Upload
trandat
View
213
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
SCIENCEJANUARY 7, 1949
I PRESIDENT OF THE AAAS, 1949:ELVIN CHARLES STAKMANELVIN HELEN HART
RESEARCH AND THE DEVELOPMENT OFATOMIC ENERGY IROBERT F. BACHER f
CHROMOSOMES, GENES, AND THEELECTRON MICROSCOPE
DANIEL C. PEASE AND RICHARD F. BAKER
TECHNICAL PAPERS ICOMMENTS & COMMUNICATIONSI
IN MEMORIAMBOOK REVIEWS
NEWS AND NOTES
I COMPLETE TABLE OF CONTENTS ON PAGE 3 1
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THEADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
45% greater capacity.. at
plus these exclusive "LAB-AID" features...* EFFICIENCY ... slides, in single bank drawers, are easily inserted
or withdrawn
* VISIBILITY ... single rows offer unobstructed visibility
* COMPACTNESS ... requires only nineteen-inch-square floor or deskspace
* FLEXIBILITY ... interchangeable drawers file microslides, transpar-
encies, lantern-slides, index cards.
* CONVERTIBILITY ... drawers quickly changed from spaced filing to
close-packed storage, or vice versa,
"SPRING-ACTION"" .- flexible separators for spaced filing
* SAFETY . ., slides can't be chipped in pulling out drawers: safetystop prevents accidental full withdrawal: all-steel fire-resistantconstruction
SMOOTH OPERATION ... drawers won't stick or warp: slide freelyon metal tracks
* EASY STACKING-.-. interlocking units permit stable stacking to any
convenient height
* ALL-STEEL CONSTRUCTION ... welded steel throughout: greatstrength with minimum waste space
* ECONOMY . . . storage cost per slide lowest evern
<P~iz laboratory filing systems
I;
1
pinca 0
if/ns taxt oo
4Y Saundejrd
* 4n 3mporfant f1le gooh
DEROBERTIS, NOWINSKI & SAEZ' CYTOLOGYThese authors stress the morphological, physiological and genetic aspects of moderncytology. Reflecting the modern approach so evident throughout the text, is the cor-relation of methods derived from related sciences such as physics and biochemistry.Particular effort has been made to confine the discussion to established facts, thus safe-guarding the student from the confusion that so often arises when obliged to delve intocontroversial issues. The need for such a text is confirmed by the immediate ac-ceptance it has received.By E. D. P. DEROB~RTIS, M.D., Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; W. W. Now-INSKI, PH.D., Tissue Culture Laboratory and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of TexasMedical Branch, Galveston; and F~NcIsco A. SAo. PH.D., Institute for the Investigation of Biological Sci-ences, Montevideo. 345 pages, with 143 Illustrations. some In color. $5.50
MAXIMOW & BLOOM'S HISTOLOGYEver since publication of the New (5th) Edition, a steady procession of comments fromteachers has substantiated our belief that this is the finest edition of this standard textyet to appear. Its new, easy-to-read double column format, the wealth of important newmaterial, and the improvement in its already magnificent illustrations have beenquickly noticed and applauded. It is the outstanding text in its field.
By ALEXANDER A. MAXIMOW and WILLIAM BLOOM, Professor of Anatomy, University of Chicago. 700pages, with 562 illustrations, 32 in color. $8.50.
W B. SAUNDERS COMPANYWest Washington Square Philadelphia 5
1A ingpapiti
Fie oI
the Creeping Sleeve
Lead sheathing on telephone cable meets many stresses-the tug of its own weight, wind pressure, contraction andexpansion from cold and heat. Then, too, there's the pres-
sure of nitrogen gas put in Long Distance cable to warn ofsheath breaks and keep out moisture.
And, sometimes, lead is subject to "creep"-a perma-nent stretching-even when the stress is but a fraction ofthe normal tensile strength. Creep is especially likely atthe lead sleeves used where two lengths of cable are joined.The sleeve may stretch and break open exposing telephonecircuits to the elements.
