Science 20

Unit C: The Changing Earth

Assignment Booklet C1

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Science 20Unit C: The Changing EarthAssignment Booklet C1Chapter 1 Assignment

FOR TEACHER’S USE ONLY

Summary Teacher’s Comments

Total Possible Marks

YourMark

Chapter 1Assignment 60

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1 Assignment Booklet C1Science 20: Unit C

ASSIGNMENT BOOKLET C1SCIENCE 20: UNIT C

CHAPTER 1 ASSIGNMENT

This Assignment Booklet is worth 60 marks out of the total 156 marks for the assignments in Unit C. The value of each assignment and each question is stated in the left margin.

Read all parts of your assignment carefully, and record your answers in the appropriate places. If you have difficulty with an assignment, go back to the textbook and review the appropriate lesson. Be sure to proofread your answers carefully before submitting your Assignment Booklet.

Chapter 1 Assignment: The Abyss of Time

For questions 1 to 3, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST completes the statement or answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.

1. Oceanic crust and the continental crust make up the layer of Earth called the

A. asthenosphere B. lithosphere C. mesosphere D. stratosphere

2. Which of the following creates pushes and pulls on Earth’s crust that cause it to crack, tear, and move?

A. evaporation B. subduction C. paleomagnetism D. convection cells

3. The least rigid part of the mantle is the

A. asthenosphere B. lithosphere C. mesosphere D. inner core

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4. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). Place your answer in the blank space given.

a. Oceanic crust slides under continental crust where the two meet because oceanic crust is less buoyant than continental crust.

b. The Slave Granite exposed along the banks of the Slave River was formed in the Precambrian Era.

c. The Precambrian Era includes the present history of Earth.

d. Earth’s core is its densest layer.

5. Match each description with the appropriate term listed. Place your answer in the blank space given.

i. crustal plate ii. core iii. mantle iv. paleomagnetism v. plate tectonics vi. outcrop vii. lithosphere viii. asthenosphere

a. a part of a rock formation that appears above the surface of the surrounding land

b. the layer of Earth between the crust and the core

c. the theory that Earth’s outermost layer of rock consists of crustal plates that move on the mantle and interact at plate boundaries

d. a large piece of continental crust or oceanic crust that moves only on the asthenosphere

e. the innermost part of Earth, consisting of two layers

f. Earth’s outermost layer of rock

g. the study of the magnetic properties of rock that formed in a past geological era

h. the part of the mantle just below Earth’s crust

6. Describe how the movement of the semi-fluid material in a lava lamp is similar to the movement of the semi-fluid asthensophere and lower mantle in Earth.

Return to page 3 of the Distance Learning Student Guide, and begin Lesson 1.2.

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For questions 7 to 11, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST completes the statement or answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.

7. Scientists establish that a river had been depositing sediment for 2.0 ¥ 106 years. They determine that the sedimentary rock strata is 9.0 km thick. The rate of sedimentary deposit is

A. 0.45 cm/a B. 4.5 cm/a C. 9.0 cm/a D. 45 cm/a

8. Which of the following is a name for Alberta’s earliest fossils?

A. ammolites B. cyanobacterium C. strata D. stromatolites

Use the following information to answer question 9.

9. The correct order for the eras from the oldest to youngest is

A. Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, Precambrian B. Mesozoic, Paleozoic, Cenozoic, Precambrian C. Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic D. Precambrian, Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic

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The following diagram represents the four eras of time in Earth’s existence.

Four Eras ofGeological Time

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10. The organisms responsible for producing much of Earth’s atmospheric oxygen are

A. ammolites B. cyanobacterium C. strata D. stromatolites

11. Evidence of an oxygen-rich atmosphere is the presence of

A. cyanobacteria B. trace fossils C. banded iron formations D. stromatolites

12. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). Place your answer in the blank space given.

a. Fossils of coastal organisms have been found along the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains.

b. Cyanobacteria were the dominant form of life on Earth for about two billion years.

c. Archaea are found living near deep-sea thermal vents.

d. The absence of red and grey bands in sedimentary rock from 1.8 billion years ago to the present indicates a lack of oxygen in the atmosphere.

13. Match each description with the appropriate term listed. Place your answer in the blank space given.

i. stromatolites ii. sedimentary iii. trace fossil iv. strata v. fossil vi. cyanobacteria

a. evidence or remains of ancient life preserved in Earth’s crust

b. rock formed from compressed layers of sediment or organic matter

c. single-celled, photosynthetic bacteria

d. layered bands within sedimentary rock

e. Alberta’s oldest fossils

f. indirect fossilized evidence left by ancient organisms

Return to page 4 of the Distance Learning Student Guide, and begin Lesson 1.3.

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For questions 14 to 18, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST completes the statement or answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.

14. The law of superposition states that

A. all rocks and fossils in a given area are the same age B. for a given sequence of rock layers, any layer is younger than the one beneath it C. all rock layers consisting of the same type of rock are the same age D. a sequence of rocks is the chronological record of a given region

15. A fossil that can be used to correlate rock layers in different locations is a(an)

A. historic fossil B. stratigraphic fossil C. index fossil D. relative fossil

16. The relative age of a fossil indicates

A. how long the organism lived B. the exact age of the fossil C. how long ago the fossil was dug out of the ground D. how old the fossil is compared to other fossils or rock structures that are above

or below the given fossil

17. The era that spans the greatest number of years in Earth’s geological history is the

A. Mesozoic B. Cenozoic C. Precambrian D. Paleozoic

18. Which of the following is a characteristic of a good index fossil?

A. It is easily recognizable. B. It appears only briefly in the geolgical record. C. It has a wide geographical distribution. D. All of the above are correct.

