SCIENCE 605CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND CHANGE

CONTENTS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

I. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Mass, Weight, and States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Experiment 605.A States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chemical Elements and Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Molecules and Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Experiment 605.B Copper Iodide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Experiment 605.C Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

II. PERIODIC TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Chemical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Atomic Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Arrangement of the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . 24

III. CHEMICAL CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Diagrams of Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Experiment 605.D Testing for Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Author: Barry G. Burrus, M.Div., M.A., B.S.Editors: Alpha Omega StaffIllustrations: Lauren Durain A.S.T./Alpha Omega Staff

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INTRODUCTION

God has created all things that we see in our universe. The substance of all things in our universe iscalled matter. All matter consists of many different kinds of substances called chemicals.Chemicals make all the substances that you see around you every day. In fact, your body is made upof many different kinds of chemicals.

In this LIFEPAC® you will learn about the structure of chemicals. All matter contains tiny particlesthat make its basic structure. This structure of matter forms the basic building blocks of allchemicals. God has designed matter and chemicals with marvelous order. Human beings havediscovered much about the orderly structure of matter. You will learn about some ways that peoplehave arranged these chemicals in charts and tables. One of these, the Periodic Table, is very helpfulin understanding the structure and properties of chemicals.

Finally, chemicals change by combining with other chemicals. They also change from solid state toliquid to gas. You will learn more about chemical changes in this LIFEPAC.

OBJECTIVES

Read these objectives. The objectives tell you what you should be able to do when youhave successfully completed this LIFEPAC.

When you have finished this LIFEPAC, you should be able to:

1. Define and give examples of matter and chemicals.

2. Describe and give examples of the different states of matter.

3. Define and describe atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.

4. Identify the symbols of some common elements.

5. Name some chemical elements from the Periodic Table.

6. Identify and explain the atomic number, atomic weight, and symbols of chemicals.

7. Categorize certain elements such as metals, nonmetals, radioactive substances,and rare earth elements.

8. Write the chemical formulas for some compounds.

9. Identify acids and bases.

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VOCABULARY

Study these new words. Learning the meanings of these words is a good study habit and willimprove your understanding of this LIFEPAC.

acid (as´ id). A substance that usually tastes sour or sharp. Acetic acid in vinegar is an example.

atom (at´ \m). The small particle that makes up molecules. Each atom is unique for a chemicalelement.

base (bas). A substance that feels slick or soapy and usually has a bitter taste. An example of abase is baking soda.

chemical (kem´ \ k\l). Any of the many substances that make up the matter of the universe.

compound (kom pound´). A substance whose molecules consist of atoms that are chemicallyunited.

compress (k\m pres´). Squeeze together; make smaller by pressure.

electron (i lek´ tron). An elementary particle of an atom which has a negative electrical charge.

element (el´ \ m\nt). A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances bychemical means.

gaseous (gas´ e \s). In the form of gas; of or like a gas.

indicator (in´ d\ ka t\r). A substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or base.

isotope (i-´ s\ top). Any of two or more forms of an element that have the same number of protons

but a different number of neutrons.

mass (mas). The amount of matter in a body or object, usually measured in units like grams orpounds mass.

matter (mat´ \r). Anything which has mass and occupies space.

metal (met´ \l). A shiny material that conducts electricity and heat.

molecule (mol´ \ kyül). The chemical combination of two or more atoms.

neutralize (nü´ tr\ li-z). To make of no effect by some opposite force. An acid and a base cancel out

one another.

neutron (nü´ tron). An uncharged elementary particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

phenolphthalein (fe´ nol thal´ en). An indicator that turns red in the presence of a base.

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proton (pro´ ton). An elementary particle carrying a positive electrical charge which is located inthe nucleus of an atom.

radioactive substance (ra de o ak´ tiv sub´ st\ns). A material that gives off fast-moving particlesor powerful rays. Uranium is a radioactive substance.

relative weight (rel´ \ tiv wat). A system of comparing atomic weights to carbon.

shell (shel). Any of the spaces occupied by the orbits of a group of electrons of approximately equalenergy surrounding the nucleus of an atom.

swarm (swôrm). Fly or move about in great numbers.

weight (wat). The measurement of the pull of gravity on an object or body. On earth, mass andweight would be the same.

Note: These words appear in boldface print the first time they are used in thisLIFEPAC. If you are unsure of the meaning when you are reading, restudy thedefinition given in this LIFEPAC.

Pronunciation Key: hat, a-ge, cãre, fär; let, e- qual, te.rm; it, i

-ce; hot, o-pen, ôrder;

oil; out; cup, pu. t, rüle; child; long; thin; /T-H/ for then; /zh/ for measure; /\ /represents /a/ in about, /e/ in taken, /i/ in pencil, /o/ in lemon, and /u/ in circus.

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I. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

INTRODUCTION

In the beginning, God created everything that exists (Genesis 1). Everything in our physical universeis called matter. Matter is made of a great variety of substances called chemicals. The scientificstudy of substances and chemicals is called chemistry, and the scientists who study chemicals arecalled chemists. Chemistry is a very interesting subject. It permits us to see God’s wonderful designof the basic structure of matter in all things that exist.

All matter in the universe occupies space. It also has an amount. The amount of matter in a thingis called its mass. Therefore, matter can be defined as anything that occupies space and has mass.Much of the matter around you can be seen. For example, your clothes, your books, and your deskare all types of matter that you can see. Some matter cannot be seen. You cannot see the air aroundyou, but it is there. Air is matter. It has mass and occupies space. However, air is matter that is inthe gaseous state. In this section of the LIFEPAC, you will learn more about matter in its three basicforms or states: solid, liquid, and gas.

The substances that build matter are called chemicals. All chemicals consist of tiny, basic buildingblocks. They are the basic “stuff” of all chemicals and matter. In this section of the LIFEPAC, youwill learn more about these tiny units of matter and their basic structure. This will help youunderstand the basic structure of the chemicals that God has created.

Review the first three objectives. When you have completed this section, you shouldbe able to:

1. Define and give examples of matter and chemicals.

2. Describe and give examples of the different states of matter.

3. Define and describe atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.

Restudy these words.

atom masschemical mattercompound moleculecompress swarmelement weightgaseous