So Bell Laboratories scientists have developed methodsto test and control creep. In a special testing room, weightsare applied to scores of samples of lead, under controlledconditions. Exact records of the amount of creep are ob-tained with a precision instrument.
Years of careful study have produced a lead compositionwhich resists creep and yet has all the other properties re-
quired of sleeves. This means better telephone service for youand helps give that service at lowest possible cost. It is an
example of the way Bell Telephone Laboratories scientistsstudy and improve every part of the great telephone plant.
BELL TE LE PH O N E LAB O RAT O R I ESEXPLORING AND INVENTING, DEVISING AND PERFECTING, FOR CON-
TINUED IMPROVEMENTS AND ECONOMIES IN TELEPHONE SERVICE.
9
1::-.. ..ill,.. ft
.I..
3
SCIENCEVol. 109 No. 2819 Friday, January 7, 1949
AAAS EDITORIAL BOARD(Terms expire July 31, 1949)
Arthur BevanEdward CondonBentley GlassMalcolm SouleEverett WallisGeorge BaitsellEditor-in-Chief
Advertising RepresentativeF. A. Moulton
CONTENTS
Special ArticlesElvin Charles Stakman: President of
AAAS, 1949: HelenHart ....................................
Research and the Development ofAtomic Energy: Robert F. Bacher
Preliminary Investigations of Chromo-somes and Genes With the ElectronMicroscope: Daniel C. Pease and
Richard F.Baker..............................................................
Technical PapersEffect of Absorber Position on Counting Rate
of Collimated and Uncollimiated Beta andGamma Radiation:Francis Johnston and John E. Willard ............
Oxidation of Parenterally Administered C14-labeled Tripalmitin Emulsions:
S. R.Lerner, et al.................................................................Life Cycle of Postharmostomum laruei Me-
Intosh 1934 (Trematoda: Brachylaemidae):Martin J. Ulm er.......................................................................
Distribution of Free Amino Acids in MouseEpidermis in Various Phases of Growth asDetermined by Paper Partition Chromatog-raphy: Eugene Roberts and
GarsonH .Tishkoff ...........................................................
Blocking Action of Tetraethylammonium onAxon Reflexes in the Human Skin:Henry Janowitz and M. I. Grossman .............
1 Further Consideration of a Suggested SimpleLaboratory Test for Poliomyelitis Virus:Pierre R. Lepine, Alex J. Steigman and
2 Albert B. Sabin .
Comments and CommunicationsA Note on "Why Vegetation on Watersheds?";
Antigen Films and Long-Range Forces; Pre-cedence of Modern Plant Names Over NamesBased on Fossils?; The Human EngineeringSeminar at New York University ......................... ..
In MemoriamRichard Chace Tolinan: Vannevar Bush.
Book Reviews11 Cancer, I, Her&dite, hormones, substances can-
cerigenes: J. Maisin.ReviewedbyF.Duran-Reynals ...........................
Outlines of physical chemistry:13 Farrington Daniels.
Reviewed by Raymond M. Fuoss ......................North American trees (exclusive of Mexico and
13 tropical United States):Richard J. Preston, Jr.
Reviewedby M. A. Huberman ...........................
Scientific Book Register.14 News and Notes.
Science, a weekly journal founded in 1880. is publishedeach Friday by the American Association for the Advance-ment of Science at the Business Press, 10 McGovern Ave.,Lancaster, Pa. Editorial and Advertising Offices, 1515 Massa-chusetts Ave., N.W., Washington 5, D. C. Telephone, Execu-tive 6060. Cable address, SCIMAG, Washington. D. C.Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster,Pa., January 13, 1948, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Ac-ceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage providedfor in the Act of February 28, 1925, embodied in Paragraph 4,Sec. 538, P.L. and R., authorized January 13, 1948. Applica-tion for additional entry at Washington, D. C., pending.
