Upload
ian-beardsley
View
218
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 1/28
?
Zjkmejm 2<
Ly
Koe Lmordscmy
Japyrkhft © <2?4 ly Koe Lmordscmy
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 2/28
<
Mcmjtraekjs Loskjs
Ly
Koe Lmordscmy (<2?4)
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 3/28
:
Xfme imtocs rmojt wktf eae-imtocs, tfm imtocs casm mcmjtraes ta lmjaim pasktkvm kaes
wfkcm tfm eae-imtocs hoke mcmjtraes ta lmjaim emhotkvm kaes. Tfmy jailkem sujf tfot
tfmy orm emutroc. Tfks dmtmrikems tfm euilmr ag mojf mcmimet ke tfm jaipaued. Tfm
oiauet ag mcmjtraes hokemd ly eae-imtocs ks sujf tfot tfm autmr sfmccs orm ccmd sa tfot
tfmy fovm ealcm hos mcmjtrae jaehurotkae. Tfks joe lm usmd wktf tfm pmrkadkj tolcm ag
mcmimets ta dmtmrikem tfm oiauet ag mcmjtraes hokemd. Xfme o imtoc jailkems wktf oeae-imtoc cknm tfks, tfme, kt ks joccmd kaekj laedkeh. Tfks ks ke jaetrost ta faw eae-imtocs
jailkem wktf aem oeatfmr. Tfmy sform tfmkr vocmejm mcmjtraes, ar mcmjtraes ke tfmkr autmr
sfmcc ke atfmr wards, sujf tfot tfmkr autmr sfmccs orm ccmd. Tfks ks joccmd javocmet
laedkeh.
Mcmjtrkjkty Oed Iohemtksi
Ea aem neaws wfot mcmjtrkj oed iohemtkj mcds orm atfmr tfoe tfmy orm o gari ag memrhy
oed dmem aem oeatfmr0 o portkjcm wktf o emhotkvm mcmjtrkj mcd, cknm oe mcmjtrae, wkcc
ottrojt o portkjcm wktf o pasktkvm mcmjtrkj mcd, cknm o pratae, oed cknm jforhms wkcc rmpmc. Oiohemtkj mcd wkcc ottrojt ar rmpmc o portkjcm wktf oe mcmjtrkj mcd ojjardkeh ta kts pacorkty
oed tfm pacorktkms ag tfm portkjcms ojjardkeh ta tfm olavm sjfmim. Mcmjtrkj portkjcms wktf o
emhotkvm jforhm, mcmjtraes, ke iatkae tfrauhf o wkrm, wfkjf ks mcmjtrkjkty, wkcc hmemrotm o
iohemtkj mcd ojjardkeh ta tfm rkhft foed rucm, oed jaevmrsmcy, o iohemtkj mcd wkcc
kedujm oe mcmjtrkj jurrmet ke o wkrm. O iohemtkj iotmrkoc, wfkjf ks joccmd o iohemt, ks
imrmcy o jaccmjtkae ag jforhmd portkjcms occ occ ockhemd sujf tfot tfm avmr occ mggmjt ag tfmsm
mcmjtrkj mcds ks o iohemtkj mcd. Ckhft ks oe mcmjtraiohemtkj wovm.
Mcmjtraekjs
Tfmrm orm tfrmm ospmjts ta oe mcmjtrkjoc jkrjukt0 Wactohm, Jurrmet, oed \mskstoejm (W, K, \).Wactohm, ocsa joccmd Mcmjtraiatkvm Garjm, ks cknm prmssurm. Kt ks tfm prmssurm tfot pusfms
tfm mcmjtrkjkty tfrauhf tfm wkrm. Tfm jurrmet ks cknm tfm strmehtf ag aw ag mcmjtrkjkty
tfrauhf tfm wkrm, cktmroccy tfm euilmr ag mcmjtraes tfot poss tfrauhf o jrass smjtkaeoc ormo
ag tfm wkrm ke o smjaed. Tfm rmskstoejm ks cknm o caod, tfot tfkeh ae wfkjf tfm jurrmet dams
warn, cknm awkeh tfrauhf o tuehstme coimet ta fmot kt up oed jousm ckhft ta lm mikttmd
grai tfm hos surrauedkeh kt. Atfmr caods jaucd lm dakeh warn ae o spmonmr ta jousm
vacuim, ar dakeh warn ta pradujm imjfoekjoc iatkaes, os wktf troesdujmrs. Za tfm warn
daem rmprmsmets o cass ag memrhy ta yaur pawmr saurjm. Xm rmcotm vactohm, imosurmd ke
vacts, ta jurrmet imosurmd ke oips, ta rmskstoejm imosurmd ke afis os sujf0
W9K\
Kg wm rmwrktm tfks os0
W/\ 9 K
Kt lmjaims jcmor wfy tfks ks jarrmjt0 jurrmet ks kejrmosmd wktf vactohm oed dmjrmosmd wktf
rmskstoejm.
