science lit later elementrary vol 1a - IIT Bombay

Teacher Workbooks

Science and Nature Series Science Literacy

Later Elementary Level – Volume 1-A Scientific Method, Electricity, and

Simple Machines

© Copyright 2002 Teachnology Publishing Company A Division of Teachnology, Inc. For additional information, visit us at www.teach-nology.com/publishing

© 2002 Teachnology, Inc.

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Table of Contents

Subject Table of Contents

Scientific Method 1-10

Electricity 11-20

Simple Machines 21-30

Answers 31-32

National Science Content Standards 33-34

Standards Table of Contents

Earth and Space Science 1

History and Nature of Science 2, 4, 7-9, 11, 13-14, 18, 27, 29

Life Science 3

Unifying Concepts and Processes 5-6

Science as Inquiry 10

Physical Science 12, 16-17, 19, 21-26, 28

Science in Personal and Social Perspectives 15

Science and Technology 20, 30

Answers 41-42

National Science Content Standards 43-44

Name ___________________________________ # ______________________ Date ____________________________________ Science

National Science Content Standard: Earth and Space Science © 2002 Teachnology, Inc.

1

Directions:

Think about the first step in the Scientific Method: observation. Take a walk outside with your teacher and classmates. Collect one leaf that has fallen

from a tree to the ground. Upon your return to class, examine the leaf. Think about and list 6 properties of the leaf. In the space provided below, write a description of the leaf. Be sure to include at least 5 complete sentences that accurately describe the qualities. Include 4 listed properties of the leaf, and a conclusion based on the collected data. Properties of My Selected Leaf Picture of My Leaf ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

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National Science Content Standard: History and Nature of Science © 2002 Teachnology, Inc.

2

Directions: On the lines below, explain why you think the Scientific Method was needed and ultimately deve loped, and why it is still an important process used by scientists today. Include at least 4-8 complete sentences. Remember to proofread your answer for correct capitalization and punctuation.

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National Science Content Standard: Life Science © 2002 Teachnology, Inc.

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Directions: Think about one of the following topics, and select one to work with. Write your chosen topic on the line below. puppies now wind pea Chosen topic _________________ Now, think about one question you would like to ask about your chosen topic (other than the example question). For example, let’s say you chose the topic pea. A sample question could be "Why is a pea green?" Next, write down your prediction, or hypothesis, as a reasonable explanation to your question. Using at least 3-5 resources, (at least 2 Internet sources) collect data on your topic. Analyze your collected data to help define your original question. What conclusion can now be made after you have completed your research? Question: ______________________________________________________ Prediction: ______________________________________________________ Summary of Collected Data

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Analysis of Collected Data

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Conclusion ________________________________________________________________________

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Directions: Think about the concept and process of the Scientific Method. What makes these steps critical in determining new knowledge that results from using this method? Choose from the word bank below to help in your response. If you need help with any of the words, first attempt to learn their meaning from your class notes, in a science text or in a dictionary. If you still are having difficulty, ask your teacher. Write at least 4-8 sentences that explain your answer.

Word Bank universal process formula proof speculation

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National Science Content Standard: Unifying Concepts and Processes © 2002 Teachnology, Inc.

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Directions: For this task, you will be using the first step in the Scientific Method: observation.

Your goal is to observe a member of your family, without their awareness, for 10 minutes at 3 different times of the day. After you have made the observation, write down as many things as you can that you remember about the person and their actions in your Science journal or notebook. Record the date and time of each observation. You will have 2 days to complete this assignment. Your observations are due on __________________________________. Observation #1: Date and Time ____________________________________

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Observation # 2 Date and Time _____________________________________

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Observation #3 Date and Time _____________________________________

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National Science Content Standard: Unifying Concepts and Processes © 2002 Teachnology, Inc.

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Directions: Think about the way information was collected and learned prior to the development of the hand lens, magnifying glass, or the microscope. Explain why the skill of observation is so important in the scientific world, and how it relates to the scientific method. Include at least 3-7 complete sentences.

