plane, Rotational

Axis

L: Transverse

Plane, Rotational Axis

Muscular Concentric R: Latissimus Dorsi,

Pectoralis Major,

Subscapularis, Teres

Major

L: Pectoralis Major, Coracobrachialis,

Subscapularis,

Latissimus Dorsi,

Teres Major,

Elbow

R: Flexion

L: Extension

Forearm Sagittal Plane,

Bilateral Axis

Muscular Concentric R: Biceps Brachii,

Brachialis,

Brachioradialis

L: Triceps Brachii, Anconeus

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 36

Wrist

R: Flexion L: Extension

Hand Sagittal, Bilateral Axis

R: Muscular L: Gravity

R: Concentric L: Eccentric

R: Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Flexor Carpi

Radialis, Flexor

Digitorum

Profundus, Flexor

Digitorum Superficialis, Flexor

Pollicis Longus

L: Extensor Carpi

Radialis Longus,

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis,

Extensor Carpi

Ulnaris, Extensor

Digitorum, Extensor

Pollicis Longus, Extensor Digiti

Minimi, Extensor

Indicis

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 37

Appendix B

Center of Gravity Table

Body Segment Proportion of Body

Weight X Value X Products Y Value Y Products

Trunk 0.486 4.9 2.3814 9.2 4.4712

Head & Neck 0.079 5.5 0.4345 11.8 0.9322

R. Thigh 0.097 3.5 0.3395 8 0.776

R. Lower Leg 0.045 3.6 0.162 6.4 0.288

R. Foot 0.014 4.3 0.0602 5.2 0.0728

L. Thigh 0.097 5.6 0.5432 6.7 0.6499

L. Lower Leg 0.045 4.8 0.216 4.1 0.1845

L. Foot 0.014 4.5 0.063 2.1 0.0294

R. Upper Arm 0.027 3.5 0.0945 10.1 0.2727

R. Lower Arm 0.014 2.8 0.0392 8.7 0.1218

R. Hand 0.006 2.5 0.015 7.5 0.045

L. Upper Arm 0.027 6.8 0.1836 9.8 0.2646

L. Lower Arm 0.014 8.5 0.119 8.8 0.1232

L. Hand 0.006 10 0.06 8.5 0.051

x-y Resultants (product total) = Center of Gravity: x Coordinate

= 4.7111 y Coordinate

= 8.2823

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 38

Appendix C

Calculations

Angular Displacement of the Right Knee

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

= (180°) − (160°)

= 20° 𝑜𝑟 0.3490401396𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

Angular Velocity of the Right Knee

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜃

𝑡

=20°

0.3125𝑠 = 64𝑑𝑒𝑔/ sec 𝑜𝑟 1.116928447𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

Angular Acceleration of the Right Knee

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =(𝜔(𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙) − 𝜔(𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙))

𝑡

=(−160 − 64)°

0.5𝑠 = −456𝑑𝑒𝑔/ 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑜𝑟 − 7.818499128𝑟𝑎𝑑/ 𝑠𝑒𝑐2

Moment of Inertia of the Right Knee

𝐼 = (47.920692968𝑁) × (0.61𝑚)

= 29.23162271𝑁𝑚

Torque at the Right Knee

𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝐼 × 𝛼

= (29.23162271𝑁𝑚) × (−7.818499128𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑠𝑒𝑐2)

= −228.5474167 𝑁𝑚

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 39

Work Output of the Right Knee

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 × 𝜃

= (−228.5474167 𝑁𝑚) × (0.3490401396𝑟𝑎𝑑)

= −79.77222222𝐽

Power of the Right Knee

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 × 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

= (−228.5474167𝑁𝑚) × (−79.77222222𝐽)

= 18231.73531 𝐽/𝑠

Angular Displacement of the Right Foot

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

= 170° − 100° = 70°

Angular Velocity of the Right Foot

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜃

𝑡

=70°

0.3125𝑠= 224𝑑𝑒𝑔/ sec 𝑂𝑅 3.909249564𝑟𝑎𝑑/ sec

Angular Acceleration of the Right Foot

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =(𝜔(𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙) − 𝜔(𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙))

𝑡

=(−426.6666667 − 224)𝑑𝑒𝑔/𝑠𝑒𝑐

0.5𝑠𝑒𝑐= −1301.333333𝑑𝑒𝑔/𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑜𝑟 − 22.71087842𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐2

