Schools and Sects

7/29/2019 Schools and Sects

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SCHOOLS AND SECTS DURING THE DAYS OI MA M J A AFA R AL -S AD IQ ( A. S. )SCHOOLS AND SECTS DURING THE DAYS OIMAM JAAFAR AL-SADIQ (A.S.)


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T h e R e li g io u s S c ho o ls a n d S e ct s D u ri n g t h e D a ys o f Imam Jafar al-Sadiq(A.S.)

T he d ay s o f A bu Ab d A ll ah a l- S a di q, p e ac e b e o n h im , w er e t he d ay s o f r el ig io uss c h o ol s , s e c t s , i d e as , d e s i re s , t h eo l o gy, r e s e a rc h , m i sg u i d an c e , s us p i c io n , a n dd ou bt s. N ow, w e w il l me nt io n t he o ri gi n of t h os e g ro up in gs a nd s c ho ol s i n a b ri ef

m an ne r, fo ll ow in g t he m et ho ds t ha t w e h av e a do pt ed in th is b oo k b ec au se t hee n la rg e me n t u p on th e r e s ea r ch w i ll ta k e u s o u t o f t h e p l an o f t h e b o ok , a n d i n t h ebooks on the religious schools and sects are many details.

T h e O r ig i n o f t he I s la m ic G r o up i ng s :I n de e d, t h e M u sl i m na t io n d iv i de d i n to s e ve n ty - t hr e e g r ou p in g s. T ha t w as w h ato u r Tr u t h fu l T r us t y P r o p h et , m a y Al la h b l e s s h i m a n d h i s f a m i l y, s a i d : " M y n a t i o nwi l l d iv i d e i n t o s ev e n t y- t h r e e g r o u pi n g s ." 2 9I n th i s c h a pt e r, we wa n t t o st u d y t h e we l l - k n o wn g r o u pi n g s i n th e t i m e o f a l- S a di q .We w i ll d e vo t e o u r re s ea r ch t o t he o r ig i ns o f t ho s e g r ou p in g s. We m a y r e fe r t o s u b-

g r o u pi n g s a f t e r we h a v e m e n t io n e d t h e o r i g in s . Of c o u r s e, t h is wi l l su i t ou r p u rp o s eand plan.A l l Mu s li m s ec t s b e lo n g (3 0 ) to f o u r gr o up i ng s : th e M u rj e ia , t he M u 't a zi l a, t h eS h i ' a, a n d t h e Kh a r i ji t e s . S o e v er y M u s l i m s ec t b e l o ng s t o o n e o f t h e s e o r i g in s . Al s oal - G hu la t, th ou gh t he ot he r s ec ts ha ve r eg ar ded th em as u nbe lie ve rs , is as u b di v i s io n of t h e a b o ve m e n t io n e d o r i g in s . T h e s e f o u r o r i g in s a r e a s f o l l ow:

1 . T he M u r j e ia :We m a y s a y: In d ee d , t h e M u rj e ia m e an s t o da y t h e A s h' a ri s o n ly, an d t h ey ar e t h es un ni s i n g en er a l a cc or di ng t o t he b el ie f i n t hi s t im e, b ec au se t he re i s n o o ne w hof o ll o ws t h e s c ho o l o f t h e M u 't a zi l a i n t h es e t i me s .B e fo r e a l - A s h' a ry, t h e M u rj e ia w e re m a ny s e ct s , an d t ho s e s e ts w e r e s u bd i vi s io n so f th e S un ni s e qu iv al en t to t he S hi 'a a nd t he K ha ri ji te s. B ut w h en a l- As h' ry 'ss c ho o l of t h o ug h t ap p ea r ed , t he M u rj e ia b e ca m e a n ot h er t i tl e f o r t he S u nn i s o r f o r a l - As h ' r y' s s c h o ol i n g e n e r al . I n ( h i s b o o k) a l - M i l al a n d a l - Ni h a l, a l - S h a h r is t a n ys a i d : "An d i t is s a i d ( t h a t) a l - I r j a' ( d e l ay i n g) ( m e a n s) t h e d e l a yi n g o f ' Al i , pe a c e b eo n h i m, fr o m t h e f i rs t d e gr e e t o t h e f o ur t h ( d eg r ee ) ." A s y o u s e e, th i s i s t h e t h ou g hto f th e S u n n is i n g e n er a l .I t is n o t o u r p u rp o se t o r e se a rc h t h e g a th e ri n g o f th e se n a me s i n t h e S c ho o ls o f al -