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 4/28
4
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 5/28
=
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 6/28
7
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 7/28
8
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 8/28
6
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 9/28
;
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 10/28
?2
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 11/28
??
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 12/28
?<
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 13/28
?:
Tfm Hoko Grojtoc
Ly
Koe Lmordscmy
Japyrkhft © <2?4 ly Koe Lmordscmy
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 14/28
?4
Grai iy morckmr studkms wfmrm K lmhoe ta cmore olaut grojtocs, oed sulsmqumet studkms ke
Lkacahy, oed Jckiotm Zjkmejm, K fovm eoccy lmme olcm ta put keta wards o prkiktkvm
eatkae K fod tfot wos spornmd ly cmorekeh ag tfm tfm Hoko Fypatfmsks ag Cavmcajn oed tfm
skikcor, lut dkggmrmet, kdmo ag Hoko put garword ly Ksooj Oskiav ke fks sjkmejm jtkae
jaejcuskae ta fks Gauedotkae Trkcahy, Gauedotkae Oed Mortf. O prkiktkvm eatkae ks
dmemd ke Zpojmtkim, Hmaimtry, Oed Jasiacahy ly Xkcckoi C. Lurnm os0
O guedoimetoc mcmimet ke o pfyskjoc tfmary tfot ks eat dmemd wktfke tfm tfmary lut ks
prmsuimd ta lm neawe, mktfmr ly dmsjrkptkae ar grai o iarm guedoimetoc tfmary.
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 15/28
?=
Memrhmtkj Mqukcklrkui oed Hoko Tfm Grojtoc
Ckgm ks tfot wfkjf smcg-hmemrotms emhotkvm metrapy. Tfot ks, kt ojqukrms tfm memrhy kt emmds
ta sustoke kts emjmssory lkacahkjoc guejtkaes, sujf os imtolacksi, pfatasyetfmsks, oed
faimastosks. Ckvkeh tfkehs orm arhoekzmd oed tfmy joe‛t ioketoke arhoekzotkae wktfaut
memrhy. Fmoctfy ckgm ks tfot wfkjf ks ke memrhmtkj mqukcklrkui, wfkjf ks ta soy kt casms osiujf memrhy os kt hokes. Xm soy tfks lmjousm kg oe arhoeksi dams eat lure tfm memrhy kt
ojqukrms, kt wkcc starm tfm mxjmss memrhy os got, wfkjf pradujms o stroke ae tfm fmort
lmjousm kt fos ta puip lcaad tfrauhf iarm wmkhft. Tfm mortf ks skikcor ke tfks rmspmjt ke
tfot o fmoctfy mortf ks aem tfot ks ke memrhmtkj mqukcklrkui os wmcc lmjousm kg tfm mortf
hokes iarm memrhy grai tfm sue tfoe kt ks caskeh, tfme kt ks worikeh wfkjf drkms up
rmsmrvakrs, oed nkccs jraps. Ketmrmstkehcy, wfme ckgm ae mortf ks ke memrhmtkj mqukcklrkui,
tfm mortf tmeds tawords memrhmtkj mqukcklrkui, lmjousm ckgm ckvkeh ke mxjmss pradujms o
stroke ae tfm pcoemt‛s eoturoc prajmssms tfot ketmrrupts kts guejtkaeockty cknm rmhmemrotkvm
jyjcms sujf os tfm wotmr jyjcm oed jorlae jyjcm. Ke tfks smesm wm smm tfot oekioc oed
pcoet ckgm ikrrar tfm woy tfm pfyskjoc ospmjts ag tfm pcoemt guejtkae ke sujf o woy tfot wm
joe soy ckgm ks lut o port ag o hrmotmr wfacm. Tfm loskj uekt ag occ ag ckgm ks tfm jmcc, wfkjfks jaestrujtmd ag eae-ckvkeh iacmjucms. Fawmvmr, jmccs jailkem ta gari tkssums, tkssums
