Science 10F Exam Review EXAM OUTLINE PART A: MULTIPLE

Science 10F Exam Review

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EXAM OUTLINE

PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE (50 questions - 50 points) Write your answers on the answer sheet provided. Read the questions carefully and choose the best answer.

Topic Question Range Topic Question Range Astronomy 1 – 10 Reproduction 26 – 40

Atoms & Elements 11 – 25 Electricity 41 – 50 PART B: EXTENDED ANSWERS (50 points)

Topic Point Value Topic Point Value Astronomy 10 Reproduction 15

Atoms & Elements 15 Electricity 10

RESOURCES TO HELP YOU STUDY

Vocabulary Activities Your vocabulary activities are an excellent resource you should use to study. You should be able to define and describe all of the terms on your vocabulary sheet from each unit. Remember that you can also find the complete vocabulary list online. Tests You can review old tests in class. Taking time to write down the answers to questions you had wrong will help you study. The tests will also give you a good idea of which topics are most important. Test Reviews At the end of each unit you were given a test review. These same types of questions will be on your exam. Going through the sheets and making sure you can answer all of those questions is a great way to study. Online Review Questions Throughout the course you were asked to complete online review questions. These questions are a good way to prepare for the multiple choice section of your exam. Comparing and Contrasting Major Concepts Listed below are some key concepts from the course. On a separate sheet, list two similarities and two differences between each pair of terms. This will help you understand how each concept relates to the other.

Solar System/Universe Geocentric/Heliocentric Models Altitude/Azimuth Identical/Fraternal Twins Dominant/Recessive Genes Genotype/Phenotype Mitosis/Meiosis Gametes/Gonads Metal/Nonmetal Chemical/Physical Property Chemical/Physical Change Atomic Mass/Atomic Number Static/Current Electricity Conductor/Insulator Series/Parallel Circuits Primary/Secondary Cells


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TOPIC 1: ASTRONOMY

1. What is the order of the planets from the Sun?

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (not Pluto because Pluto’s a Dwarf Planet!)

2. Describe and differentiate among comets, asteroids, meteoroids, meteors, and

meteorites.

Comet A chunk of ice and rock from the outer solar system, often accompanied by a coma and tail.

Asteroid A rock in orbit generally in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Meteoroid A space rock bigger than a dust grain, but smaller than an asteroid. Meteor A space rock that is burning up in the Earth’s atmosphere. Meteorite A piece of space rock that lands on Earth. 3. Write a statement to compare and contrast comets and asteroids. Comets and asteroids are space rocks each containing unique types of matter

that are found in orbit around our solar system. 4. Explain why the moon has phases. The moon looks different to an observer on Earth every day for 28 days as it passes around the Earth because of the different shadows that are made from the Sun’s light. 5. Sketch and label the 8 phases of the moon as they appear from Earth.

1. New moon 2. Waxing

crescent 3. First quarter

4. Waxing gibbous

5. Full moon 6. Waning

gibbous 7. Last quarter

8. Waning crescent

SUN


6. Graph the moon's maximum altitude (y-axis) versus the month (x-axis) over a one-year Deriod. Include each of the 5 criteria for a good graph.

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 600 55° 48° 35° 24° 20° 18° 21° 30° 42° SO° 60°

ci-mivc-cif IN nic- wares tilThomuN .4LT7 TuJ E cr vm. a 4 WE —y64.1( Ps if Jab

.T4eV. FE-ti. AMC 4,11. Ally. Jun. JILL MM.IEP. oc-r: Nev. be c. iii c'svTH

7. What is the difference between the geocentric and heliocentric models of the universe? Geocentric model means that the planets and the Sun revolve around the

Earth which is at the centre. This model was proved to be inaccurate. Whereas, the heliocentric model states that the Sun is the centre of our solar system with the planets orbiting around it. Scientific evidence supports the

heliocentric model. 8. Sketch a picture of retrograde motion, explain what it is, and how it proves the

heliocentric model of the universe.

Retrograde motion is the apparent backwards motion of a planet as viewed from Earth. In the picture Mars appears to move backwards in frames 16 through 26. Frame 1 starts on the bottom right. Retrograde motion is an optical illusion caused when the Earth passes the planet since Earth's orbit is faster than the planet it is passing.

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Science 1OF Exam Review

9. What is azimuth and how do you measure it? Azimuth is the position of an object reported as a number from 00 to 359° on

the horizon relative to the directions of a compass. North is 0°, East is 90°, South is 1800, and West is 270°.

