SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC METHODMETHODUnit 1Unit 1

ChemistryChemistry

LangleyLangley

SCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC METHOD

DEFINITIONDEFINITION Logical, systematic approach to problem solvingLogical, systematic approach to problem solving

STEP 1STEP 1 Identifying the problemIdentifying the problem

STEP 2STEP 2 Creating a hypothesis Creating a hypothesis

STEP 3STEP 3 Test and ExperimentTest and Experiment

STEP 4STEP 4 Analyze the dataAnalyze the data

STEP 5STEP 5 Develop a conclusionDevelop a conclusion

STEP 6STEP 6 Communicate your findingsCommunicate your findings

STEP 1: PROBLEMSTEP 1: PROBLEM

Observations lead to questionsObservations lead to questions Questions lead to the identification of the Questions lead to the identification of the

problemproblem

STEP 2: HYPOTHESISSTEP 2: HYPOTHESIS

Proposed explanation for an observationProposed explanation for an observation IS NOT a questionIS NOT a question

Educated guessEducated guess Must be a predictionMust be a prediction Must be testableMust be testable Can be ruled inaccurate or altered if its Can be ruled inaccurate or altered if its

predictions are clearly and repeatedly predictions are clearly and repeatedly proven false with experimental trialsproven false with experimental trials

STEP 3: EXPERIMENTSTEP 3: EXPERIMENT

Organized procedure used to test a Organized procedure used to test a hypothesishypothesis

4 parts to an experiment4 parts to an experiment ConstantConstant ControlControl Independent variableIndependent variable Dependent variableDependent variable

STEPS 4/5: STEPS 4/5: ANALYZE/CONCLUDEANALYZE/CONCLUDE

Look for patterns within the dataLook for patterns within the data 2 types of data: qualitative and quantitative2 types of data: qualitative and quantitative

Presented in tables or graphsPresented in tables or graphs 3 types of graphs3 types of graphs

Line graphLine graph Bar graphBar graph Pie ChartPie Chart

Theorize why the observed pattern is soTheorize why the observed pattern is so

STEP 6: COMMUNICATESTEP 6: COMMUNICATE

When scientists collaborate (work When scientists collaborate (work together) and communicate, they together) and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful increase the likelihood of a successful outcomeoutcome

WHY STUDY CHEMISTRYWHY STUDY CHEMISTRY

Chemistry comes from alchemyChemistry comes from alchemy Chemistry is the study of the composition Chemistry is the study of the composition

of matter and the changes matter of matter and the changes matter undergoesundergoes

Chemistry provides logical explanations Chemistry provides logical explanations for observationsfor observations

Divided into 6 categories: analytical, Divided into 6 categories: analytical, biochemistry, inorganic, organic, biochemistry, inorganic, organic, physical, and theoreticalphysical, and theoretical

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Focuses on the composition of matterFocuses on the composition of matter Identifies compounds and componentsIdentifies compounds and components ““Measurable” ChemistryMeasurable” Chemistry

BIOCHEMISTRYBIOCHEMISTRY

Study of processes that take place in Study of processes that take place in organismsorganisms

Understand the structure of matter found Understand the structure of matter found in the human body and the chemical in the human body and the chemical changes that occur in cellschanges that occur in cells

INORGANIC vs. ORGANIC INORGANIC vs. ORGANIC CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

Inorganic Inorganic Study of all that does not include carbonStudy of all that does not include carbon

OrganicOrganic Study of chemicals/compounds that contain Study of chemicals/compounds that contain

carboncarbon

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRYPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Area that deals with the mechanism, rate, Area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a changematter undergoes a change

Study of properties and changes of Study of properties and changes of matter and energymatter and energy

Study of the interaction between two Study of the interaction between two elementselements

THEORETICAL CHEMISTRYTHEORETICAL CHEMISTRY

Design and prediction of new compounds Design and prediction of new compounds and new ideasand new ideas

Pure Chemistry and Applied ChemistryPure Chemistry and Applied Chemistry Pure: research on fundamental aspects of Pure: research on fundamental aspects of

chemistry; knowledge for its own sakechemistry; knowledge for its own sake Applied: research that is directed toward a Applied: research that is directed toward a

practical goal or applicationpractical goal or application

FACTS vs. CONCEPTSFACTS vs. CONCEPTS

FactFact An observation that has been confirmed repeatedly An observation that has been confirmed repeatedly

and is accepted as trueand is accepted as true A piece of information about circumstances that A piece of information about circumstances that

exist or events that have occurredexist or events that have occurred ConceptConcept

An abstract or general idea inferred or derived from An abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instancesspecific instances

Idea, thought, notionIdea, thought, notion All facts can be concepts but all concepts need All facts can be concepts but all concepts need

not be factsnot be facts

THEORY vs. LAWTHEORY vs. LAW

Theory is a well-tested explanation for a Theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observationsbroad set of observations Can be altered or changed at any point, all Can be altered or changed at any point, all

that is needed is new experimental data or that is needed is new experimental data or new/different observationsnew/different observations

Scientific Law is a concise statement that Scientific Law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many summarizes the results of many observations and experimentsobservations and experiments Tested many, many times and is always Tested many, many times and is always

found to be truefound to be true