gari ta ionm arhoes, oed arhoes warn tahmtfmr ta ionm arhoe systmis. @ust os jmccs orm
port ag ckgm, ckgm ks port ag tfm pfyskjoc mortf> kg pcoets dkd eat da pfatasyetfmsks, tfme
jorlae dkaxkdm cmvmcs waucd rksm. Jorlae dkaxkdm ks o fmot rmtokekeh hos. Taa iujf ag kt
oed tfm mortf waucd gokc ta casm os iujf fmot os kt rmjmkvms grai tfm sue, waucd lm aut ag
memrhmtkj mqukcklrkui, tfm orjtkj kjm jops waucd imct, dmjrmoskeh tfm oclmda ag tfm mortf,
jouskeh cmss sueckhft ta lm rmmjtmd lojn keta spojm (jrmotkeh o gmmdlojn caap), oed
rmsmrvakrs, rkvmrs, oed jraps waucd dry up. Tfks jaeemjtkae ag ckgm, tfm lkaspfmrm, ta tfm
pfyskjoc (otiaspfmrm oed wotmr) tfot ionms tfm mortf cknm aem hkoet arhoeksi, ks joccmd
Hoko. Ke o smesm tfm arhoekzotkae ag jmccs keta tkssums, tkssums keta arhoes, arhoes keta
arhoe systmis, hams lmyaed tfm arhoeksi. Tfm arhoeksis ionm papucotkaes, tfmpapucotkaes ionm jaiiuektkms, tfm jaiiuektkms ketmrojt wktf tfm pfyskjoc mevkraeimet
ta gari mjasystmis, oed tfm tfm mjasystmis ionm tfm lkaspfmrm. Xm jaucd soy Hoko ks o
grojtoc, lut ke kdmo eat pfyskjoc hmaimtry, lmjousm tfm kdmo lmfked tfm pcoemt ks skikcor ta
tfm kdmo lmfked kts ckgm jaipaemets, oed tfm ckgm jaipaemets dkspcoy smcg-skikcorkty os wm
iavm grai skipcm ta jaipcmx, skehcm jmcc ta arhoekzmd strujturms, lut mxpoedmd. Grojtocs
fovm smcg-skikcorkty os aem ag tfmkr prapmrtkms.
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 16/28
?7
Faimastosks Oed Imtolacksi Ag Tfm Hoko Grojtoc
Xm gojm o jrksks neawe os tfm oetfrapajmem, wfmrmke fuioes orm octmrkeh tfm
mevkraeimet ke sujf o woy tfot tfmy orm oddkeh o emw, lut dkggmrmet, coymr ta tfm hmacahkj
rmjard. \opkd dmgarmstotkae oed kejrmosm ke hrmmefausm hosms orm puttkeh tfm Mortf aut ag
memrhmtkj mqukcklrkui, sujf tfot tfm jorlae hrkd ks soturotmd, wfkjf imoes tfm imjfoeksiwfkjf syejs fmot rmtokekeh jorlae dkaxkdm ks avmr toxmd, oed tfm mortf ks worikeh. Tfm
nmy ta fmockeh tfm Mortf ks ke uedmrstoedkeh tfm faimastosks oed imtolacksi ag Hoko,
wfkjf ks gauedmd ke tfm grojtoc eoturm ag Hoko, tfot ks wm emmd ta neaw wfot tfm prapmr
strujturm ag tfm Hoko grojtoc sfaucd lm, tfot ks grai kts loskj strujturm stortkeh wktf skehcm
jmccucor ckgm ta tfmkr arhoekzotkaes keta arhoeksis, ta tfm arhoekzotkae ag arhoeksis keta
systmis ag arhoeksis, oed occ keta tfm pcoemt, wfkjf kejcudms tfm pfyskjoc, sujf os tfm
jaipasktkae ag tfm otiaspfmrm. @ust os jmccs orm jaipasmd ag eae-ckvkeh iacmjucms, tfm
pfyskjoc ospmjts ag tfm mortf, jaipasmd ag lkacahkjoc metktkms, ks sujf tfot tfm wfacm
pcoemt ks ockvm. Tfus tfm nmy wards ta uedmrstoed orm imtolacksi oed faimastosks0
Imtolacksi ks occ tfm jfmikjoc rmojtkaes tfot ajjur ke o jmcc, oed faimastosks, ks tfmioketmeoejm ag ketmreoc jaedktkaes tfot occaw imtolackj prajmssms ta ajjur. Tfus wm
iust ionm surm tfm faimastosks ag Hoko ks sujf tfot kts imtolackj prajmssms joe lm
jorrkmd aut sa tfot ckgm ae mortf ks sustokeolcm. Tfus wm emmd ta neaw faw tfm Hoko
Grojtoc sfaucd lm strujturmd.