Limit your use of pronouns, and proofread for correct capitalization and punctuation. ________________________________________________________________________

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Directions:

The skill of comparing and contrasting fits under the umbrella skill of observing. Remember that to compare is to record the similarity of an item or object. To make a contrast just the opposite occurs, the differences that exist among items or objects are noted.

Think about the instruments that scientists use to help in observation. Scientists use their gift of sight, hand magnifying lenses, and microscopes to assist in observations. On the lines provided below, choose 2 tools of observation and write 2-5 complete sentences to describe how they can be compared as well as 2-5 sentences that contrast them. Observation instruments to be compared: ______________________________________________________________________________

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Directions: Spend 10 minutes at two different times of the day observing your class pet, scientific animal, or living plant. In the space provided below, write down at least 4 observations. Include the date and time of the observation. Next, create 5 questions, based on your observations that you would like to ask a scientist if you had the opportunity.

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Directions: Science involves the skill of observation. In your own words, and in 3-8 complete sentences, describe what it means to make an observation. ________________________________________________________________________

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National Science Content Standard: Science as Inquiry © 2002 Teachnology, Inc.

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Directions: Write the meaning of each step in the scientific method. Remember to write in complete sentences. Please answer the question at the end of the paper. The first step in the Scientific Method is when a scientist asks a ____________________. The steps that follow are: Hypothesis:____________________________________________________________________

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Bonus question: Why do scientists use the scientific method? (Hint, what does it provide?) Use the back of this paper for your answer.



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Directions: Read the information below and follow the instructions presented. Benjamin Franklin made many significant contributions to the information pool of knowledge. Using at least 2 different sources, and no more than 3, read and learn about his inventions and insights. Choose one contribution and write 1 to 3 paragraphs on that contribution. Include how that new knowledge influenced people’s lives, and how that knowledge is still used today. One of the 2 sources must be an Internet source. Fill in the information below as requested as you complete your research. Please write your paragraph(s) on a piece of loose- leaf paper and staple this cover sheet to the loose leaf. Good luck and have fun! Benjamin Franklin Contribution ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Resources ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________


National Science Content Standard: Physical Science © 2002 Teachnology, Inc.

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Directions: Use the following information in the passage below to help you answer the following questions. Remember to answer in complete sentences. Good luck and have fun!

Atoms All matter is made up of something called atoms. To think about atoms, image a silver dollar. Divide the coin up into 4 pieces. Continue to divide the coin until only the smallest piece of silver is left. The piece is very small; yet still a piece of silver. That is an atom. Atoms and combinations of atoms are tiny particles that make up all matter. So far, scientists have identified 115 different types of atoms. Atoms are made of three different components. These are protons, electrons, and neutrons. All atoms have several components. Every atom has a nucleus that contains at least one proton and most have neutrons. Electrons orbit around the nucleus. Each of these has unique properties. Protons carry a positive charge, electrons carry a negative charge, and neutrons remain neutral. What makes up matter? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What are atoms? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What are the three components of an atom? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What type charge does each component have? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________



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Directions: Think about what life may have been like prior to the invention of electricity. On the lines below, write a paragraph of at least 3-10 complete sentences describing what you think life may have been like during that time. ______________________________________________________________________________

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Directions: Think of all the ways you use electricity in your home. Identify what you think are the 4 most important uses of electricity in your home and explain why they are important to you. ______________________________________________________________________________

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National Science Content Standard: Science in Personal and Social Perspectives © 2002 Teachnology, Inc.

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Directions: Read through the following passage. Answer the questions that follow in complete sentences.

Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison was an inventor. He was probably best well known for his invention of light through the light bulb. He also made other discoveries and inventions that helped the world, as we know it today. Edison invented the phonograph. He also invented the carbon transmitter that ultimately helped advance telephone technology.

Thomas Edison died on October 18, 1931 in Llewellyn Park, New Jersey. On the day of his funeral, the nation dimmed its light bulbs for one minute.

