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Topics
•Stacks•Queues•Final Exam
•Pointers = Punteros
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Key Terms
•Stack – Pilas▫Push – Insertar▫Pop - Quitar
•Queue – Colas▫Enque – Insertar▫Dequeue - Eliminar
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Stacks
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Stack with Arrays
•Element 1 can go in first array position, the second in the second position, etc.
•The top of the stack is the index of the last element added to the stack
•Stack elements are stored in an array•Stack element is accessed only through
top•To keep track of the •top position, use a variable called Top
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Stack using an Array
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Stacks
•If Top = 0, the stack is empty•If Top = MAX, stack is full•Store the newItem in the array component
indicated by Top•Increment Top•Must avoid an overflow (or underflow)
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Queue
•Queue: list of homogeneous elements•Elements are:
▫Added at one end (the back or rear)▫Deleted from the other end (the front)
•First In First Out (FIFO) data structure▫Middle elements are inaccessible
•Example:▫Waiting line in a bank
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Queue Operations
▫initializeQueue▫isEmptyQueue▫isFullQueue▫front▫back▫addQueue▫deleteQueue
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Queue implementation
•You need at least four variables:▫An array to store the queue elements▫queueFront and queueRear
To keep track of first and last elements▫maxQueueSize
To specify the maximum size of the queue
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Adding elements
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•To add an element to the queue:▫Advance queueRear to next array position ▫Add element to position pointed by queueRear
•Example: array size is 100; originally empty
Deleting Elements
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•To delete an element from the queue:▫Retrieve element pointed to by queueFront▫Advance queueFront to next queue element
Implementation of Queues as Arrays (cont'd.)•Will this queue design work?
▫Suppose A stands for adding an element to the queue
▫And D stands for deleting an element from the queue
▫Consider the following sequence of operations: AAADADADADADADADA...
Implementation of Queues as Arrays (cont'd.)•The sequence AAADADADADADADADA...
would eventually set queueRear to point to the last array position▫Giving the impression that the queue is full
Implementation of Queues as Arrays (cont'd.)•Solution 1:
▫When the queue overflows to the rear (i.e., queueRear points to the last array position): Check value of queueFront If value of queueFront indicates that there is room in
the front of the array, slide all of the queue elements toward the first array position
•Problem: too slow for large queues•Solution 2: assume that the array is
circular
Implementation of Queues as Arrays (cont'd.)•To advance the index in a (logically)
circular array:
Implementation of Queues as Arrays (cont'd.)
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Implementation of Queues as Arrays (cont'd.)•Case 1:
Implementation of Queues as Arrays (cont'd.)•Case 2:
Implementation of Queues as Arrays (cont'd.)
•Problem:▫Figures 19-32b and 19-33b have
identical values for queueFront and queueRear
▫However, the former represents an empty queue, whereas the latter shows a full queue
•Solution?
Implementation of Queues as Arrays (cont'd.)•Solution 1: keep a count
▫Incremented when a new element is added to the queue
▫Decremented when an element is removed▫Initially, set to 0▫Very useful if user (of queue) frequently
needs to know the number of elements in the queue
•We will implement this solution
Implementation of Queues as Arrays (cont'd.)•Solution 2: let queueFront indicate index
of the array position preceding the first element▫queueRear still indicates index of last one▫Queue empty if:
queueFront == queueRear
▫Slot indicated by queueFront is reserved Queue can hold 99 (not 100) elements
▫Queue full if the next available space is the reserved slot indicated by queueFront
Implementation of Queues as Arrays (cont'd.)
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Summary• Stacks and Queues are important data
structures• Can be implemented as arrays or linked
lists• We will see in OOP that we can create
Abstract Data Types to protect the integrity of the data
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Final Exam
• 8 questions from material covered since the mid term• Answer all 8 questions; equal weight• Submit to WorldClass week 8• Due by Monday midnight (12/16/13)• Must have all late submissions by
Sunday midnight to get credit
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