Koe Lmordscmy
Ajtalmr ?6, <2?4
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 17/28
?8
Jckiotm
Os jckiotm sjkmejm ks o emw sjkmejm, tfmrm orm ioey iadmcs gar tfmjckiotm oed K cmoremd iy jckiotm sjkmejm ot IKT ke o grmm aeckem mdVjaursm. Aem joe hmemrotm o loskj iadmc gar jckiotm wktf eatfkehiarm tfoe fkhf sjfaac ochmlro uskeh eatfkeh iarm tfoe tfmtmipmroturm ag tfm sue, tfm dkstoejm ag tfm mortf grai tfm sue, oedtfm mortf‛s oclmda, tfm pmrjmet ag ckhft kt rmgcmjts lojn keta spojm.
Tfm cuikeaskty ag tfm sue ks0
C29 :.; "?2
<7 @ /s
Tfm smporotkae lmtwmme tfm mortf oed tfm sue ks0
?.= "?2??i
Tfm sacor cuikeaskty ot tfm mortf ks rmdujmd ly tfm kevmrsm squormcow, sa tfm sacor jaestoet ks0
Z 2 9
:.; "?2<7
4# (?.= "?2??)<9?,:82Xotts /imtmr
<
Tfot ks tfm mggmjtkvm memrhy fkttkeh tfm mortf pmr smjaed pmr squormimtmr. Tfks rodkotkae ks mquoc ta tfm tmipmroturm, T
m, ta tfm gaurtf
pawmr ly tfm stmggoe-laczioee jaestoet, skhio (" ). T m joe lm joccmd
tfm mggmjtkvm tmipmroturm, tfm tmipmroturm metmrkeh tfm mortf.
Z 2 ketmrjmpts tfm mortf dksj, " r
<, oed dkstrklutms ktsmcg avmr tfm
metkrm mortf surgojm, 4" r <, wfkcm :2% ks rmgcmjtmd lojn keta spojm
dum ta tfm mortf‛s oclmda, o, wfkjf ks mquoc ta 2.:, sa
" T m
49
Z 2
4(?# o)
(?# o)Z 2
$ r<
4$ r<
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 18/28
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 19/28
?;
fmot troesgmr oed eat jaevmjtkvm fmot troesgmr. Ke atfmr wards, tfmrmks jaackeh dum ta voparkzotkae ag wotmr (tfm gariotkae ag jcauds) oeddum ta tfm jaedmesotkae ag wotmr vopar keta roke drapcmts(prmjkpktotkae ar tfm gariotkae ag roke).
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 20/28
<2
Zuiiory
Tfm kejaikeh rodkotkae grai tfm sue ks olaut ?:82 wotts pmr squorm imtmr os dmtmrikemd
ly tfm memrhy pmr smjaed mikttmd ly tfm sue rmdujmd ly tfm kevmrsm squorm cow ot mortf
arlkt. Xm jocjucotm tfm tatoc olsarlmd memrhy ketmrjmptmd ly tfm Mortf's dksj (pk)rU<, kts
dkstrklutkae avmr kts surgojm ormo 4(pk)rU< oed tonm keta ojjauet tfot olaut :2% ag tfot ksrmmjtmd lojn keta spojm, sa tfm mggmjtkvm rodkotkae fkttkeh tfm Mortf's surgojm ks olaut
82% ag tfm kejaikeh rodkotkae rmdujmd ly gaur. \odkotkvm memrhy ks mquoc ta tmipmroturm
ta tfm gaurtf pawmr ly tfm Ztmgoe-lactzioee jaestoet. Fawmvmr, tfm mggmjtkvm kejaikeh
rodkotkae ks ocsa troppmd ly hrmmefausm hosms oed mikttmd dawe tawords tfm surgojm ag
tfm mortf (os wmcc os mikttmd up tawords spojm grai tfks cawmr otiaspfmrm joccmd tfm
trapaspfmrm), tfm iast pawmrguc hrmmefausm hos lmkeh JA< (Jorlae Dkaxkdm) oed iast
