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SCIENCE GATEWAYBiological Systems and Life
Processes REVIEW AND PRACTICE
BIOLOGY
ENERGY/MATTERTRANSFORMATIONS
RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS
– Process by which plants and animals obtain energy from foods
– Organisms break down food into smaller molecules, which combine with oxygen
– Energy stored in sugars (glucose) is released as ATP
RESPIRATION
Process occurs in two phases:1. Glycolosis: breakdown of
glucose into pyruvic acid• Occurs in cytoplasm in
eukaryotes2. Oxidation of pyruvic acid to
carbon dioxide and water• Occurs in mitochondria
RESPIRATION
After the breakdown of glucose, waste products, such as CO2 and water, leave through cell membrane
RESPIRATION
RESPIRATION
– Chemical reactions produce the nucleotide, ATP
– ATP stores energy– Energy is released
from ATP when needed
– ATP is used for all the energy-consuming activities of the cell
RESPIRATION
OVERALL REACTIONRespiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energyGlucose Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Water
Similar to combustion reaction (burning)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Process of producing food in plants
• Chloroplasts (cells) use energy from the sun to produce glucose
• Uses CO2 and water
• Releases oxygen as waste
PHOTOSYNTHESISLight Reaction• Chlorophyll traps the
energy available in sunlight
• ATP is produced– ATP stores energy for cell
processes• Water is split into hydrogen
and oxygen• Some oxygen is used in
respiration• A great deal of oxygen is
released to the environment
Dark Reaction• CO2 and other chemicals
combine to form glucose, using energy from ATP
• Some of the glucose produced is used in respiration
• Some glucose is used for growth
• Excess glucose is stored in roots, stems and leaves of plants
RELATIONSHIP BETWEENPHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
Respiration• ALL plants and animals
carry on respiration• Uses oxygen• Releases water and CO2
Photosynthesis• Plants with chlorophyll
carry on photosynthesis• Produces oxygen• Uses water and CO2
LIFE FUNCTIONS
BASIC LIFE FUNCTIONS
• All living organisms need to perform certain functions to remain alive
• Living organisms contain systems designed to carry out these essential functions
BASIC LIFE FUNCTIONS
Six basic functions:
D Digestion
R Respiration
R Reproduction
R Response
E Excretion
G Growth
BASIC LIFE FUNCTIONS
DIGESTION• The process of
changing food into a usable form to provide energy
RESPIRATION• The process of using
food• Breaking down stored
food and combining it with oxygen to provide energy
• The exchange of gases to produce food and energy
BASIC LIFE FUNCTIONS
REPRODUCTION• The process by
which new organisms (offspring) are produced
BASIC LIFE FUNCTIONS
RESPONSE• How organisms react to changes in
their surroundings
BASIC LIFE FUNCTIONS
BASIC LIFE FUNCTIONS
EXCRETION• The process by which the body gets rid
of liquid waste• The lungs, kidneys, and skin function to
excrete waste produces created by the body
BASIC LIFE FUNCTIONS
GROWTH• The repair and
production of new and larger cells within a living organism
TO BE LIVING
• An organism must perform all life functions to be considered living
• However, these life functions may be carried out in different ways
BACTERIA • Prokaryotic organisms
– Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus• Identified by shape, type of cell wall, movement, and the
ways in which they obtain energy• Most reproduce by binary fission, creating two identical
cells• May participate in conjugation
– Genes move from one cell to another
ARE VIRUSES ALIVE?
Not considered alive by many biologists• Not composed of
cells• Not able to reproduce
independently; must use host cell
• Infect living cells• Can make copies of
themselves• Made of a DNA or
RNA core surrounded by protein coat
HIV Virus
WWHHHEEE!!!!
That’s a lot of knowledge! Think you can remember?
GATEWAY – HERE I COME!
ARE YOU READY???!!!!
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