Manuscripts submitted for publication should be sent to theEditorial Office, with stamped, self-addressed envelope enclosedfor possible return. The AAAS assumes no responsibility forthe safety of the manuscripts or for the opinions expressedby contributors.Annual subscription, $7.50; single copies, $.25: foreign
postage, outside the Pan-American Union, $1.00: Canadian
postage, $.50. Remittances and orders for subscriptions andsingle copies should be sent to the Circulation Department,Science, 1515 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington 5. D. C.Membership correspondence for the AAAS should be addressedto the Administrative Secretary at the same address.
Chance of address. Four weeks' notice is required forchange of address. This should be sent to Science Recorder,1515 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington 5, D. C. Whenordering a change, it is necessary to furnish an address stencillabel from a recent issue. Claims for a missing number willnot be allowed if received more than 60 days from date ofissue. No claims allowed from subscribers due to failure tonotify the Circulation Department of a change of addres orbecause an issue is missing from their files, or for any reasonfrom subscribers in Central Europe, Asia, or the Pacific Islands(other than Hawaii).
The AAAS also publishes The Scientific Monthly. Subscrip-tion rates on request.
16
17
18
20
21
21
22
22
23
FLUSH MOUNTED Typewith single hole mountingand plastic case. Widelyused for panel mounting.
TYPE 401-A with fully en-closed plastic desk caseand non-removable-topbinding posts. See thecomplete specificationsbelow Y
PRECISION REGISTER specially made forthe United States Navy ... used for pre-cision propulsion measurements. Hos 6-inch dial, and indicates up to 100 im-pulses per second.
yclotron Specialties Impulse Registers wereoriginally designed to meet the exacting re-quiremhnts of radio-activity research workers.Their outstanding performance has attainedfor them acceptance in nearly every scientificfield and today, many special types are in useby scientific workers throughout the world.
Cyclotron Specialties Registers are unique intheir ability to operate at exceptionally highspeeds with complete accuracy and withoutadjustment or maintenance. They are unex-celled for high speed impulse recording andmechanical operations requiring counting inprecise quantities.
SPECIFICATIONS OF IMPULSE RESISTER NO. 401-AAccurately Registers Up to 60 Impulses Per Second
l, mesr sawee 1 neas E to i IkectiSweep dl pIs ailiaes read th 1,1 impleswiteum textraeqltpoeat4Us1obe .C. resteelperats e m s ew s 100lulilattSnaI effect, ligt welgtlrbe, faged eStrti te wts mDab aecideetsRIsesbw: 3X4, Weigt: 2 bs
FLUSH MOUNTED Type
with four auxiliary dials
making possible direct
readings to 999,999 im-pulses. Similar in con-
struction to regular Flush
Mounting.
In addition to the Cyclotron
Specialties Registers illustrat-
ed, other types include higher
speeds, electrical reset, add
and subtract type and higher
totalization. Inquiries for
these special types will re-
ceive prompt attention.
Ofall TYp`s
4
II11
F |I , X
X0RwSgg!~~~-
1 5 5a 5
___j
INRI
5
BARGAINS in WAR SURPLUS OPTICSASSENCoap
is optional wit
Stock #842-W
OPTICS-Set Aassembling 7 xcondition-perntion coating.Stock #5102-W(These are statFrench or Geri
NOTICE: Addnocular Optics
COMPLETE (6x09 Binochlsneed-ready fc
regular factoryin perfect or Ition coating.finished. Nostructions inciStock #830-W
Optics and MeBinocular). F
10 LENS I
Kit includes ililens In the kit.ULTRA CLOIchrome Vieweroptics, buildinjStock #2-W .