10. What is altitude and how do you measure it? Altitude or elevation is how high above the horizon an object is located. It is measured between 0° (level with the horizon) and 90° (directly overhead).

11. Why do astronomers need to use both altitude and azimuth to locate an object? Azimuth can only tell you the compass direction in which to look and altitude can only tell you high up to look. You need to know both azimuth and altitude

coordinates to identify an object in the sky. 12. Why, when giving azimuth and altitude, do we need to give a reference location? Because azimuth and altitude change if you are in a different location. These

two coordinates depend on where you are located in relation to the object you want to observe.

The following data is a prediction for the pass of a satellite called A0-85.

Maximum Altitude

36°

Azimuth at Max. Altitude

52°

13. Using a protractor and a ruler sketch the altitude and azimuth where an observer at the centre of the circle would look to find a satellite at its highest point in the sky.

14. Use your seasonal star map to name the constellation that is completely visible located closest to the northern horizon on February 5th at 8 pm.

Draco

15. In what constellation is Polaris? Ursa Minor

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16. Explain how would you use Ursa Major to “star hop” and locate Polaris? Give the names of specific stars in the Ursa Major constellation.

Draw a straight line from two stars that make up the ladle—Dubhe and Merak—towards Polaris in the handle of Ursa Minor (the Little Dipper).

17. Why do the stars seem to move in the night sky? For example, why don’t we see

the Big Dipper in the same spot all the time? Because the constant tilt of the Earth’s axis causes our view of the night sky to

change as the Earth moves around the Sun and the seasons change. 18. What are two goals of NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission? OSIRIS-REx will attempt to bring back a sample of regolith (the rocky surface material) from the asteroid BENNU for scientific study. The mission will also examine the possible effects of asteroids on our planet, as well as investigate

how early life on Earth may have evolved. 19. Why is the mission important?

To know more about how to keep asteroids from colliding with the Earth, the early solar system, planetary history, and the origin of life, and to see if

asteroids could provide us with useful resources. 20. Explain the difference between an astronomical unit and a light year. An astronomical unit is the distance from the centre of the Sun to the centre of

the Earth. A light year is the distance travelled by light in 1 year. AUs are useful to compare the sizes of planets and moon’s in our solar system. Light

years are useful to compare the distances between galaxies outside of our solar system.

21. Jupiter is 5 A.U. from the Sun. If 1 A.U. = 150 000 000 km, how many km is

Jupiter from the Sun? Write your answer in scientific notation.

5 AU x 150 000 000 km / AU = 750 000 000 km or 7.5 x 108 km 22. If the nearest star is 4.2 light years away from our sun, how far away is it in km?

Write your answer in scientific notation.

4.2 LY x 9 500 000 000 000 km / LY = 39 900 000 000 000 km or 3.99 x 1013 km


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TOPIC 2: REPRODUCTION

1. Draw labeled diagrams in order for each of the stages in mitosis. What kinds of cells undergo mitosis? What would happen if cells didn’t undergo mitosis?

Only body cells undergo mitosis. If cells did not reproduce via mitosis, the

body would get smaller as more and more cells die. Eventually, the organism would die.

2. Draw labeled diagrams in order for each of the stages in meiosis. What is meiosis? What kinds of cells undergo meiosis? Where in the body does meiosis happen?

Note: this is only a summary of meiosis II. See your notes for Meiosis I or see the Amoeba Sisters video on youtube!


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3. How many chromosomes do most humans have in their body cells? In their

gametes? 46 in somatic or body cells, 23 in gametes or sex cells.

4. Name and explain four different types of asexual reproduction. Include

examples of organisms that reproduce this way.

Binary fission: This is the process by which a unicellular organism divides by mitosis into two

equal halves. A parent cell becomes two genetically identical offspring cells (e.g., bacteria, algae,

and protists).

Budding: In unicellular organisms, this process is similar to binary fission, but the parent cell

keeps most of the cytoplasm (yeast). In multicellular organisms, a miniature version of the

organism (e.g., the bud) grows directly on the body of the adult. When it is big enough, it can

detach from the parent to become an independent organism (e.g., Hydra).

Sporulation: This is the process by which an organism produces reproductive cells (spores) by

mitosis. The organism stores these cells in sporangia, which burst open to release spores that are

capable of producing adult organisms (e.g., bread mould, Penicillium). Sporulation can also be a

sexual type of reproduction (e.g., gametophytes).

Vegetative propagation: This is the process by which a new organism is created from the roots,

stems, or leaves of plants (e.g., rhizoids in moulds, willow branches can develop roots and grow

into a new tree, runners in strawberry plants can sprout roots and develop into a new plant).