Why do you think the world dimmed all the light bulbs for one minute on the day of Thomas Edison’s funeral? How did the world feel about Thomas Edison? Remember to answer the questions thoroughly and in complete sentences. ______________________________________________________________________________

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Directions:

Electricity and temperature has the ability to move from place to place through different objects and materials. Certain materials either allow electricity and temperature to move through them or prevent electricity and temperature from moving through them. A conductor is a material that allows electricity and temperature to move through it. Metal, for example, is considered a conductor. An insulator is a material that does not allow electricity to move through it. An example of an insulator is rubber. Read through and think about the following scenario.

Lucy is skiing. She is dressed warmly and her ears are uncovered. Lucy has pierced ears and is wearing 2 metal post earrings in each ear. Her ears are very cold. Linda is her ski buddy. Linda is also dressed warmly and has uncovered ears. Linda is not wearing any earrings and her ears feel just fine. What could be a possible and reasonable explanation for Lucy’s cold ears, based on the information presented in the paragraph above? Write your answer in complete sentences on the lines below. ______________________________________________________________________________

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Directions: Magnets are very interesting and have properties that make them unique. These unique properties allow magnets to behave in a specific way.

Use one Internet and one other source to write a summary of what a magnet is, and what its properties are. Include at least 4-10 complete sentences in your summary. Give your summary a title. List your resources on the lines provided below. Have fun and good luck! _______________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

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Directions: Benjamin Franklin wore many hats. Go to the following web site to learn more about Benjamin Franklin. Use the home page of the site to answer the questions that follow. Write your answers in complete sentences on the lines provided below. http://sln.fi.edu/tfi/exhibits/franklin.html What are 2 words that describe Benjamin Franklin? ________________________________________________________________________ Name 4 different roles that Benjamin Franklin played. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Name 2 other scientists that Benjamin Franklin inspired. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What does it mean to inspire someone? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What does the expression wore many hats mean? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________



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Directions:

Read through the following paragraphs on circuits. Answer the questions that follow.

Electricity has the ability to travel through materials and through different paths. A simple circuit is a circuit that allows an electrical current to travel, from beginning to end, through one path. If that path becomes blocked, the electricity does not pass through.

A parallel circuit allows electricity to travel through many different paths. The energy and electricity begins and ends at the same point. What makes a parallel circuit unique is this. If the path of one parallel circuit becomes blocked the electrical current will not continue to flow through it. However, the electricity will continue to flow through the other paths. Explain the similarities of a simple and parallel circuit. ______________________________________________________________________________

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Explain the difference between a simple and parallel circuit. ______________________________________________________________________________

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National Science Content Standard: Science and Technology © 2002 Teachnology, Inc.

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Directions: Read through the following passage. Then, answer the question below. A circuit can be either an open or closed circuit. These terms refer to whether electricity is flowing through the circuit or not. The terms open and closed circuits are often applied to switches. When a switch is in the off position, electricity cannot flow through circuit and is called an open circuit. The bulb, also called the load, will not light. When a switch is in the on position, the circuit is closed, allowing the load, or bulb, to work. Write a 3-5 sentence summary of the paragraph above on the lines provided. Remember to include key words and write in complete sentences. ______________________________________________________________________________

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Directions: Read through the following information. Answer the questions that follow in complete sentences.

Simple Machines

Machines help to make work easier. All machines are based on simple machines. Sometimes simple machines are joined together to work with other simple machines. These are called compound machines.

Simple machines have been around for centuries. When dealing with simple machines, the term work is defined as a force pushing or pulling on an object, causing that object to move over a certain distance.

People use a lever when they are on a seesaw. Movers use a ramp to slide items up and down into a truck. Children are actually working when they are using a hand shovel to dig in sand! Answer the following questions in complete sentence. What do machines do? ________________________________________________________________________

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Name three simple machines presented in the paragraph above. ________________________________________________________________________

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Directions: Read the following information. Answer the questions that follow.