oluedoet oed kipartoet ks wotmr vopaur. Tfks daulcms tfm rodkotkae worikeh tfm surgojm
ag tfm pcoemt. Tfm otiaspfmrm ks prmdaikeotmcy Ektrahme hos (E<) oed Axyhme hos (A<),
olaut ;= pmrjmet. Tfmsm hosms, fawmvmr, orm eat hrmmefausm hosms. Tfm hrmmefausm hos
JA<, tfauhf aecy mxksts ke trojm oiauets, oed wotmr vopaur, lrkeh tfm tmipmroturm ag tfm
Mortf up grai ikeus ?6 dmhrmms jmetkhrodm (?6 lmcaw grmmzkeh) ta oe alsmrvmd ovmrohm agpcus ?= dmhrmms jmetkhrodm (?= dmhrmms olavm grmmzkeh). Xktfaut tfmsm jrujkoc hrmmefausm
hosms, tfm Mortf waucd lm grazme. Tfmy fovm tfks meariaus mggmjt ae worikeh tfm pcoemt
mvme wktf JA< mxkstkeh aecy ot 422 ports pmr ikcckae. Kt ajjurs eoturoccy oed ionms ckgm
ae Mortf passklcm. Fawmvmr, taa iujf ag kt oed tfm Mortf joe lm taa wori, oed wm orm
eaw smmkeh oiauets lmyaed tfm eoturoc cmvmcs tfrauhf oetfrapahmekj saurjms, tfot orm
ionkeh tfm Mortf worimr tfoe ks govarolcm gar tfm jaedktkaes lmst gar ckgm ta lm
ioxkioccy sustokeolcm. Xm smm tfks kejrmosm ke JA< lmhkeekeh wktf tfm kedustrkoc mro.
Tfm smjtars iast rmspaesklcm gar tfm kejrmosm orm pawmr, kedustry, oed troespartotkae.
Caankeh ot rmjards ag JA< oiauets wm smm tfot kt wos :?= ports pmr ikcckae ke ?;=6 oed
rasm ta :;2 ports pmr ikcckae ke <2?2. Kt rasm olavm 422 ke <2?:. Atfmr hrmmefausm hosms
orm imtfoem (JF4) oed Ektraus Axkdm (E<A). Ohrkjucturoc ojtkvktkms daikeotm miksskaesgar ektraus axkdm oed imtfoem. O fmoctfy mortf ks aem tfot ks ke rodkotkvm mqukcklrkui, tfot
ks, kt casms os iujf rodkotkae os kt rmjmkvms. Jurrmetcy wm orm sckhftcy aut ag rodkotkvm
locoejm, tfm Mortf olsarls olaut aem wott pmr squorm imtmr iarm tfoe kt casms. Tfot
imoes kts tmipmroturm ks eat stmody, lut kejrmoskeh.
Koe Lmordscmy
@ucy ??, <2?4
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 21/28
<?
Mjaeaikjs Oed Tfm Hoko Grojtoc
Lmjousm Jopktocksi caans gar tfm jfmopmst woy gar o pmrsae ta ture tfm Mortf‛s rmsaurjms
keta prat, kt hams ohokest tfm aptkioc imtfad ag ioketokekeh tfm Mortf‛s olkckty ta sustoke
ckgm. Jaiiueksi dams eat da oey lmttmr. Xm fovm sokd wm emmd ta uedmrstoed tfm eoturm
ag tfm Hoko Grojtoc, sa tfot wm joe ionm surm wm da eat ketmrrupt tfm eoturoc prajmss ktemmds ta jorry aut ta guejtkae os oe arhoeksi. Xm emmd ta ionm surm kt joe ioketoke
faimastosks. Tfm packtkjoc strujturm ag o sajkmty dmtmrikems kts mjaeaikj strotmhkms, oed
tfm mjaeaikjs odaptmd ly o pmapcm dmtmrikems pmrfops, iarm tfoe oey atfmr gojtar, tfm
faimastosks ag tfm Hoko Grojtoc. Iujf ta tfm jrmdkt ag saim hrmot ikeds, wm da fovm oe
mjaeaikj tfmary tfot waucd smmi ta smrvm sujf meds> kt ks joccmd lkamjaeaikjs.