8
Go,
Big 2" diametoprism erects 1neutral and re(for perfect wobut a trifle bTelescope.Stock #943-W6 POWER PElong. Focusitend. Govt. copurchase priceStock #717-W20X PRISMand prisms (estandard 20Xmm. dia. AchiWe furnish inEStock #5145-li
(Also surp]TELESCOPE]F.L. 28 mm. at
ABLE YOUR OWN BINOCULARS! MOUNTED PROJECTINGlete Optics! Complete Ml Parts! LENS SYSTEMaveo More Than Regular Cost F. L. 91.44 mm. (just right for 35 mm. Pro-
GOVT. 7 X60 BINOCULARS jectors). Speed of F 1.9. Outside dia. ofHere's an unusual opportunity to mount at one end 00 mm. Length of mountsecure a fine set of Binoculars at 64 mm.a substantial saving of money. Stock #408-W............ .00 PostpaidOffered here are complete sets of THREADED OUTSIDE MOUNT FOR FO-Optics and Metal Parts for the CUSING ABOVE SYSTEM (not Illus.)-7 x 50 Binoculars. These com- Stock #715-W .$1.00 Postpaidponents are new and all ready SIMPLE LENS KIT-Some gov't surplus,for assembly. We supply fullin- some commercial surplus, some chipped re-
structions. jects, some perfect, few coated in anyMTTAL PARTS-Set includes all event and excellent bargain. Containing Plano Convex,Metal Parts-completely finished Double Convex, Concave, Meniscus Lenses. Dia. range 5 mm.-for assembly of x50 Binocu- to 40 mm. Assorted focal lengths.lars. No machining required.A sturdy Binocular Carrying Case Stock #5-W .......... 45 lenses ....... .$5.00 Postpaid
each set of Metal Parts. Stock #10-W.......... 80 lenses.$10.00 Postpaid$39.40 Postpaid, MOUNTED ANASTIGMAT LENSES-Use for Projectors,
$480forCase-Total$44.20 Enlargers, Copying Cameras. Complete with Shutter and
includes all Lenses and Prisms you need for Diaphragm. Value about $20. An excellent buy. WE
:50 Binoculars. These Optics are in excellent HOWI TO MAKE YOUR OWN ENLARGER.feet or near perfect-and have new low reflec- HWT AEYU W NAGR
eStock #8004-W-Speed f/7.7, focal length
.7sx50 Optics Postpaid Suitable for pictures, negatives, positives up to 31/2" x 41/4"........ 7 x 50 Optics' $25.00 Postpaid $7.50 Postpaid
ndard American-made parts notJapanese, Stock #8006-W-Speed of f/7.7, focal length approx. 100 mms.nan.) Suitable for pictures, etc. up to 21/" x 31/" $8.50 Postpaid
20% Federal Excise Tax if you buy both Bi- CONDENSING LENSES Seconds, but suitable for En-
and Metal Parts. largers and Spotlights.
ARMY'S 6 x S0 BINOCULARS Stock #1061-W 6%" dia., 9" F.L ...... $2.50 Postpaid
)PTICS8 & METAL PARTS-Model M-13A1 Stock #1080-W ....... 5" dia., 7" F.L. $1.00 Postpaidars. (Waterproof model.) Everything you Stock #1084-W ...... 21%"' dia., 4" F.L ...... $1.00 Postpaidir assembly. When finished will look like a ESC AN GTSU--1tqulysetiz11xrjob costing $102 to $120. The Optics are new, 7L2NS MaNdeItoNGovT.ses.stquFalityrasivheest High wetnear-perfect condition. Have new low refiec- 7s eshig
Metal Parts are new and perfect, all completely Stock #721-W.500 sheets.$1.00 Postpaidmachining required. Complete assembly in-
uded. SLIDE PROJECTOR SETS-Consist of all unmounted lenses$0.00 Postpaid, you need to make the following size projectors:
plus $8.00 tax-Total-_$8s.00 Stock #4038-W ......... 21/4" x2%". $8.35 Postpaidstal Parts are Available for Monoculars (1/2 a Stock #4039-W.2%" x3%". $3.35 PostpaidFor Complete Details, Write for Bulletin W. Stock #4029-W.35 mm ........ 2.85 Postpaid
1IT-THE LENS CRAFTERS DELIGHT! 35MM KODACHROME PROJECTING LENS SET-Consistslustrated booklet ... specific project for every of a mounted projecting lens, heat absorbing glass, 2 con-
Use these lenses in photography for copying, densing lenses.,
SE-UP SHOTS, Micro-photography, Koda- Stock #4035-W.$4.85 Postpaid
r, etc. Dozens of other uses in experimental NEW BULLETIN on our BIG VARIETY OF PRISMS-Overg TELESCOPES, low power Microscopes, etc. 50 different right angle Prisms, Rhomboidal, Binocular
.................$1.00 Postpaid Porro, Leman, IPorro-Abbe, Brashear-Hastings, Penta, Dove,
Pentagon, Ocular, and Amici Roof Prisms. Also Beam, POWER ELBOW TELESCOPE Splitters, Wedges and many others. Request Bulletin W.v't Cost $200.00! Our Price $17.50! Army Air Force ASTRO COMPASS (Not a magnetic com-;er objective. All lenses Achromatic. Amidi pass). Used as a means of Indicating heading of aircraftthe Image. 4 built-in filters-clear, amber, from position of stars. Excellent for amateur astronomers.
