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2 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VoL. 100, No. 2592

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PENICILLINMERCK

A RECORD OF PERFORMANCE

r39OROUGHGOING experience and establishedJ leadership in organic research, development,and production have been the determining factorsin the rapid achievement of large-scale Penicillinproduction by Merck & Co., Inc.

Intensive research on Penicillin, begun in theautumn of 1940, established a sound basis for thesuccessful development of mass production. Byapplying chemical engineering principles to themanufacture of this intrinsically unstable anddifficultly produced substance, Merck & Co., Inc.succeeded in devising and perfecting a practicalmethod of production, based on the mass-fer-mentation principle.The following chronologic review tabulates the

more important advances leading to the presentvolume of Penicillin production, including someof the contributions that we have been privilegedto make:1929-Penicillin discovered by Fleming in Eng-land.1932-First report by British investigators con-firming original work on Penicillin.1940-First isolation of solid Penicillin by Oxfordinvestigators.1940-Merck research on antibiotics concen-trated on Penicillin.1941-First report of Penicillin's clinical value.

1941-Prof. H. W. Florey and Dr. N. G. Heatley,of the Oxford group, visited the United States toconfer with interested Government officials andmanufacturers, with the objective of establishingPenicillin production in America.1941-Dr. Heatley, who participated in the firstproduction work in England, remained at theMerck Research Laboratories to collaborate withMerck chemists in developing test and produc-tion procedures.1941-Merck brought about a reciprocal arrange-ment between British and American investiga-tors to spur production in cooperation with theUnited States and British governments.1942-Merck supplied Penicillin for first case ofbacteriemia successfully treated with Penicillinin America.1942-Merck Penicillin was rushed under policeescort to Boston for treatment of the CocoanutGrove fire casualties.1943-Merck sent supplies of Penicillin to Eng-land by air transport for urgent therapeutic useby the United States Army Medical Corps.1943-Large-scale production of Penicillin wasestablished by Merck to meet Government re-quirements.1944-Merck sends ever-increasing supplies ofPenicillin to our Armed Forces.

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4 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS vou 100, No. 2592

SEPTEMBER 1, 1944 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 5

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8 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEAVENTS Vol, 1001 No. 2.592

SCIENCE

VOL. 100 FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1944 No. 2592

Living Fossils: DR. DOUGLAS H. CAMPBELL ........................ 179

The American Association for the Advancement ofScience:

Final Report on the Revision of the Constitution 181

Obituary:Philip Fox: DR. JOEL STEBBINS. Recent Deaths ...... 184

Scientific Events:Scientific Research Fellowships in Great Britain;The Registry of Veterinary Pathology at the ArmyInstitute of Pathology; The Mount Desert IslandBiological Laboratory; Latin-American Guggen-heim Fellowships............ 186

Scientific Notes and News ................... ........................ 188

Discussion:Nomenclature of the Human Malaria Parasites:PROFESSOR CURTIS W. SABROSKY and DR. ROBERTL. USINGER. A New Philosophy of PreventiveMedicine: MAJOR HERMAN S. WIGODSKY. SexDifferences in the Science Talent Test: DR. HAROLDA. EDGERTON and Da. STEUART HENDERSON BRITT.Remarks on the History of Science in Russia: PRo-FESSOR S. P. TIMOSHENKO and DR. J. V. USPENSKY 190

Scientific Books:Fatty Acids and Lipids: DR. R. G. SINCLAIR. Syn-thetic Substances: DR. W. D. TURNER. Marine andAir Navigation: LIEUTENANT ALTON B MOODY ...... 194

Special Articles:A Method of Prolonging the Action of Penicillin:CAPTAIN MONROE J. ROMANSKY and GEORGE E.RITTMAN. Inhibition of B Hemolytic StreptococciFibrinolysin by Trypsin Inhibitor (Antiprotease):DR. I. ARTHUR MIRSKY. Effect of Spinal Fluidfrom Patients with Myasthenia Gravis on the Syn-thesis of Acetylcholine in Vitro: DR. CLARA TORDA

andDR.HAROLDG. WoLFF................................................. 196

Scientific Apparatus and Laboratory Methods:The Measurement of " Folic Acid": T. D. LUCKEY,L. J. TEPLY and DR. C. A. ELVEHJEM. An Inex-pensive Decompression Chamber: DR. F. R. STEG-GERDA and DR. A. B. TAYLOR . ...... 201

Science News ......10

SCIENCE: A Weekly Journal devoted to the Advance-ment of Science. Editorial communications should be sentto the editors of SCIENCE, Lancaster, Pa. Published everyFriday by

THE SCIENCE PRESSLancaster, Pennsylvania

Annual Subscription, $6.00 Single Copies, 15 Cts.

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LIVING FOSSILSBy DR. DOUGLAS H. CAMPBELL

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

THE simplest organisms, like bacteria and manyprotozoa and unicellular fresh-water green algae,probably have changed but little during the ages thathave intervened since they first came into existence,as their aquatic environment has remained much thesame.A study of the fossil record indicates a similar con-

servatism in the land plants, including the angio-spermous flowering plants, whose earliest known fossilremains from the Cretaceous belong to genera stillexisting. Of course they must have been preceded byearlier Mesozoic types, but as yet these are unknown.The importance of fossils, both plant and animals,

as indicators in geological formations is of courserecognized, but the tendency to emphasize the greaterimportance of animal fossils might perhaps be ques-tioned.

The fossils of the late Mesozoic and early Tertiaryare especially important, since it was in these erasthat the origin and evolution of the now dominantangiosperms and mammalia were inaugurated.Many common American trees, like the sycamore,

oak, elm, willow, beech, tulip-tree (Liriodendron) andothers, are found in the Cretaceous, and it is probablethat the forests of the Cretaceous and early Tertiarywere not very different from those of the presenteastern United States. Since these trees have re-mained practically unchanged since the late Mesozoicto the present time, they might be termed "livingfossils."The animal life, however, has altered radically. The

dinosaurs, which reached their culmination in theJurassic and Cretaceous, have given way completelyto the mammals which at the period of the dinosaur