Lkamjaeaikjs ks mosy ta uedmrstoed, kt skipcy usms lkacahy ta dmtmrikem faw wm joe usm
eoturoc rmsaurjms ke sujf o woy tfot tfmy ioxkikzm tfm wmcc lmkeh ag ckgm ae mortf ke o
sustokeolcm woy, os appasmd ta jaejmetrotkeh tfmkr vocum keta o gmw foeds ke tfm gari ag
iaemy tfot rmprmsmets tfmi, wfkjf waucd eat sustoke ckgm vmry caeh.
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 22/28
<<
Xfme Tfm Tmrrmstrkoc Wktockty Ks Ke Dmjckem
Tfm vkskaeory F.H. Xmccs joim up wktf oe kipartoet pfrosm, ar wardkeh0 Tmrrmstrkoc
Wktockty, ke fks warn Iked Ot Tfm Med Ag Kts Tmtfmr. Gurtfmr fm sokd kt wos ke dmjckem oed
tfot kt jaucd lm tfot ford kiohkeotkvm tfkenkeh ks ea caehmr olcm ta nmmp pojm wktf tfm
kejrmoskeh jaipcmxkty ag fuioe pralcmis. Cmt us try ta tfken ag occ tfm woys wm joe tfottfm tmrrmstrkoc vktockty ks ke dmjckem0
?. Tfm ratotkae ag tfm mortf ks scawkeh sa tfm doys (oclmkt vmry scawcy) lmjaim
caehmr, oed tfus tfm mortf worimr.
<. Tfm Zue, oclmkt mxtrmimcy scaw ag o pfmeaimeae, ks hmttkeh worimr.
:. Fuioe jousmd hcaloc worikeh grai lurekeh gasskc gumcs tfrmotmes tfm fmoctf ag
aur gaad jraps oed wotmr suppckms.
4. Raar trmotimet ag tfm mjasystmi smmis ta lm drkvkeh lmm papucotkaes keta dmjckem,
tfus tfrmotmekeh tfm pacckeotkae ag grukt lmorkeh jraps.
=. Dmgarmstotkae oed dmstrujtkae ag pcoentae ae tfm ajmoe surgojm tfrmotmes tfm
pradujtkae ag lrmotfolcm axyhme oed ketmrrupts tfm jorlae jyjcm.
7. Tfm iarm tkim hams ly, tfm fkhfmr tfm adds ag lmkeh fkt ly oe ostmrakd ar corhm
imtmar tfot waucd nkjn up meauhf dkrt ke tfm otiaspfmrm ta lcajn tfm sue‛s roys
tfus ketmrruptkeh pfatasyetfmsks oed jouskeh tfm gaad jraps ta dkm agg oed occ tfm
vmhmtotkae tfot gori oekiocs gmmd ae.
8. Xm jaucd jaim aut ag tfm ketmrhcojkoc oed metmr oe kjm ohm.
6. Tfm Mortf's Iohemtkj Gkmcd lmjaims wmonmr, tfus dmjrmoskeh kts olkckty ta sfkmcd tfm
mortf grai tfm sacor wked.
Xm joe ionm tfks ckst iujf caehmr, oed kt ks prmtty kejrmdklcm tfot occ tfm emjmssory gojtars
gar tfm sujjmss ag fuioes rmiokemd stolcm gar iarm tfoe tfm = ikcckae ymors kt taan tfmi
ta mvacvm grai prkiktkvm faikekds. K ckst tfmsm tfrmots ta tfm tmrrmstrkoc vktockty, sa tfot ke
jcorkgykeh tfmi ke aur iked, wm joe oddrmss tfmi oed tfmrmly jaim up wktf jcmor
sacutkaes tfot joe lm dmrkvmd grai tfm sjkmejms. K tfken oey odvoejmd jkvkckzotkae oed
ketmcckhmet ckgm gari, waucd rotfmr tfoe khearm tfmsm tfrmots, waucd put tfmkr ikeds taedkeh vkolcm sacutkaes.
Koe Lmordscmy
@ucy <4, <2?4
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 23/28
<:
Tfm Fuioe Zktuotkae
Tfm rmockty ag tfm fuioe sktuotkae ks jcmorcy aem wfmrm fuioekty ks paksmd lmtwmme hakeh
ke twa dkggmrmet dkrmjtkaes, aem autckemd ly F.H. Xmccs ke Iked Ot Tfm Med Ag Kts Tmtfmr
oed tfm atfmr os autckemd ly Ortfur J. Jcornm oed Ztoecmy Nulrkjn ke <22?0 O Zpojm
Adyssmy0
F.H. Xmccs0 Fuioes iust ha stmmpcy up ar dawe. Kg fm hams up sa hrmot ks tfm
odoptotkae rmqukrmd ag fki tfot fm iust jmosm ta lm o ioe. Ardkeory ioe ks ot tfm med ag
fks tmtfmr, oed tfm adds smmi occ ke govar ag fki hakeh dawe oed aut.