Regeneration: This is the process by which a multicellular organism is divided into fragments.

Each fragment becomes a new organism by regenerating the parts that are missing (e.g.,

flatworms, sea stars, sponges).

5. What is the name for the area in the body where reproductive cells are produced? What is the specific name for this part in a female? In a male?

Gonads. Female gonads are egg cells and male gametes are sperm cells.

6. What is the primary sex hormone for males and what does it do? What are the

primary sex hormones for females and what does each do?

Testosterone stimulates sperm production and is responsible for male’s physical characteristics. Estrogen is responsible for normal menstruation

(tells endometrium to thicken in preparation for a fetus) and progesterone which inhibits ovulation and triggers menstruation.


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7. Predict the week and trimester in which each of the following developments occur in a human fetus. Beside each week write 1 for first trimester, 2 for second and 3 for third trimester.

A. Teeth formed. 2, 20 weeks B. Sperm fertilizes an egg and a zygote is

formed. 1, 1st day

C. Nervous system formed. 1, 8 weeks D. The blastocyst is made up of between 100-

200 cells. 1, 1st or 2nd week

E. Heart is beating. 1, 4-8 weeks F. Covered in fine hairs. 2, 20 weeks

G. Genitals are formed. 2, 16-20 weeks H. Arms and legs begin to move. 1, 12 weeks

I. Full term and the mother is in labour. 3, 40 weeks

J. Baby’s movements may be felt by mother. 2, 16 weeks

8. Answer the following questions about the human karyotype below.

9. How are the chromosomes ordered?

From longest to shortest.

10. Is this a male or a female? Explain.

Male because Y chromosome is present.

11. Is this a sex chromosome disorder? If so, name the disorder.

Yes. There are XXY sex chromosomes. Called Klinefelter syndrome.


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12. Based on the karyotype, what traits would you expect the person to have?

More female phenotype. Less hair, breast development, rounded hips.

13. Complete the compare and contrast frame. Compare and Contrast Frame

Unit______REPRODUCTION__________Topic___CELL DIVISION___

COMPARE

CONTRAST

14.

How are ____MITOSIS_______________ and ______MEIOSIS___________ alike?

Cells divide Chromosomes replicate Both processes have the phases interphase, prophase, metaphase,

anaphase, and telophase

How are ____MITOSIS_________________ and ____MEIOSIS_____________ different?

Mitosis produces 2 identical body cells with 46 chromosomes each. Meiosis produces 4 genetically different sex cells each with 23

chromosomes Mitosis occurs in 1 stage Meiosis occurs in 2 states

Write a statement to compare and contrast the two terms, concepts or events. Mitosis and meiosis are processes that make new cells in different parts of the body, but mitosis produces 2 identical body cells and meiosis makes genetically unique sex cells with half the amount of chromosomes as the parent cell.


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14. Which parent is responsible for determining the sex of a baby? Explain.

The male is responsible as he donates the second sex chromosome. Females are XX

so can only donate an X, but males can either donate an X or a Y chromosome. If

they donate a Y, then the offspring is male with XY sex chromosomes.

15. If an egg is fertilized, where does this happen, and where will it be implanted

until birth? Egg fertilized in fallopian tube and will implant in lining of uterus until birth. Place

where blastocyst will eventually develop into placenta.

16. Is it possible for two people with brown hair to have a blond baby? Explain. Yes, but each must carry the recessive gene for blond hair. Therefore, they must be

heterozygous dominant for brown hair.

17. In pea plants, yellow seeds (Y) are dominant over green seeds (y).

A. Use a Punnett square to predict the offspring of a plant with heterozygous yellow seeds bred with a plant with green seeds.

(green seeds)

y y

(yel

low

see

ds)

Y

Yy

Yy

y

yy

yy

B. What are all possible genotypes of the offspring? Phenotypes?

Yy and yy genotypes; both yellow and green producing seeds.

C. What are the probabilities of having YY, Yy, and yy offspring?

0% YY, 50% Yy, 50% yy

18. What is genetic engineering? Give an example. What are the benefits?

Concerns? Genetic engineering is manipulating the genes in an organism for some

desired purpose. For example, inserting a gene in a plant to make it resistant to disease or pests. This allows farmers to plant crops that are more likely to

survive and produce greater yields. The concern is that the changes to the genetics of the plant will somehow harm humans or the environment.


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19. List the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction.

