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Itinerary today Relax and have a good time! 1. Common mistakes in sentence structure 2. Literature search 3. Plagiarism & proper citation 4. Reference tool – EndNote Relax and have a good time!
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Scientific writing (Part III)
Ng Siew Kit 23rd September 2015 Itinerary today Relax and have a
good time!
1. Common mistakes in sentence structure 2. Literature search 3.
Plagiarism & proper citation 4. Reference tool EndNote Relax
and have a good time! 1. Common mistakes in sentence
structure
1. Sentence fragments 2. Sentence sprawl 3. Misplaced and dangling
modifiers 4. Faulty parallelism 5. Comma mistakes
(omitted/superfluous) 1. Fragmented sentences 2. Avoid
complex/compound sentences 3. Syntax errors 4. Faulty parallelism
5. Comma mistakes (not enough/too many) Avoid using jargons!!! Real
examples from previous Masters thesis
Disclaimer: No harm is intended towards anyone or their thesis, but
only good will for the students benefit. Please do not try to trace
the source of the quotes because any attempt will be successful. My
words are too precious My words are too precious
Usually, the study is performed in a cage. My comment:
Seriously???? I applaud you for yourcommitment in doing science. My
guess: Usually, the study is performed with the mice ina cage.
After 5 minute incubation, combined diluted DNA withdiluted
LipofectamineTM Mix gently and incubateat 37C for 4 days and
continue with viability assays. My guess: After 5 minutes, diluted
DNA and dilutedLipofectamineTM 3000 were combined. The
transfectionmixture (amount) was then added to the cell culture.
Thecells were incubated at 37C for 4 days and then testedwith
viability assays. To further expand on my point
Apart from the pellet, all the supernatant werediscarded. The
supernatant was discarded. An adulterant is different from, for
instance, allowedsustenance added substances. An adulterant is
different from allowed sustenanceadded substances. Examples:
(that/which)
The formation of biofilms facilitates unicellular organismsto
assume a momentary multicellular lifestyle which isimportant for
survival in adverse environments. The formation of biofilms
facilitates unicellular organismsto assume a momentary
multicellular lifestyle, which isimportant for survival in adverse
environments. The formation of biofilms facilitates unicellular
organismsto assume a momentary multicellular lifestyle that
isimportant for survival in adverse environments. Avoid the use of
unnecessary complex/compound sentences
I refuse to give any examples because at this stage ofyour studies,
you should have realised that complex orcompound sentences that
only serve to further confusethe readers have no place in
scientific writing despitethe common misconception that the use of
complex orcompound sentences is a hallmark of competentEnglish, but
apparently I am wrong for many studentslove using complex or
compound sentencesunnecessarily in their thesis, which often lead
tobemused readers and angry supervisors. Potato Crisps CRISPR
Faulty parallelism Hence, ethanol extract was diluted 5 times by
adding 5ml ethanol, water 6.6 times and chloroform 2.5 timeswhile
petroleum ether did not need to be diluted. Hence, ethanol extract
was diluted 5 times by adding 5ml ethanol, water extract was
diluted 6.6 times, andchloroform extract was diluted 2.5 times,
whilepetroleum ether extract did not need to bewas notdiluted.
Hence, 1 ml of ethanol extract was diluted by adding 5ml ethanol
(6x dilution), water extract was diluted byadding .. Comma mistakes
After a short period of time, the symptomatic stage of thedisease
begins, followed by AIDS caused by depletion ofCD4+ T cells which
allows the opportunistic infection toattach the body without any
defence leading to death atthe end. After a short period of time,
the symptomatic stage of thedisease begins, followed by AIDS caused
by depletion ofCD4+ T cells, which allows the opportunistic
infection toattach the body without any defence, leading to death
atthe end. After a short period of time, the symptomatic stage of
HIVinfection begins. Further depletion of CD4+ T cells lead toAIDS,
whereby opportunistic infections eventually causedeath to the
defenceless body. Comma mistakes In view of the above explanation,
whereby no localizedeffect, no body weight changes, no abnormal
clinical signs,no mortality moribund and pain/distress, therefore,
thisproduct, GD MRRO which contains 15% w/w of DEET can beused at
home as it is unlikely to cause any adverse effect atnormal use. In
view of the above explanation, whereby no localizedeffect, no body
weight changes, no abnormal clinical signs,no mortality moribund
and pain/distress were observed,therefore, this product, GD MRRO,
which contains 15% w/w ofDEET, can be used at home as it is
unlikely to cause anyadverse effect at normal use. From the above
explanation, no localized effect, no bodyweight changes, no
abnormal clinical signs, no mortalitymoribund and pain/distress
were observed. Therefore, GDMRRO, which contains 15% w/w of DEET,
can be used at homeas it is unlikely to cause any adverse effect at
normal use. Use of colloquial (lab) English
The cost on the other hand is expensive so that is whyNespresso has
not been a phenomenal thing as a capsule isvery costly. On the
other hand, the cost of a capsule is expensive. Assuch, Nespresso
has not been popular. Actually it is not a correct reflection of
the antigensencountered since many antigens such as However, it is
not a correct reflection Nonetheless, it is not a correct
reflection Nevertheless, it is not a correct reflection The mixture
was then spun down at full speed for 15seconds. The mixture was
then centrifuged at 16000x g for 15seconds. Giving life to
inanimate object
Food benefited from being freeze dried as their sensoryqualities
such as color, size, smell and taste are onlyminimally affected in
comparison to other dryingprocesses. Then the radical could harm
the cell and initiate lipidperoxidation. Capillary electrophoresis
demonstrated its powerfulseparation ability with several advantages
such as highseparation efficiency and resolution. More examples:
Candidate sites for phosphorylation will undergo twotypes of
mutation; non-phosphorylable andphosphomimetic mutations. As HIV
continues to replicate itself and crippling ofimmune system is
virtually complete, a person is said tohave AIDS. Briefly, once the
virus enters the body, it startsreplication and killing T helper
cells which plays animportant role in adaptive immune response.