Ortfur J. Jcornm oed Ztoecmy Nulrkjn0 Fuioes med tfmkr rmckoejm wktf tmjfeacahy oed
lmjaim tfm storjfkcd. Fuioekty sprmods kts wkehs oed kms tfrauhf tfm ]ekvmrsm.
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 24/28
<4
OR Lkacahy 2?
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 25/28
<=
Tfm Zmttkeh
Ke tfm lmhkeekeh, lkcckaes ag ymors oha, tfmrm wmrm aecy ikjraarhoeksis. Tfm oekiocs oed
pcoets joim keta mxkstmejm olaut <22 ikcckae ymors oha. Fuioes oppmormd olaut <
ikcckae ymors oha, oed oeotaikjoccy iadmre fuioes fovm lmme oraued gar olaut <22,222
ymors. Iast ag tfm ioss ag ckgm jaesksts ag0 Jorlae, Fydrahme, Ektrahme, Axyhme,Rfaspfarus, oed Zucgur0 JFEARZ
OR Lkacahy ?.? Rrapmrtkms ag Xotmr Oed Jorlae
[au sfaucd neaw0
?) Xotmr garis pacor javocmet laeds oed fydrahme laeds wfkjf hkvms kt kts prapmrtkms
tfot occaw kt ta sustoke ckgm0
o) odfmskae
l) jafmskae
j) surgojm tmeskaed) fkhf spmjkj fmot
m) laedkeh eat `ust lmtwmme otais, lut lmtwmme iacmjucms
cawmr dmeskty ke kts sackd pfosm
g) saculkckty (imoes o sacutm cknm EoJc wkcc lrmon up keta Eo+ oed Jc- wktf Eo+ ottojfkeh
ta tfm emhotkvm A< ke F<A oed Jc- ottojfkeh ta tfm F+ ke F<A).
<) Jorlae fos gaur vocmejm mcmjtraes, wfkjf occaws kt ta gari keta o fkhf dkvmrskty ag
jfokes ar rkeh strujturms neawe os fydrajorlaes.
:) Ksaimrs orm jrktkjoc ta strujturm oed guejtkae ag lkacahkjoc iacmjucms.
4) Lm olcm ta kdmetkgy wfot prapmrty o iacmjucm fos losmd ae kts guejtkaeoc hraups.
Typms Ag Guejtkaeoc Hraups0
Imtfyc
Fydraxyc
Jorlaeyc (Nmtaem)
Jorlaeyc (Ocdmfydm)
Jorlaxyc
Oikea
Zucgfydryc
Rfaspfotm
OR Lkacahy ?.<
]skeh tfm jorlae lojnlaem (fydrajorlaes) jailkemd wktf guejtkaeoc hraups wm ionm
rmpmotkeh uekts neawe os iaeaimrs, tfot gari iojraiacmjucms. Tfm iaeaimrs jailkem
ly dmfydrotkae syetfmsks ta gari pacyimrs, caeh jaipcmx jfokes ag rmpmotkeh uekts. Tfm
pacyimrs joe lm lranme lojn dawe keta iaeaimrs ly fydracysks. Tfmrm orm gaur jcossms
ag iojraiacmjucms0 Ckpkds, Rratmkes, Jorlafydrotms, oed Eujcmkj Ojkds.
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 26/28
<7
Dmfydrotkae Zyetfmsks (Jaedmesotkae \mojtkaes)0 O wotmr iacmjucm ks rmiavmd grai tfm
iaeaimrs ly lrmonkeh tfm laed ta cmovm o fydraxyc hraup oed o fydrahme kae. Za yau
rmiavm o wotmr iacmjucm oed gari o laed.
Fydracysks0 Xm lrmon o wotmr laed spckttkeh kt keta o fydraxyc hraup oed fydrahme kae,oed put tfmi lojn ae tfm iaeaimrs, ionkeh tfmi smporotm ohoke. Tfks ks tfm prajmss ag
dkhmstkae. Za yau odd wotmr oed lrmon o laed.
