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Scientific Writing/Presentation Skills
Dipl. Ök. Jens K. Perret, M.Sc.
Schumpeter School ofBusiness and EconomicsBergische Universität WuppertalGaußstraße 20 42097 Wuppertal
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 2 |
Contents
• Scientific WritingThesis
• Presentation Skills
• Literature and Data
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 4 |
Scientific WritingThesis
• Title Page• Introduction• Main part• Conclusions• Lists• Appendix
• Citations
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 5 |
Overall Design
• Length 15 pages, not including:
– Title Page
– Contents
– Any lists or Bibliography / References
– Appendix
• Font: Times New Roman or similar
• Font Size: 12 Point
• Line Spacing: 1,5
• Margins: 2,5 cm left / right2,0 cm top / bottom
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 6 |
Title Page
• Contains:
– First Name, Surname (of all participants)
– Info on who wrote which parts
– Immatriculation Nummer
– Title of the lecture
– Title of the thesis
– Submission Date
– Name of the lecturer
– Semester
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 7 |
Introduction
• Length approx. 2 pages• Motivation of the main topic• Suitable introduction:
– What is interesting in the topic?– Why has the topic been selected?– Why has the topic been selected as it is?– Which are the main goals of the thesis?
• Structure of the thesis:– What has been done?– What has not been done?– Why has it been done?– What is the structure of the thesis?
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 8 |
Introduction
• Relevance of the topic• Research Question• Objects of interest• Research Goals• Hypotheses• Plan• Methods• Novelty of the research• Motivation
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 9 |
Main part
• Discussion and analysis
• All topics introduced in the introduction are discussed here
• Possible divisions:
– Definitions Theory Empirics
– Literature Review Theory Empirics
– Pro Discussion Contra Discussion
– Definitions Problem Solutions
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 10 |
Conclusions
• Summary of the research findings
– The conclusions part does not contain new insights
• Comparison with the goals stated in the introduction
• Show posibilities to take action (Policy Options)
– Which problems arise from recent politics?
– What should policy makers do?
• Open Research Questions
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 11 |
Lists
• Contents
• Bibliography / References
• List of tables
• List of figures
• Lists of symbols
• List of abbreviations
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 12 |
Contents
• Titles of all chapters and sub-chapters of the thesis
• Sensible numbering:
• Every chapter is numbered
• Page numbering:
• Roman numerals before and after the main part of thethesis (lists)
• Arabic numerals in the main text
• Contains neither the title page nor itself
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 13 |
Bibliography / References
• Contains all sources used in the thesis• Contains only the sources used in the thesis• Entries need to be sorted alphabetically• Entries should match the citation style
– Consistent citation style• A numbering and arrangement according to the type of source is
optional• Consistent format:
– Names (Year), Title, Publisher, Place of Pub, Edition, (Pages)– Names (Year), Title, Journal, Issue, Pages– Names (Year), Title, URL
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 14 |
Citation style
• All ideas and data taken from anywhere else need to be markedby citing their source
• A broad range of citation styles exist:
– Decision on one citation style
– Consistent use of the selected citation style
– The citation style needs to match the references
• Examples:
– „Cited Text“ (Name, Year, Pages)
– „Cited Text“ (Name1/Name2, Year, Pages)
– …. Name (Year)
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 15 |
Appendix
• Contains:
– Additional information
– Detailled descriptions
– Large data sets
• Databases do not need to be included
– (Additional) Tables and figures
– Mathematical proofs and deductions
– Laws
– Internet source
• Can be added to the thesis on a CD
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 17 |
Overall Rules
• Take the presentation serious
• Prepare the presentation for the audience
• Always have a plan B
• Get to know your environment
• There are not boring topics only different ways of presenting them
• Work on a topic unless it becomes interesting
• Fulfill expectations
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 18 |
Overall Rules
• People perceive information in different ways:
– Visual Perception (60%)
– Auditiv Perception (30%)
– Fictitious (Semantic) Perception (10%)
• Combine visual and auditiv signals
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 19 |
Formal Structure
• Title Page:
– Analogous to the thesis (Name, Immatriculationnumber, Title of the lecture, Title of the presentation, Date
• Introduction: (10-15% of the time)
– (Effective Introduction)
– Greeting
– Presentation of the topic
– Definition of problems
– Make additional information available (Hand-Outs)
– Overview over the presentation (Motivation)
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 20 |
Formal Structure
• Main part: (75 – 85% of the time)
– Presentation of facts
• Structure similar to the thesis
– Presentation of theoretical models
– Explanations
– Arguments
– Examples
– Refutations
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 21 |
Formal Structure
• End: (5 – 10% of the time)
– Summary of the presentation (if time > 15 minutes)
– Conclusions and outlook
– Leave-taking (Put a definitive end to the presentation)
– Invitation to start the discussion
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 22 |
Presentation Design
• Color Schemes (Black-White, Red-Green, Similar Colors)
• Gradual buildup
• Animations and sounds only in rare cases
• Use of a legible font (Type, Style, Size)
• Consistent design
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 23 |
Tools of Presentation
• How to transfer the content?