Moment of Inertia of the Right Foot

𝑰 = (𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟒𝟐𝑵) × (𝟎.𝟏𝟖𝒎)

= 2.073208454𝑁𝑚

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 40

Torque at the Right Foot

𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝐼 × 𝛼

= (2.07320845𝑁𝑚) × (−22.71087842 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐2)

= −47.08438514𝑁𝑚

Work Output by the Right Foot

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 × 𝜃

= (−47.08438514𝑁𝑚) × (1.221640489𝑟𝑎𝑑)

= −57.52019127𝐽

Power of the Right Foot

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 × 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

= (−47.08438514𝑁𝑚) × (−57.52019127𝐽)

= 2708.302839 𝐽/𝑠𝑒𝑐

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 41

Appendix D

Learning Experience Preparation

Sport: Soccer

Skill: Goalkeepers Side Volley

Skill Classification:

Skill Classified by Task Organization (columns)

Discrete Skill Serial Skill Continuous Skill X

Skill Classified by Motor and Cognitive Elements (continuum)

Motor Skills Cognitive Skills X

Skill Classified by Level of Environmental Predictability (continuum)

Closed Skills Open Skills

X

Sport Specific Combination of Strength/Force, Speed, and Endurance

Level:

International age group college athlete

Instructional Setting:

Individual 1 on 1 coaching- on the field

Use of slow motion video analysis available

Goal Setting:

By week 4 have 6/8 side volleys reach the goal on the sideline

By week 6 have 8/10 side volleys reach the goal on the sideline

Target Skill, Target Behavior, & Target Context:

Skill: Goalkeepers Side Volley Punt

Behavior: Ability to perform repeatedly

Context: Game-like situation

Motor Elements & Perceptual Elements:

Motor: Action of the side volley

Perceptual: Kinesthetic aspects of the volley

X

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 42

Outcome & Process Measures:

Outcome: Hit the small goal 8/10 times by the end of the training program

Process: By the 4th week be able to hit 6/8 of the small goals

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 43

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 44

Appendix E

Year-Long Periodization Schedule

CYCLE STAGE GO AL WEEK INTENSITY Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun

1/6-1/12

Maintenance 1/13-1/19 4 OL OL

Maintenance 1/20-1/26 5 OL OL OL

Maintenance 1/27-2/2 5 OL OL OL

Maintenance 2/3-2/9 5 OL OL OL

Maintenance 2/10-2/16 5 OL OL OL

Maintenance 2/17-2/23 4 OL OL

2/24-3/2

3/3-3/9

Spring Break Enjoy 3/10-3/16 N/A

Spring Season Maintenance Fitness 3/17-3/23 6 T T T

Spring

Season Team Combinations 3/24-3/30 5 T T T G

Spring Season

Spring Season Team Combinations 3/31-4/6 7 T T T T

Mesocycle Spring Season Maintenance Fitness 4/7-4/13 7 T T G T

Spring Season

Different Player Positions 4/14-4/20 7 T T T T G

Spring Season Team Combinations 4/21-4/27 8 T T T TR G

4/28-5/4

5/5-5/11

5/12-5/18

5/19-5/25

5/26-6/1

6/2-6/8

6/9-6/15

Summer Fitness 6/16-6/22 5 SF SF

Summer Fitness 6/23-6/29 5 SF SF

Summer

Fitness 6/30-7/6 5 SF SF SF

Summer Summer Fitness 7/7-7/13 5 SF SF SF

Mesocycle Summer Fitness 7/14-7/20 6 SF SF SF SF

Summer Fitness 7/21-7/27 6 SF SF SF SF

Summer Fitness 7/28-8/3 6 SF SF SF SF SF

Early

Preseason General Fitness 8/4-8/10 6 CP CP CP CP CP

Preseason Mid

Preseason Team Building 8/11-8/17 5

PHYSICAL FT TB TB

Late

Preseason Sport Specific

Fitness 8/18-8/24 8 2T G R/OL FT/T 2T G

Team Specific

Training 8/25-8/31 9 T /O

L T T/OL TB AG

9/1-9/7 9

T/O

L T

TR/

OL G TR 2T

Early Season Start 2-0 9/8-9/14 8 T

T/OL T T/OL G G

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 45

CYCLE STAGE GO AL WEEK INTENSITY Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun

9/15-9/21 8 T

T/O

L T T/OL G G

Mid Season 9/22-9/28 8 T T/O

L T T/OL G G

Competition Above .500 Win pct 9/29-10/5 7 T/O

L T T/OL TR G G

Season 10/6-

10/12 8 T T/O

L T T/OL G G

Late Season

10/13-

10/19 7 OL T T/OL T/TR G G

10/20-

10/26 7 OL T T/OL TR G G

Post Season

Win GLVC

Tournament 10/27-11/2 6 T G

GL

VC R

11/3-11/9 7 T T R T GLVC

GLVC R

Tournamen

t 11/10-

11/16 6 T R NCA

A R NCA

A R

Post Season 11/17-

11/23 7 T R NCA

A R NCA

A R

11/24-

11/30 6 R T T T T R

Champions

hip WIN NCAA TITLE 12/1-12/7 7 T R

NCA

A R

NCA

A

Active Rest 12/8-12/14 2

Inactive

Rest 12/15-

12/21 0

Christmas 12/22-

12/28 Xmas

New Years 12/29-1/4

T= Training GLVC= GLVC

Tournament

TR= Travel NCAA= NCAA Tournament R= Recovery OL= Optional Lifting

G= Game TB= Team Building

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 46

Appendix F

Season Schedule

MONTH: AUGUST

MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY 1 SATURDAY 2

MONDAY 4 TUESDAY 5 WEDNESDAY 6 THURSDAY 7 FRIDAY 8 SATURDAY 9

Captains Practice

Captains

Practice Captains Practice

Captains

Practice

Captains

Practice

MONDAY 11 TUESDAY 12 WEDNESDAY 13 THURSDAY 14 FRIDAY 15 SATURDAY 16

Physicals- 1.30pm Fitness test 1:

8.00-9.00 Training: 9.00-

11.00 Training: 10.00-

12.30

Meeting 3.00-5.00pm

Training: 3.00-

4.00 Training: 3.00-

11.00

MONDAY 18 TUESDAY 19 WEDNESDAY 20 THURSDAY 21 FRIDAY 22 SATURDAY 23 Tactical session:

9.00-10.00

Vs. Missouri

Baptist

Recovery: 10.00-

11.00

Fitness Test 2:

8.00-9.00

Training: 10.00-

11.00

Vs. Washington

University

St Louis Free Kicks/Corners:

2.00-3.00 Non Players from

game: Training: 3.00-

4.30 Freekicks/Corner

s: 3.00-4.00

Training: 2.00-3.00

MONDAY 25 TUESDAY 26 WEDNESDAY 27 THURSDAY 28 FRIDAY 29 SATURDAY 30 START OF SEMESTER Alumni Game

Training: 12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00

Training: 12.00-2.00

Training: 12.00-2.00

Training: 12.00-2.00

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 47

MONTH: SEPTEMBER

MONDAY 1 TUESDAY 2 WEDNESDAY 3 THURSDAY 4 FRIDAY 5 SATURDAY 6

Training: 12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00 Bus Leaves: 8.00am

Vs. St Mary's University

Travel back to McK

Training: 9.00-11.00

(@ Oklahoma

City)

Stretching Session:

9.00pm

Training: 3.00-

5.00

MONDAY 8 TUESDAY 9 WEDNESDAY 10 THURSDAY 11 FRIDAY 12 SATURDAY 13

Training: 12.00-2.00

Training:

12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00

Training:

12.00-2.00 @ Maryville @ UMSL

MONDAY 15 TUESDAY 16 WEDNESDAY 17 THURSDAY 18 FRIDAY 19 SATURDAY 20

Training: 12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00

Training: 12.00-2.00 Vs. Truman State Vs. Quincy

MONDAY 22 TUESDAY 23 WEDNESDAY 24 THURSDAY 25 FRIDAY 26 SATURDAY 27

Training: 12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00

Training: 12.00-2.00

Vs. University Indianapolis

Vs. St. Josephs College

MONDAY 29 TUESDAY 30

Training: 12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 48

MONTH: OCTOBER

MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY 1 THURSDAY 2 FRIDAY 3 SATURDAY 4