Cleavage is able in converting the compounds intosmaller fragments
or go to the triglyceride molecule tocross-link each other. Do not
allow your work to appear here!! 2. Literature Search 1. References
search engine
2. Unique identifier numbers (ISBN, ISSN, DOI) 3. Doing your
literature review References search engine
Google Scholar - scholar.google.com RefSeek - JURN - PubMed
Biomedical specific - Search through databases like Scopus, Web of
Science,JSTOR, etc. Just use Google Scholar or PubMed. But can try
othersearch engines if some of the work cannot be found. Wikipedia
list Unique identifier numbers (ISBN, ISSN, DOI)
International Standard Book Number (ISBN) - thirteen-digit number
for serial publication WebsiteWikipedia International Standard
Serial Number (ISSN) - eight-digit number for serial publication
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) - serial code for objects:
electronic documents Doing your literature review
1. From scratch Search using keywords - Title, Research questions,
Abstract 2. Consolidate search Reference list of a paper Author
keywords Cited by 3. Comprehensive search Search using for
synonyms, alternative terms Search using different
engines/databases Doing your literature review
Primary source literature - journal articles, patents,
dissertations/thesis,conference abstracts Secondary source
literature - review papers, books, databases Reference material
& tertiary sources - encyclopedias, Wikipedia, websites,
popular press Tip 1: Start your search from review papers. Ask your
supervisor for a recommended review article on the topic. Tip 2:
Keep your search record. Register on databases. Exercise 1: Keyword
search
To search for a paper based on its abstract: Get yourself connected
to the internet. Load the following websites. Website: TodaysMeet
https://todaysmeet.com/SciWri15part3 I need: Title, Authors surname
(first and corresponding),Year published Ready Get set.. Exercise
1: Keyword search
This study aimed to investigate whether interferon regulatory
factor 9 (IRF9) isinvolved in the pathogenesis of myocardial
ischemiareperfusion (I/R) injury and toexplore the underlying
molecular mechanisms of this process. Cell death plays amajor role
in myocardial I/R injury. We recently determined the importance of
IRF9in coordinating molecular events in response to hypertrophic
stress incardiomyocytes. However, the roles of IRF9 in lethal
myocardial injury remain to beelucidated. The involvement of IRF9
was assessed via functional assays in a mousemyocardial I/R injury
model by genetic knockout and cardiomyocyte-specifictransgenic
overexpression ofIRF9, and its effects on cardiomyocyte apoptosis
andinflammation were further studied in vivo and in vitro. IRF9 was
upregulated inhuman ischemic heart tissue and mouse hearts after
I/R injury. Ablation of IRF9protected the heart against I/R-induced
cardiomyocyte death, development ofinflammation, and loss of heart
function. In contrast, cardiomyocyte-specifictransgenic
overexpression of IRF9 aggravated myocardial reperfusion injury
andinflammation. IRF9 negatively regulated the Sirt1-p53 axis under
I/R conditions invivo and in vitro. Downregulation of Sirt1
expression and its downstream apoptosis- related signaling cascade,
which results from I/R, was ameliorated by loss of IRF9and
exacerbated by overexpression of IRF9. Cardiomyocyte-specific
deletion of Sirt1abolished the protective effect of IRF9 knockout
against I/R injury, which furtherindicated that IRF9 mediated
myocardial reperfusion injury by modulating the Sirt1- p53 axis.
Thus, IRF9 may be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of
I/Rinjury resulting from revascularization therapy after acute
myocardial infarction(MI). I need: Title, Authors surname (first
and corresponding author), Year published 3. Plagiarism &
proper citation
2. Citation in text (Harvard style) 3. Reference list Plagiarism
Definition: the practice of taking someone elses workor idea and
pass off as ones ownGoogle Turn it in before thesis submission IPS
recommendation: < 25% similarity Do not run the gauntlet!!