Levers

Levers come in all shapes and sizes, and have many uses. A seesaw is a lever. A load sits at one end and a force, pushing and pulling down, is at the other end. The seesaw sits on a support called a fulcrum. Levers help to move heavy loads with as little effort as possible. A hammer and claw, used to remove nails, is an example of a lever. The wall or whatever the hammer rests on when using the claw becomes the fulcrum. A wheelbarrow is also an example of a lever. What is the support of a lever called? ________________________________________________________________________

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Think about a wheelbarrow. Which part of the wheelbarrow is the fulcrum? Why?

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Directions: Read the following paragraph on the inclined plane. Answer the questions that follow.

Inclined Plane The inclined plane, also known as the ramp, includes sloping roads and slides. The incline plane is used to move objects from a low area to a high area with as little effort as possible. A child riding a bicycle has to exert less effort going up a long, sloping hill than up a short, steep hill. The distance traveled is longer, yet the child’s effort is less. Answer the following question in complete sentences. Remember to proofread for correct spelling, capitalization, and punctuation. What is an inclined plane? Give one example of an inclined plane. ________________________________________________________________________

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Directions: Read the following paragraph. Answer the questions that follow.

Wheel and Axle The wheel and axle is another simple machine. A rod is placed through a wheel. The size of the rod may be very short or very long, depending on the object. Placing the rod through the center of the wheel allows the wheel to turn. As a result, the object has the ability to move. Describe the simple machine wheel and axle. ______________________________________________________________________________

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Directions: Read the following information. Answer the questions that follow.

Screws Screws are a simple machine. Actually, they are really an inclined plane. The inclined plane wraps itself around and around causing slanted ridges. These ridges serve several purposes. They provide the ability to raise and lower objects. These ridges also hold things together. What part of the simple machine screw allows for the ability to raise and lower objects? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ On what other simple machine is the screw based on? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Give 2 examples of a common use of the screw. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What do you think is stronger, a nail or a screw? Why? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________



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Directions: Read the paragraph below. Answer the questions that follow.

Pulley

Pulleys are a pretty simple machine! They use a rope that fits into a groove in the center of a wheel. A force, also known as effort, pulls or reduces the pull to raise or lower a load at the end of the rope. Pulleys have the ability to move objects up, down, and sideways. What do you need to have to make a pulley? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Name at least 2 things you could use a pulley for. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Why do you think a pulley is called a simple machine? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________



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Directions: Read the following paragraphs. Answer the questions that follow in complete sentences.

Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci was a painter during the Renaissance Period. He was a curious observer who was always interested in learning and explaining what he saw. Leonardo kept many notebooks in which he made sketches and observations. It is through these notebooks that we have learned much about him.

Leonardo was extremely interested in the workings of machines. His unique and visionary approach toward machines ultimately led to a new attitude toward them. This new attitude led to the belief that the knowledge of how each part of the machine worked, modifications, improvements, and combinations of these machines could be possible! Identify 2 personality characteristics of Leonardo Da Vinci. ______________________________________________________________________________

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Directions: Read through the following paragraph. Use the words from the word box to fill in the blanks. Write in each word to complete the paragraph.

Word Box

easier simple object together machines distance force compound

When 2 or more ________________________ machines work

__________________________, a compound machine is born. All

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machine, make work _____________________________. This is done by

changing the ________________________ or amount of effort, also known as

applied ________________________, to an ___________________________.



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Directions: Read through the following paragraph. Write a 3-7 sentence summary of the information on the lines provided below. Leonardo Da Vinci conducted many experiments on the operation of machines. He was always interested in how they worked. Leonardo often made changes to machines that ultimately made them more efficient and effective. He combined existing machines to invent new machines never before seen. ______________________________________________________________________________

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National Science Content Standard: Science and Technology © 2002 Teachnology, Inc.

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Directions: Read through the following paragraph. Answer the questions that follow in complete sentences.