Advantages Disadvantages A

sexu

al

Rep

rod

uct

ion

produces a new organsm that is genetically identical to its parent

it is not necessary to find a partner

energy can be used to produce offspring

offspring is usually well adapted to its environment because of the success of its parent

an area favourable to the parent can quickly be colonized due to the high number of offspring the parent can generate in little time

offspring are often already multicellular and more viable

does not give rise o genetic variability in organisms of a same species

the species does not adapt at all or adapts very slowly when circumstances change

there is only one parent to take care of offspring

the parent sometimes disappears because its body no longer exists (fission)

an asexual species runs the risk of suddenly disappearing because of a catastrophy that affects all organisms of the species that are genetically identical

Sex

ual

Rep

rod

uct

ion

produces a new organism that results from a combination of traits of two parents

increases the genetic variability in organisms of the same species and even within the offspring of one couple

in the long run, allows the best adaptations to be widespread within a species, especially in changing circumstances

the variability of organisms within a species guarantees that a higher proportion will survive in perilous circumstances

two parents can watch over offspring

finding a reproductive parner and producing gametes demands the output of a lot of energy

mechanisms for the transportation of gametes for fertilization, for the attraction of the opposite sex, and for competition within a species must be put in place

not only do you need two gametes for fertilization, one has to be male, the other female

the genetic results of meiosis, and often of fertilization, are unpredictable

genetic “errors” happen more frequently because meiosis is more complex than mitosis and diploid organisms have more chromosomes to double

offspring are not necessarily as well adapted to their environment as the parents

many organisms never become parents because they can’t find a partner; many gametes are lost, because they aren’t fertilized


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TOPIC 3: ATOMS & ELEMENTS

1. Match the following terms with the corresponding image.

A. 5 Oxidizing Material

1.

B. 4 Poisonous and Infectious Material

2.

C. 8 Compressed Gas

3.

D. 1 Flammable and Combustible Material

4.

E. 3 Dangerously Reactive Material

5.

F. 7 Biohazardous Infectious Material

6.


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G. 6 Corrosive Material

7.

H. 2 Material Causing Other Toxic Efffects

8.

2. List 2 safety rules that should always be followed in the lab.

Always follow the teacher’s instructions. Wear personal protective equipment as stated in the safety data sheet when

handling chemicals. 3. Calculate the density of a 553.6 gram piece of cadmium metal that measures 8

cm long by 8 cm wide and 1 cm high. (2 marks) D = m/V

553.6 g/(8 cm x 8 cm x 1 cm) D = 8.65 g/cm3

4. What is the density of a sticky viscous liquid with a mass of 400 g and a volume of 294 mL?

D = 400 g/294 mL D = 1.36 g/mL

5. How many millilitres does 1200 grams of ethanol occupy? The density of ethanol is 0.789g/mL?

V = m/D V = 1200 g/0.789g/mL

V = 1521 mL 6. A chunk of aluminum metal is dropped in water and displaces 25 mL of liquid. If

the density of aluminum is 2.70 g/mL, what mass of metal was dropped into the water?

m = D x V m = 2.70 g/mL x 25 mL

m = 67.5 g


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7. List 3 physical properties that may be used to identify the white powder in the picture.

The density, solubility (how much dissolves in water), the melting point, and the conductivity are all

measurable properties. 8. Write the letter P for physical change or C for chemical change beside each

statement below.

C A. Toasting bread.

P B. Melting ice.

C C. A car rusting.

P D. Chopping down a tree.

P E. Sugar dissolving in water.

C F. Milk turning sour.

C G. Food is digested in the stomach.

C H. Hydrochloric acid reacting with zinc. 9. Use your periodic table to answer the following questions.

A. Write the element symbol for the alkaline earth metal in period 3.

Mg

B. Write the atomic mass for an atom of carbon. 12.011

C. Write the number of electrons in an atom of bromine. 35

D. Write the element name for Au. Gold

E. Write the element symbol for the heaviest halogen. UUS


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10. Complete the table below.

Element Name

Element Symbol

Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic

Mass Atomic

Number

Boron B 5 6 5 11 5

Sulfur S 16 16 16 32 16

Oxygen O 8 8 8 16 8

Sulfur S 16 16 16 32 16

Silver Ag 47 61 47 108 47

Aluminum Al 13 14 13 27 13

Iron Fe 26 30 26 56 26

11. Sketch the Bohr models of silicon and potassium. Si

K

Compounds 12. Complete the table.