Training: 12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00

Training: 12.00-2.00 @ Lewis

@ Wisconsin-Parkside

Bus Leaves:

3.00pm

MONDAY 6 TUESDAY 7 WEDNESDAY 8 THURSDAY 9 FRIDAY 10 SATURDAY 11

Training: 12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00

Training: 12.00-2.00 Vs. Missouri S&T Vs. Drury

MONDAY 13 TUESDAY 14 WEDNESDAY 15 THURSDAY 16 FRIDAY 17 SATURDAY 18

Training: 12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00

Training: 12.00-2.00 @ Rockhurst @ William Jewell

Bus Leaves:

3.00

MONDAY 20 TUESDAY 21 WEDNESDAY 22 THURSDAY 23 FRIDAY 24 SATURDAY 25

Training: 12.00-2.00 Training: 12.00-2.00

Bus Leaves: 3.00

@ University Southern Vs. Bellarmine

Indianna

MONDAY 26 TUESDAY 27 WEDNESDAY 28 THURSDAY 29 FRIDAY 30 SATURDAY 31

@ University Illinois GLVC

Springfield

All Sunday’s will be NCAA mandatory rest days

GLVC Championship Games:

Round 1: October 30th

Semifinals: November 7th

Final: November 8th

NCAA Championship Games:

Round 1: November 13th

Final 32: November 15th

Sweet 16: November 20th

Final 8: November 22nd

Semifinals: December 4th

Final: December 6th

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 49

Appendix G

Preseason Phase Installation Plan

MONTH(S): August

MONDAY 11 TUESDAY 12 WEDNESDAY 13 THURSDAY 14 FRIDAY 15 SATURDAY 16

Physicals Fitness Test Team Building Team Building

General Medical

History

5 laps: 7min

30s

Bow ling: Under vs

Upper

Paintball: Same

teams as

SCAT 4 laps: 6 min Classmen vs Coaches yesterday

Height

3 laps: 4min

30s

Weight 2 laps: 3min Team Dinner: Olive Garden

Team Dinner: California Pizza

Blood Pressure 1 lap: 1min 15s Kitchen

Eye Check

Doctor Check Up's

Team Meeting

Season Schedule

Goals

Team Expectations

MONDAY 18 TUESDAY 19 WEDNESDAY 20 THURSDAY 21 FRIDAY 22 SATURDAY 23

Training 1 Game Day Recovery Fitness Test 2 Training 1 Game Day

Physical/Technical

Team Meeting: 10am

Players w ho played 60+ mins: Box-to-Box: Full f ield game

Team Breakfast: 9.00am

Sideline-Sideline 7v7

Team Lunch: 12pm

10min jog, 5v2s, stretching/ice

13s dow n, rest 47s Core exercises

Team Meeting: 10.00am

Core exercises bath Core exercises

Locker Room: 5.45 Locker Room: 1.30pm

Training 2

Kick Off:

7.00pm

Players w ho played

<60mins: Training 2 Training 2 Kick Off: 2.45 Passing patterns

5v2, passing patterns, transition 5v2s 5v2s

Transition 4v4 4v4, core exercises

Passing

patterns 2 Transition 4v4

Full f ield game Sideline-Sideline 7v7 Set pieces

MONDAY 25 TUESDAY 26 WEDNESDAY 27 THURSDAY 28 FRIDAY 29 SATURDAY 30

Team Cut to 16 Training Training Training Team Building Alumni Game Day

5v2s Physical/Technical Full f ield game Minute to w in it Team Breakfast: 9.00am

Day 1 of school

"Barcelona" drill Transition 4v4

Team Meeting: 10.00am

Possession Full f ield game Dinner at the seniors apt

Half f ield game Core exercises Locker Room: 1.30pm

Kick Off: 2.45

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 50

Appendix H

Practice Plan

Date: Emphasis: Upcoming Opponent(s):

9/15/2015 Close range distribution Truman State University (9/19/2015)

Quincy University (9/21/2015)

Time Activity

Activity Set-Up/Organization Notes

2:20pm

2:25pm

2:30pm Dynamic Warm Up With rest of the team. Player led.

2:35pm

2:40pm

2:45pm Stretching With rest of the team. Player led.