Simple Machines

Simple machines are just that: simple. All machines are made up of simple machines or combinations of simple machines. Simple machines include the inclined plane, wheel and axle, wedge, screw, lever, and pulley. Why are simple machines called simple machines? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What are all machines made up of? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ List the six simple machines. __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________


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Answer Key

Summary answers are provided below. Pages 1-9 Answers will vary. Page 10 1. Question. 2. Hypothesis: educated guess. 3. Observation: what is seen. 4. Data Collection: information collected. 5. Graphing Information: graphs will vary. 6. Conclusion: outcome of question and activity. Page 11 Answers will vary. Page 12 1. Atoms and combinations of atoms. 2. Smallest piece of matter. 3. Electrons, neutrons, protons. 4. protons - positive electrons – negative neutrons – neutral Page 13-14 Answers will vary. Page 15 1. In memory of Edison. 2. Respected and well liked. Page 16 The earrings conducted the cold temperature and was felt by the body. Answers will vary. Page 17 Answers will vary.

Page 18 1. Insatiably curious. 2. Inventor, scientist, politician, businessman, or philosopher. 3. Wright Brothers, Thomas Edison. 4. Encourage. 5. Able to do many things. Page 19 1. Electricity passes through them both 2. Simple - only one path, if blocked does not work. Parallel - more than one path, if one is blocked, others still conduct. Page 20 Answers will vary. Page 21 1. To make work easier. 2. A force (pushing or pulling) on an object causing the object to move. 3. Ramp, shovel, and lever. 4. Two or more simple machines working together. Page 22 1. Fulcrum. 2. To move heavy loads with as little effort as possible. 3. B, handles and bin rest on them. Page 23 A ramp or sloping object. Answers will vary. Page 24 A rod placed through the center of a wheel. Answers will vary.

Page 25 1. Slanted ridges. 2. Inclined plane. 3. Answers will vary. 4. Screw is stonger. Answers will vary. Page 26 1. A rope and a wheel with a center groove. 2. Answers will vary. 3. It is simple. Page 27 1. Curious and observer. 2. Explain what he saw. 3. Improvements of machines. Page 28 1. simple 2. together 3. machines 4. compound 5. easier 6. distance 7. force 8. object Page 29 Answers will vary. Page 30 1. They are simple. 2. Simple machines or combinations of them. 3. Inclined plane, wheel and axle, wedge, screw, lever, and pulley.


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National Science Content Standards The National Science Content Standards have been developed and published by the National Academy of Science. Below are a summary of the science content standards for grades K-4 and 5-8. For additional information on these content standards, visit the National Science Education Standards Website at http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/nses/html/. Grades K-4 Unifying Concepts And Processes: *systems, order, and organization *evidence, models, and explanation *change, constancy, and measurement *evolution and equilibrium *form and function Science as Inquiry: *abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry *understandings about scientific inquiry Physical Science: *properties of objects and materials *position of motion and objects *light, heat, electricity, and magnetism Life Science: *characteristics of organisms *life cycles of organisms *organisms and environments Earth and Space Science: *properties of earth materials *Objects in the sky *Changes in the earth and sky Science and Technology: *abilities of technological design *understanding about science and technology

*abilities to distinguish between natural and manmade objects

Science in Personal and Social Perspectives: *personal health

*characteristics and changes in population *types of resources *changes in environments *science and technology in local challenges

History and Nature of Science: *science as a human endeavor


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Grades 5-8 Unifying Concepts And Processes: *systems, order, and organization *evidence, models, and explanation *change, constancy, and measurement *evolution and equilibrium Science as Inquiry: *abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry *understanding about scientific inquiry Physical Science: *properties and changes of properties in matter *motions and forces *transfer of energy Life Science: *structure and function in living systems *reproduction and heredity *regulation and behavior *populations and ecosystems *diversity and adaptations of organisms Earth and Space Science: *structure of the earth system *earth’s history *earth in the solar system Science and Technology: *abilities of technological design *understanding about science and technology Science in Personal and Social Perspectives: *personal health *populations, resources, and environments *natural hazards *risks and benefits *science and technology in society History and Nature of Science: *science as a human endeavor *nature of science *history of science National Research Council. National Science Education Standards. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press, 1996. 1 Sept. 2002. <http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/nses/html/>

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science lit later elementrary vol 1a - IIT Bombay