Dmfydrotkae Zyetfmsks ks usmd ta lukcd pacyimrs aut ag iaeaimrs.
Iojraiacmjucms
?) Jorlafydrotms
Iaeaimrs ag jorlafydrotms orm iaeasojjforkdms, skipcm suhors iodm up ag :, =, ar 7
jorlaes. Occ suhor eoims med ke –asm’. Tfot ks faw yau joe tmcc kt ks o jorlafydrotm.Tfmsm iaeaimrs orm ke rkeh sfopm strujturms. Twa iaeaimrs jaim tahmtfmr ke
dmfydrotkae syetfmsks ionkeh o dysojjforkdm. Ke o jorlafydrotm tfks ks joccmd hcyjajktkj
ckenohm. Jailkeh o hcujasm wktf o grujtasm iaeaimr ionms sujrasm (tolcm suhor). Xm
ionm ioctasm ly `akekeh twa hcujasm iaeaimrs oed wm ionm cojtasm ly `akekeh hcujasm
oed hocojtasm. Iuctkpcm iaeaimrs ionm pacysojjforkdms, cknm storjf. Tfks ks usmd gar
memrhy starohm ke pcoet tkssum. Zaim ag tfmsm pacyimrs joe lm usmd gar memrhy starohm,
atfmrs gar strujturoc purpasms.
<) Ckpkds
Trkhcyjmrkdms (gots)0 Iodm up ag tfrmm gotty ojkd jfokes oed aem hcyjmrac iacmjucm. Tfmygari ke dmfydrotkae syetfmsks ta ionm laeds joccmd mstmr ckenohms wfmrm wotmr ks
rmiavmd0 o fydraxyc hraup grai tfm gotty ojkd oed o fydrahme kae grai tfm hcyjmrac.
Gots starm twkjm os iujf memrhy tfoe jorlafydrotms. Tfmrm orm soturotmd gots cknm, luttmr
oed cord,(ckemor ckenohms) oed uesoturotmd gots (tfot fovm aem daulcm laedmd jorlae).
Tfmy orm jaiiaecy joccmd akcs lmjousm tfmy orm ckqukd ot raai tmipmroturm.
Ztmrakds oed Rfaspfackpkds0 Ztmrakds orm iodm up ag gaur jorlae rkehs oed mxoipcms orm,
jfacmstmrac oed jartksac. Rfaspfackpkds orm hcyjmrac, twa gotty ojkd jfokes, oed o
pfaspfotm hraup. Tfmsm orm nmy jaipaemets ag jmcc imilroems.
:) Eujcmkj Ojkds
Kt ks o iaeaimr eujcmatkdm, o vm jorlae suhor, wktf ektrahme losm ae jorlae ?,
pfaspfotm hraup ae jorlae =, oed ks laedmd wktf wfot orm joccmd pfaspfadkmstmr laeds ke
dmfydrotkae syetfmsks ag tfm pfaspfotm ag aem eujcmatkdm oed jorlae :. Tfm twa ioke
eujcmkj ojkds orm DEO oed \EO. Tfm suhor ke DEO ks dmaxyrklasm oed ke \EO kt ks
rklasm. DEO ks daulcm fmckx, \EO skehcm ks o skehcm stroed. DEO starms oed japkms
kegariotkae oed \EO troesikts kegariotkae.
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 27/28
<8
4) Rratmkes0 Tfmrm orm tfausoeds ag dkggmrmet pratmkes oed tfmy joe fovm ioey dkggmrmet
guejtkaes cknm, lm mezyims, oetkladkms, rmjmptars, strujturoc, iatar, starohm, oed
jaiiuekjotkae. Tfmrm orm <2 dkggmrmet oikea ojkds oed tfmy orm rmspaesklcm gar occ tfm
dkggmrmet pratmkes oed occ tfmkr dkggmrmet strujturms. Tfmy orm gaued ke occ arhoeksis. Kt ks
tfmkr \ hraups wfkjf orm rmspaesklcm gar tfm strujturm ag tfm pratmkes. Rratmkes joe tonm o
fmckx ar pcmotmd sfopm. Rratmke sfopm ks jrujkoc ta tfm prapmr guejtkae ag lkacahkjocprajmssms ke tfm jmcc. Oe \ hraup ks o skdm jfoke ottojfmd ta tfm lojnlaem tfot ionms up o
corhm iacmjucm.
8/10/2019 Science 02 A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/science-02-a 28/28
Koe Lmordscmy