2:50pm

2:55pm Generic goalkeeping warm up

Handling, basic footwork

3:00pm

3:05pm Short passing patterns Coach set up cones No further than 10 yard

3:10pm passing

3:15pm Short volleying Same cones as previous drill

Volley should be 5 yard

3:20pm max

3:25pm Rolling to small goals Goals set up prior to practice Gk receives volley,

3:30pm instructed to roll to L or R

3:35pm Passing into goals Same goals as previous

Coach to close gk down

3:40pm as if oncoming player

3:45pm

3:50pm Mid distance chips Receiver set up on football number 35

Gk plays from one side

3:55pm of 18yd box to opp 35

4:00pm Mid distance throws Same set up as last drill Gk instructed to hit

4:05pm receivers L/R foot

4:10pm Shooting Goal in regular field position, shots from coach Start close to gk-

4:15pm increase speed/difficulty

4:20pm

4:25pm 7v7 small sided game Goals centered on the soccer sideline, center in line with Focus on the mid

4:30pm football 25 distance distribution

4:35pm Nothing further than

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 51

4:40pm 15 yards

4:45pm Core Exercises Captain led, entire team core workout

4:50pm

4:55pm Active warm down With rest of team. Player led.

5:00pm

5:05pm Stretching With rest of team. Player led.

5:10pm

5:15pm

5:20pm

5:25pm

5:30pm

5:35pm

5:40pm

5:45pm

5:50pm

5:55pm

6:00pm

6:05pm

6:10pm

6:15pm

6:20pm

6:25pm

6:30pm

Post Practice Announcements

Well done today, your footwork has progressed well since the start of season. Ensure you all go to your classes. You are a student before an athlete. Get a good feed in after this and if you have any issues go and make sure you go and see the trainer before the next practice.

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 52

Drill Description: Drill Description:

Short Passing Patterns

Follow your pass

Rolling/Passing into small goals

GK= Goalkeeper

S= Server

Black Lines= Small goals

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 53

Appendix I

Professional Association/Organization Presentation Outline/Notes

Starting a counter attack from a defensive corner Claiming the ball

Wait to see the flight of the ball- use your reaction time wisely!

Pivot with the hips so they are in line with the direction you’re going

Attack the ball

o Do not run around players, run through them. It is your ball!

Use one leg to jump from, the other to protect yourself

o Protection leg should be in a position that an oncoming attacker will hit the leg before your body

Keep your upper body strong and be prepared to be knocked off balance Looking for your options

As you quickly make your way toward the edge of the 18yd box, scan the field o Look for players free

o Look for spaces on the field free o Look where the opposition are moving toward o Look to see if there are any areas your team outnumbers theirs/they outnumber

you

Decide which outlet you’re going to use

o Should be the outlet that will get the ball up the field the fastest with the greatest certainty of maintaining possession

Utilizing the roll outlet

Used when one of your players is close to you and making a run down the sideline of the

field

Ensure they do not have any players closing them down who will get to the ball before they do (secondary scan)

Roll the ball in front of the player so they can run onto it in their stride Utilizing the throw outlet

Used when one of your players is too far away to roll it, but still close enough to be distributed to from the hands, most commonly around halfway line

Ensure they do not have any players closing them down who will get to the ball before they do (secondary scan)

Throw it flat (ball should not have a bell curve) and either to a space in front of the player so they can run onto it or to the players feet so they can take a touch in the direction they

wish to move Utilizing the side volley punt outlet

Used when a player is so far up the field that they are unable to be distributed to from the

hands

Determine whether the ball should be flat and direct, or high and bell curved

o If the player has space in front of them and the defense is high, aim for a bell curve to get the ball in behind the defense and have the player run onto it

SOCCER GOALKEEPER’S SIDE VOLLEY PUNT ANALYSIS 54

o If the defense is still sitting deep and the player does not have a lot of space, give them a flat and direct ball, aiming for their chest

Organize your own defense

Starting a counter attack isn’t the end of your job!

o You need to make sure your team is not countered on

If a player from your back line is involved in the counter attack, hold one of the players

from higher up on the field (midfielders preferably) in their position until they can be switched again

Return to the formation set prior to the game

Tell the team to push up the field and support your attack that is currently in progress,

monitor the field and ensure you are not susceptible to a counter attack