d. Slightly used condition but all guaranteed Govt. cost about $100. Used but In good condition.irking order. Weight 5 lbs. Can be carried Stock #944-W ........... $8.00 Postpaidulky. Eveellent for finder on Astronomical TERRIFIC BARGAIN! BUBBLE SEXTANTS
.............................. $17.50 Postpaid Army Air Forces type. Govt. cost about $125.00 each. In-
RISCOPE and ADJUSTABLE TRIPOD. 27" cluded with shipment is woodenag eye-piece. Adjustable cover for objective Carrying Case, 5 spare waxed
aft $150. Tripod and mount worth more than paper discs, flashlight with
rheostat for night use (uses
ordinary flashlight cells not a
........................ $20.00 f.o.b. Audubon furnished) aux. 2-power Gall-
POTTING SCOPE SET-Consists of all lenses lean Telescope, Allen wrench, 1Slightly chipped) you need to make a good, spare marking point. WartimeSpotting Scope. Low reflection coated. 57 used. BUT COMPLETELY RE-
romatic objective. Some metal parts Included. PAIRED, COLLIMATED ANDstructions. PUT IN GOOD WORKING
7 ....--.. $22.00 Postpaid ORDER. Money back guaran-
lus Riflescopes-Write for Bulletin 18dW) tee. Full directions for use ac--.company each shipment.
BYE-PIECE3-Consists of 2 Achromatic Lenses, Stock #924-W .$12.50 Postpaidnd a metal mount. Same SEXTANT as above, but BRAND NEW and with
Stock #5140-W ................ $4.50 PostpaidAutomatic Electric Averaging Device and Illuminated Aver-Pagine disc for nighttime use. Govt. cost $217.
Stock #933-W. $22.50 PostpaidIF YOU'RE INTERESTED IN OPTICAL BARGAINS
kvvntefor FREE CATAlOGtw Lenses and Prism's for Sale atSargain ORDER BY SET OR STOCK NOCA.Prices.NumerousTypsofInstrumen Too .
I-iI± ± *-r±~ S±I:OLLA ~
P ROMPT DE L -I VERIESMany important items and lines of Laboratory Apparatus, which during recent years
have been in scarce supply, are again available for immediate shipment from our stocksuch, for example, as the following:
*Stormer ViscosimetersAscariteWeber Electric Drying andVacuum Ovens
*Wiley Laboratory Mills*Spring-Grip Micro ClampsAnalytical Balance,Model H-1
Gast Rotary Air PumpsAutomatic Burettes
Hilger Polarimeter
Barcroft-Warburg Apparatus
Micro Slides
Horizontal Autoclaves,Double Wall
Hearson BacteriologicalIncubators
Lidberg Electric Incubatorsand Paraffin Ovens
Kahn Shaking ApparatusWeber Serological BathsVan Slyke Manometric Blood
Gas ApparatusEtc., Etc.