– PowerPoint
– Projector
– Black Board
– White Board
– Flip Chart
– Pin Board
– Hand Out
More interaction possible
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 24 |
PowerPoint
• Color Schemes: White, blue, red, creme, black• Fonts without serifs: Arial, Calibri, ComicSans MS• Big Font Sizes: 24 Points
• Thick Lines: 2 Points
• Consistent discreet layout and design
• Use tabulators
• Simple animations
• No overstuffed slides (ideally 7 rows)
• Plan two to three minutes per slide
• Hyperlinks
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 25 |
Black Board, White Board etc.
• Use of colors (e.g. colored chalk)
• Large letters
• Keep the middle part of the letters big
• Take three steps back to read
• Keep a steady pose
• Flip Chart: Use a pencil to pre-write the text. During the presentation use a marker
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 26 |
Hand-Outs
• To the point (No additional pictures)
• Headwords
• Advantages:
– Audience can keep notes
– Definitions, Models, important facts are always available
– Suitable to prepare a discussion
– Nice gesture
• If PowerPoint slides are distributed, use a simple design
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 27 |
Reminder Cards
• Headwords, no full sentences
• Mark keywords
• Number the cards
• Small cards are usually better (Maximum A6)
• Something to hold on to
• Do not forget to switch cards
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 28 |
Critical Aspects
• Well-rested? Practised the presentation?
• Suitable outfit?
• Mobile phone switched off?
• Watch / Clock (Someone to remember the time) available?
• Pointer / Laserpointer (Laserpointer only in larger rooms)?
• Own markers, chalk, laptop available?
• Slides for the projector available, sorted and numbered?
• Cards available, sorted and numbered?
• Enough (sorted) Hand Outs available?
• Something to drink?
• Been to the toilet?
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 29 |
Critical Aspects
Name / End
Eye Contact
Pronounciation
Smiling
Mimic
Hands / Gestures
Stress
Stable Stance
Voice / Intonation
Structure
Time-Management
Technical organization & competence
Handwriting
Available media
Content
Foreign words
Short Sentences
„ähm, hmm“ and other fill-in words
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 30 |
Critical Aspecte
• Hold the pointer steady with closed hands
• No laserpointer in small rooms
• Time problems? Use friends for remembrance
• Give room to think
• Formal adress
• Anecdotes
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 31 |
Mishaps
• To avoid mishaps beforehand:
– Take the presentation serious
– Practise the presentation
– Keep a plan B
– Get aquainted with the location
• If something happens:
– Keep going on
– Nonchalance
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 33 |
Types of data
• Numerical Data:– Cross-sectional data
e.g. different countries in one year– Time series data
e.g. one country over different years– Panel data
e.g. different countries over different years• Non-nummerical data
– Qualitative datae.g. answers to interview questions
– Alphanummerical datae.g. street numbers
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 34 |
Forms of Literature
• Books
• Journals
• Working and Discussion Papers
• Law Texts (Primary Sources)
• Internet pages (reliable)
• Other forms of official publications(e.g. from firms)
• Articles from daily or weekly papers
• Other forms of unofficially publications
+Reliability-
Use as muchas possible
Use as littleas possible
| 25. April 2013 | Perret / Udalov | Folie 35 |
Literature Sourcing
• Find one basis book or article
• Scan the references and mark related articles
• Get the related articles
• Search the library, journals, authors for related topics
• Search the internet for related topics:
– http://scholar.google.com