Chances are: Your examiners are subject specialist andwill be well
versed in your research area. Imagine a BBQ party: You Figure is
from Turnitin survey White paper: The plagiarism spectrum
Figure is from Turnitin survey Plagiarism Intent Matters!! Intent
Matters!! Citation in text Different styles (Harvard, Chicago, AMA,
etc)
USM Harvard style The innate immune system is the major contributor
toacute inflammation induced by microbial infection or tissuedamage
(Akira etal., 2006andBeutler etal., 2006). The activation of TBK1
and IKK-iis modulated by variousproteins. TBK1 and IKK-i interact
with TRAF familymember-associated NF-B activator (TANK) (also known
asI-TRAF), NAK-associated protein 1 (NAP1), and the TBK1adaptor
(SINTBAD), which is similar to NAP1 (Guo andCheng, 2007,Ryzhakov
and Randow, 2007andSasai etal.,2006). -excerpts are from Takeuchi
and Akira, 2010 When do I need to cite? When in doubt, always
cite!
Siti Hawa thinks that Dr Ngs scientific writing class isawesome and
funny! Everyone in the class is enjoyingthemselves.-- Anonymous
Lifted directly from the source? Siti Hawa thinks that Dr Ngs
scientific writing class is awesome andfunny! Everyone in the class
is enjoying themselves. Change the sentence structure? Siti Hawa
thinks that everyone in Dr Ngs scientific writing class isenjoying
themselves because it is awesome and funny. Paraphrase keywords?
Siti Hawa thinks that Dr Ngs scientific writing presentation
isfascinating and humorous! Everyone in the class is having a good
time. Use own words? Siti Hawa thinks that Dr Ngs sharing session
for scientific writing iswell received by the participants. When in
doubt, always cite! How do I cite properly? Not encouraged, unless
citing famous/important sentences Lifted directly from the source?
Siti Hawa thinks that Dr Ngs scientific writing class is awesome
and funny!Everyone in the class is enjoying themselves. (Anonymous,
2015) Anonymous (2015) stated that Siti Hawa thinks that Dr Ngs
scientificwriting class is awesome and funny! Everyone in the class
is enjoyingthemselves. Change the sentence structure? Siti Hawa
thinks that everyone in Dr Ngs scientific writing class is
enjoyingthemselves because his class is awesome and funny
(Anonymous, 2015). Paraphrase keywords? According to Anonymous
(2015), Siti Hawa thinks that Dr Ngs scientific writingpresentation
is fascinating and humorous! Everyone in the class is having agood
time. Use own words? Siti Hawa thinks that Dr Ngs scientific
writing class is well received by theparticipants, as stated by
Anonymous (2015). Not encouraged, unless you are lazy and a
risk-taker The standard expectation from a postgraduate student
Exercise 2: Reference list
To find out the citation style: Get yourself connected to the
internet. Load the following websites. Website 1: TodaysMeet
https://todaysmeet.com/SciWri15part3a Website 2: Cite this for me
https://www.citethisforme.com/ Ready Get set.. Exercise 2:
Reference list
doi: /j.cell 1. Takeuchi O, Akira S. Pattern Recognition
Receptorsand Inflammation. Cell. 2010;140(6): doi: /j.cell 1.
Takeuchi O, Akira S. Pattern Recognition Receptorsand Inflammation.
Cell. 2010;140(6): Takeuchi, O. and Akira, S. (2010). Pattern
RecognitionReceptors and Inflammation. Cell, 140(6), pp Takeuchi
Osamu, and Shizuo Akira 'PatternRecognition Receptors And
Inflammation'. Cell 140 (6): doi: /j.cell Takeuchi Osamu, and
Shizuo Akira. 'Pattern RecognitionReceptors And Inflammation'. Cell
(2010): Web. 8 Sept AMA Vancouver Harvard Chicago MLA Reference
list (Harvard Style)
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article.Full Title of Journal,
Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page number(s). Alphabetical
order Italics for Journal title Ng, S.K., Weissbach, R., Ronson, G.
and Scadden, A.D.J. (2013). Proteins that contain a functional
Z-DNA-binding domain localize to cytoplasmic stress granules.
Nucleic Acids Research, 41(21), pp Schweidenback, C.T.H., Emerman,
A.B., Jambhekar, A. and Blower, M.D. (2014). Evidence for multiple,
distinct ADAR- containing complexes in Xenopus laevis. RNA, 21(2),
pp Takeuchi, O. and Akira, S. (2010). Pattern Recognition Receptors
and Inflammation. Cell, 140(6), pp Correct punctuations No
numbering Reference tool EndNote
Reference tools generate your reference list accordingto the style
required automatically. Get EndNote X7 installer from the IPPT
library. There are other free software available: Zoterofirefox
plug-in BibTex for LaTeX users Mendeley Or commercial ones: Papers,
Reference Manager,RefWorks Further reading Scientific writing =
Thinking in words
- David Lindsay (2011) Scientific writing Easy when you know how -
Jennifer Peat (2002) Common mistakes in grammar, punctuation, and
sentencestructure - Marianne Mallia, ELS (2009) Harvard system -
Anglia Ruskin University Further reading Responsible and efficient
literature searching
- Ruth Lewis and Cathy Sarli (2015)
https://becker.wustl.edu/sites/default/files/RespLitSearch.pdf
Announcement Thank you! RM 120 for 3-day English Language
Workshop
Lecturers from the Language School will come over Interested
students pleaseDr Kumitaa: Thank you!