Pyrex brand Laboratory Glassware-practically all items listed in catalogue LP-28,including Fritted Ware, Ground Joints, "Vycor'" and Boron-Free glassware,etc. (stocks maintained at from 8.000 to 10,000 cases).
Kimble Laboratory Glassware -a majority of the items listed in catalogue SD-17(excluding hydrometers and thermometers).
Coors Laboratory Porcelain Ware-items as listed in 1948 catalogue with exceptionof a few shapes made for industrial use.
However, while the majority of items currently listed and stocked by us are now available for promptshipment, some items are not as yet produced in quantities sufficient to meet present demands, and anyitem may be temporarily out of stock at any given time.
Our stocks include many hundreds of carefully selected new items for use in labora-tories of Chemistry and Biology, introduced since publication of our current catalogue-in addition to Pyrex, Kimble and Coors items mentioned above-such, for example, as awide variety of items developed for Microchemistry. All of these items will be listed inthe new edition of our catalogue now nearing completion.
* New descriptive pamnplhlets sent upon request.
ARTHUR H. THOMAS COMPANYRETAIL-WHOLESALE-EXPORT
LABORATORY APPARATUS AND REAGENISWEST WASHINGTON SQUARE PHILADELPHIA 5, PA., U.S.A.
Cable Address, BALANCE, Philadelphia
6
A recent survey of our records of the handling of domestic orders shows thefollowing:76% of orders received shipped by us within two days after their receipt
i.e., 26% were shipped the same day they were received and 50% wereshipped the following day. This was done without substitution unlessspecifically authorized.
7
Count C'4 with Maximum Efficiency
"Q-Gas" counter wed with Model 163 Automatic Scaling Unit to count C14.
ith the ne tt gas CounterAn exdusive development ofNuclear Instrument & Chemical Corporation ...Counts alphas, soft or hard betas, and gammas, too
This is 1he new counter that's unparal- 1450 volts, and no amplification is neces-leled for versatility. It is ideal for sary when used with most commerciallydetection of soft ionizing radiation like available scaling units. The "Q-Gas" isthat of C14 and S35. There is no window economical in operation and quickly ob-absorption or energy loss because the tainable from stock. A low cost back-sample is placed 'inside the sensitive ground shield is available.volume. Yet it efficiently counts hard These are only a few of the manybetas and gammas, too, because higher outstanding features of the "Q-Gas"counting gas pressure (atmospheric) pro- counter. Write today for complete in-vides high counting efficiency for pene- formation.trating radiation. Discriminate countingcan also be done bythe use of absorbers. most complete lineThis versatility is possible because of the NUCLEAR'S line of instruments anduse of "Q-Gas", a new quenching gas accessories for radiation research is un-developed exclusively by NUCLEAR. matched for completeness and quality.The counter is very longlived because We invite your requests for catalogthere is nothing to replace or repair. information and counsel on isotopeOperation is in the Geiger region at application.
OD I nuclear instrument & chemical corporation223-233 West Erie Street, Chicago 10, Illinois-Cable Address "Nuclear"Formerly Instrument Development Laboratories. Inc.
8
Cut Analytical Costs TWO WAYS
with .. .
* For ease of operation-speed, convenience and Logreater accuracy in examination of spectrum plates-for line identification, measuring wave lengthsand preparing for densitometry, there is no instru-ment like the B&L Spectrum Projector. Here is aprojector that delivers a clear, sharp, magnifiedimage of the spectrum . . . one that can be easilycompared to the B&L iron arc spectrum charts.These charts are supplied as optional equipment.
11
* Now you can turn the ends of Lographite electrodes to any desiredform much faster and easier with aB&L Electrode Shaper. This small
li"turret lathe" is simple to operate.Simply adjust for the desired cut-ting tool combination, insert thegraphite rod, and move turret intoshaping position. Motor starts andstops automatically. Any four cut-ting tool set-ups can be maintainedat one time.
WRITE for a demonstration andliterature. Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.,642-A St. Paul St., Rochester 2, N. Y.
Bausch & Lomb Accessories