Compound Number and kind of

each atom Total number of atoms

C6H12O6 6 C atoms

12 H atoms 6 O atoms

24 atoms

3 CuSO4 3 Cu atoms 3 S atoms

3 x 4 O atoms 21 atoms

Al(NO3)3 1 Al atom 3 N atoms

3 x 3 O atoms 13 atoms


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TOPIC 4: ELECTRICITY

1. Draw and explain the process of charging by contact in three labelled diagrams.

2. Explain how the pictures below show charging by induction.

A charged rod is brought close to the neutral electroscope. Electrons in the electroscope are attracted to the positively charged rod and migrate through the conducting wire to the top causing a deficiency in electrons at the bottom.

The leaves repel each other because there are not enough electrons at the bottom to balance the number of protons. When the electroscope is grounded, electrons enter the electroscope to balance the charge at the bottom between both leaves. When the positively charged rod is removed there are now too many electrons in the electroscope resulting in a net negative charge. The

leaves once again repel each other, but they are now both negatively charged.


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3. Make a list of the similarities and differences between charging by contact and charging by induction.

How are charging by contact and charging by induction similar?

Charging by contact Charging by induction

Electrons are attracted to protons.

Electrons move through the conductor.

How are charging by contact and charging by induction different?

Charging by contact Charging by induction

A charged object must touch a neutral

object. A neutral object gains or loses charge

when it is touched by a charged object.

A charge difference is created in a

neutral object when a charged object comes close enough to the neutral

object for charges to interact. Induction may be temporary or it can last longer if the object to be charged

is grounded in the process.

4. Explain what it means to ground an object. Grounding means providing a path for electrons to move through a conductor

to the ground. Grounding can cause an object to either gain or lose the number of electrons it needs to remain neutrally charged.

5. What combination of materials from the electrostatic series will give the largest

charge difference? Objects that are furthest away from each other on the series will have the

greatest charge build up when they are charged by friction.


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6. Use the electrostatic series to complete the table. Assume the material on the left is used to charge the material on the right.

Electrostatic Series Material 1 Charge Material 2 Charge

+ Acetate

Glass Wool

Fur or Hair Silk

Aluminum Cotton

Paraffin Wax Plastic or PVC

Rubber or Latex Gold

–

Cat fur + Latex balloon –

Wool + Aluminum can

–

Acetate + Plastic rod –

Silk – Glass +

Wool + Rubber –

7. Compare and contrast static electricity and electric current.

Static electricity is the build up of charge on an object (usually an insulator) through friction or by induction. The charge occurs when electrons are either

lost or gained by an object. Current electricity is the movement of electrons through a conductor in a closed circuit.

8. How do each of the following affect the resistance of a wire:

A. Cross-sectional area

The smaller the cross-sectional area in a wire the larger the resistance.

B. Length of wire

The longer the wire, the greater the resistance.

C. What the wire is made of

Wires made of metals (which are conductors) like silver and copper have less electrical resistivity than other metals like gold and aluminum.


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9. What is a coulomb (symbol C) and what does it measure? Coulomb is a measure of the amount of charge carried by an electron through

a closed circuit.

10. What is an ampere (symbol A) and what does it measure? An ampere is the movement of a coulomb of charge past a point in a

conducting wire in an electrical circuit over 1 second. It is a measure of the electric current.

11. Match the electrical symbols to the correct object.

Object Symbol

A. 5 Open switch 1.

B. 3 Battery 2.

C. 1 Closed switch

3.

D. 2 Wire

4.

E. 7 Light bulb

5.

F. 4 Light emitting diode (LED)

6.

Science 1OF Exam Review

7.

G. 6 Resistor

12. Label each part of the circuit below and explain how it operates. Include the word parallel or series, + and - charges, and the direction of electron flow.

Electrons move through the circuit from the short vertical line in the battery which is negatively charged around to the long vertical line in the battery (which is positively charged). The 2 lamps in the circuit are wired in series. If either lamp is damaged, the circuit will be broken and electrons will no longer flow.

13. Use symbols and sketch an incomplete circuit containing an electrochemical cell t - and three light bulbs in parallel.

14. Calculate how much charge is used in a battery that draws 0.50 A of current for 3 minutes.

Q = It Q = 0.5 C/s x 3 minutes x 60 seconds/minute

Q = 90 C 15. How much time does it take to use a charge of 3600 C in an electric kettle that

draws 15 amps of current? 3600 C = 15 C/s x t t = 3600 C/15 C/s

t = 240 s ( or 4 minutes) 16. What is a short circuit and how is it dangerous?

A short circuit is a low resistance connection between two conductors supplying power to a circuit resulting in excessive current flow. If the battery is short-circuited it will drain very quickly and heat up with the potential to

cause a fire.

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Science 10F Exam Review EXAM OUTLINE PART A: MULTIPLE