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Return to page 6 of the Distance Learning Student Guide, and begin Lesson 1.4.

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19. Match each description with the appropriate term listed. Place your answer in the blank space given.

i. absolute age ii. stratigraphic sequence iii. relative dating iv. intrusion

a. a sequence of rocks that is a chronological record of a region’s geological history

b. the number of years that have elapsed since an event occurred

c. a body of rock that forms from the invasion of magma into a pre-existing rock formation

d. the process of placing rocks and geological structures in the correct chronological order

20. Describe the geological process through which shark’s teeth end up high on a mountain range.

21. Describe two fundamental ideas proposed in the seventeenth century that enabled geologists to date rock layers.

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For questions 22 to 27, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST completes the statement. Place your answer in the blank space given.

Use the following diagram to answer questions 22 to 24.

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22. Layer 2 in the diagram is younger than layers 3, 4, and 5. This statement is based on the

A. rock cycle B. principle of cross-cutting relationships C. principle of superposition D. principle of uniformitarianism

23. The structure labelled 6 is called a(an)

A. junction line B. unconformity C. superposition D. cross section

24. The correct order of the numbered layers from oldest to youngest is

A. 3, 4, 5, 2, 1 B. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 D. 3, 4, 5, 1, 2

25. Rock that forms when molten magma from the mantle intrudes into the crust and solidifies is

A. igneous rock B. metamorphic rock C. sedimentary rock D. none of the above

26. The rock cycle is a process in which rocks are

A. crushed and ground into soil B. continuously changing from one type to another C. melted and evaporated into the atmosphere D. uplifted to form mountains

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27. In a stratigraphic sequence, an intrusion must be

A. older than the rock layers it cuts into B. younger than the rock layers it cuts into C. the same age as the rock layers it cuts into D. none of the above

28. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). Place your answer in the blank space given.

a. Investigating geological change is challenging because it occurs so slowly.

b. Igneous rock forms when intense heat and pressure alter the rock’s molecular structure.

c. Processes such as erosion, sediment deposition, volcanic action, and earthquakes have operated in the same general way throughout Earth’s history.

d. The rock cycle operated in the past but does not operate today.

29. Why are fossils found near bodies of water such as lakes, oceans, and rivers that exist today or that once existed? Explain your answer.

30. Explain how an unconformity forms.

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Return to page 7 of the Distance Learning Student Guide, and begin Lesson 1.5.

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For questions 31 to 38, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST completes the statement or answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.

31. The process in which the nucleus of an unstable atom disintegrates and causes the atom to become a new element is known as

A. unconformity B. carbon dating C. radioactive decay D. half-life

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Use the following graph to answer questions 32 and 33.

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cent

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ng (%

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2 3 4 5 6 7 81

Number of Half-Lives Elapsed

Radioactive Decay Curve

32. How many half-lives have elapsed when 25% of the parent nuclide is left?

A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 4

33. How much parent nuclide remains after three half-lives have elapsed?

A. 0% B. 6.35% C. 12.5% D. 30%

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34. If a sample of radioactive material contains 17% daughter nuclide, what percent of parent nuclide is present in the sample?

A. 0% B. 17% C. 50% D. 83%

35. The isotope used to determine the absolute age of organic remains is

A. carbon-14 B. carbon-12 C. uranium-235 D. uranium-238

36. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. How old is a bone fragment if the proportion of carbon-14 remaining is 25%?

A. 2865 a B. 5760 a C. 11 460 a D. 17 190 a

Use the following diagram to answer questions 37 and 38. Use radiometric dating to determine the absolute ages of the two marked layers.

sandstones

lava flow 76% uranium-235 remaining

fossil A

fossil B

fossil A

fossil B

granitedated

11.5 millionyears

17% lead-207remaining

volc

anic

ash

laye

r68

% u

rani

um-2

35re

mai

ning

shalesshales

metamorphicrocks

fossil A

fossil B

metamorphicrocks

sandstonessandstones

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37. The expression used to determine the correct age of the lava flow is the product of

A. 0.60 half-lives and 7.04 ¥ 108 a/half-lives B. 0.40 half-lives and 7.04 ¥ 108 a/half-lives C. 0.60 half-lives and 4.47 ¥ 109 a/half-lives D. 0.40 half-lives and 4.47 ¥ 109 a/half-lives

38. The age of the volcanic ash layer is determined by using

A. 0.55 half-lives times 4.47 ¥ 109 a/half-lives B. 0.55 half-lives times 7.04 ¥ 108 a/half-lives C. 0.45 half-lives times 4.47 ¥ 109 a/half-lives D. 0.44 half-lives times 7.04 ¥ 108 a/half-lives

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39. Match each description with the appropriate term listed. Place your answer in the blank space given.

i. isotopes ii. half-life iii. annum iv. radioactivity v. parent nuclide vi. radioactive decay

a. the disintegration of an unstable atom that releases energy in the form of radiation

b. a variety of atoms of the same element with a different atomic mass

c. the time taken for half of a sample of a radioactive element to decay

d. the emission of energy from the nuclei of unstable atoms as they change to become more stable atoms

e. the long form of a that means year

f. the initial radioactive element that decays into a more stable element

40. Explain how radioactive decay works for measuring the absolute age of ancient objects.

41. Why is radioactive decay a good method of measuring the absolute age of ancient fossils?

Submit your completed Assignment Booklet C1 to your teacher for assessment.Then return to page 8 of the Distance Learning Student Guide,

and begin the Chapter 1 Summary.

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