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Scientific Revolution
Expermentation• Relied on Greek and Roman explanations• Renaissance thinkers started to question
these theories• Developed Scientific Method:
Sciences/Mathematics & Instruments
• Calculus, astronomy, physics, & anatomy = major discoveries
• Instruments - Barometer – measure air pressure - Microscope – investigate small objects - Telescope – see distant objects - Thermometer – temperature
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543)
• Astronomer• Heliocentric (sun – centered) model
of the solar system• Went against Aristotle’s & Ptolemy’s
geocentric (earth – centered) theory• Few believed his theory
Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)
• Developed laws of planetary motion - Elliptical orbits
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642)
• Italian astronomer• Telescope• 1610 published findings• Church calls findings heresy - forced to recant his findings• Gravity and speed of fallen objects - all objects fall at same speed w/o air
friction
Isaac Newton (1643 – 1728)
• Laws of universal gravitation - Universe viewed as a large machine, operating according to certain rules
Anatomy• Andreas Vesalius, 1543 - Published several volumes
filled with descriptions and illustrations of body systems
• William Harvey, 1628 - Circulatory system and
importance of the heart
Biology - Chemistry
• Antoni Leeuwenhook - discovered bacteria using a
microscope• Study of Chemistry - composition of matter & how it
changes - elements being identified
Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650)
• All assumptions should be questioned• “I think therefore I am”• Discourse of Method, 1637 - Only certain things are true w/o facts to prove them• Use of reason --- rationalism
Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)
• Lots of Experimentation• Inductive thinking
- Specific observation to general assumptions
- Ex: Ice is cold, All ice is cold
Spread of Knowledge
Use the timeline “Major Steps in the Scientific Revolution” on page 626-627 to answer the following.
_____1. Who wrote “The Nature of the Sun and Earth”? A. Bacon B. Copernicus C. Coste Blanche
_____2. Who invented the microscope? A. Janssen B. Harvey C. Galileo
_____3. Who made their invention LAST? A. Torricelli B. Janssen C. Fahrenheit
_____4. How many years passed between the invention of the microscope and it’s use to find bacteria? A.150 B.160 C.174
_____5. What country did not establish a group dedicated to science study? A. France B. England C. America
_____6. Why did Galileo face an inquisition? A. He supported Copernicus’s theory B. He supported Bacon’s theory C. None
_____7. Who developed the Heliocentric theory? A. Copernicus B. Vesalius C. Bacon
_____8. Who invented the mercury thermometer? A. Fahrenheit B. Boyle C. Newton
_____9. What year did Newton publish his law of gravity? A. 1687 B. 1670 C. 1720
_____10. Who discovered how the human heart works? A. Descartes B. Torricelli C. Harvey
_____11. Who published their theory FIRST? A. Harvey B. Copernicus C. Janssen
_____12. Who did not publish a science related article? A. Galileo B. Descartes C. Torricelli
_____13. Who did not invent a new technology? A. Janssen B. Kepler C. Torricelli
_____14. Newton published the law of gravity? A. True B. False
_____15. Galileo was an author and an inventor? A. True B. False
Read the following passage and answer the related questions.
With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies [of Copernicus] and also every other error….contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert….anything that might cause a similar suspicion toward me.
Galileo Galilei as quoted in “The Discoverers”_____1. What suspicion is it he wants to prevent?
A. That he agrees with the church B. That he disagrees with the church C. That he is a god
_____2. Why is he apologizing?
A. Because he has said something contrary to the church B. Because he left the church C. He is dying
_____3. What does “contrary” mean?
A. Goes along with B. Agrees with C. Does not go along with
_____4. What does he promise NOT to do?
A. Say or do anything that goes against the church B. Believe in the church C. Join or forgive the church
_____5. What scientist did Galileo support that got him into trouble?
A. Copernicus B. Galilei C. Holy Church
_____6. What word was NOT used to describe Galileo’s feeling?
A. Detest B. Error C. Sad
_____7. What would this be considered?
A. An apology B. A poem C. A song
True or False
____________________8. Galileo is apologizing for his beliefs in this statement.
____________________9. Galileo promises to continue his research – even if it is contrary to the church.
____________________10. The Church liked with Galileo’s work.