As h ' a ry o r t h e i r d e p ar t i n g f r o m , r a t h er o ur f i rs t pu r p o se i s t o kn o w t h e s i t u at i o n o f a l - M ur j ei a o n t ha t d ay. T he r e i s n o d ou b t th a t th e M u rj e ia i n t ha t t im e w e re s e ts a n ds c h o ol s . T h ey we r e g a t h er e d t o g et h e r b y t h ei r o p i n io n t h a t s a id : i t i s e n o ug h ( t os h ow ) f ai t h w i th w o rd s e v en i f th e re i s n o a ct , an d e ve n i f th e p e rs o n wh o c la i msbelief commits every atrocity still he is a believer and follows the faith of Jibra'ila n d M i k a 'i l , a n d t h e y d e l a ye d f o r g iv e n e ss f o r t h o s e wh o c o m m i t g r e at s i n s .M ay be , th ey w er e c al le d th e M ur je ia f or t hi s r ea so n o r be ca us e A ll ah h as d el ay edt h e i r p u n i sh m e n t. ( it i s d e r i ve d f r om t h e wo r d a l - i rj a ' m e a n in g d e l a y) o r b e c a us et h ey d el a ye d 'A l i, p ea c e b e o n hi m , f r o m t h e f i rs t de g re e t o th e f o ur t h d e gr e e a s a l -


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Shahristany has mentioned.W ha t w e h av e m en ti on ed is t he c om mo n i de a a mo ng th e g ro up s o f t he M ur je ia .T hi s w ha t t he b oo ks o f th e t wo p ar ti es h av e r ep or te d, wh ic h h as m en ti on ed th em e e t in g o f t h e p a r t i es a n d d e p a r ti n g o f th e r e l i g io u s s e c t s.We r e A b u H a ni f a a n d h i s f e ll o we r f r om th e M a si r yy a M u rj e ia , 31 wh o l i ve d i nIraq? Were al- Shafi'y, Malik b. Anas, b. Abu Layla, Shurayk b. Abd Allah, and their

f e ll o we r f ro m th e M u rj e ia w h o w e r e c a ll e d a l -S h uk k ak o r al - Ba t ar i ya , a n d t h eywere the people of al- Hashu and the great m ajority who were called al-Hashawiya?We c an no t dec id e th is , b ec au se t he bo ok s of t he s ec ts ar e d iff er en t abo ut t hata nc es tr y. A l so t he y di d no t de pe nd o n re li ab le r ef er en ce s t ha t ma y he lp u s t ou n d er s t a n d t h e c o r r e ct v i e wpo i n t s. B e s id e s t h e f a n a ti c i s m of t h o s e a u t ho r s f o r t he i r s ec ts a nd s ch oo ls m ad e t he o th er s ec t a g oa l fo r th em . Mo re ov er, t he m en of t hes ec ul ar au th or it ie s i n t ho se t im es h el pe d t hi s c ri me t o h ap pe n, be ca us e t he ypropagated a sect and waged war against the other. To achieve this purpose, theyh i re d , o r at o rs t o p r ea c h a n d f o r t h em , so t he p e rs o n w h o h a s n o k n ow l ed g e o r

s tu di es m ay m is s t he t ru th .M a yb e , t h os e b o ok s h a ve t h ro w n m an y w r it e rs i n to s n ar e s o f c o nf u si o n. I n s h o rt , i ti s n o t ea s y fo r u s t o d ep e nd o n t h os e b o ok s t o u nd e rs t an d t he c o rr e ct a n ce s tr y. S o ,t h e o n ly s e ct wh i ch h a s c o rr e ct l y r e la t ed t o t h e M u rj e ia i s a l - J a ha m yy a , w h o w e ret h e f o ll o we r s o f J a ha m b . S a fw a n, b e ca u se t h ey f r a nk l y b el i ev e d i n w ha t w e h a vem en ti on ed , a nd t he a ut ho rs h av e a gr e ed o n t ha t. A ls o t he y ( th e a ut ho rs ) h av er e p o rt e d ( t ra d i t io n s ) f r om t h e P r o p he t , m a y Al l a h bl e s s h i m a nd h i s f a m i l y, wh i c hh a v e c u r s ed t h e m , wh i l e we a r e i n n oc e n t o f t he i r r es p o n si b i li t y.O n e o f th e se t r ad i ti o ns i s : " T he M u rj e ia h a d b e en cu r se d b y t h e t o ng u es o f se v en t yprophets. It was said to him: Who are the Murjeia? He said: Those who said: Beliefi s s p ee c h. " 3 2 I n s u mm a ry. T h er e i s n o d o ub t w h o t h e M u rj e ia w e re a t t h at ti m e.A l s o t h ey w e r e a g r ou p o f s e ct s . We h a ve m e nt i on e d t h ei r t h ou g ht s e a rl i er. T h ei r t h ou g ht s , w hi c h b ro u gh t t h em t o g et h er, w a s t h at w o r d s a r e e n ou g h t o a ch i ev ebelief even if there is no action to match these words, rather even if the action isc o n t ra r y t o t h e wo r d s . We a r e i n n o n e e d t o s t u d y t h o r ou g h l y t h e i r s u b d iv i s i on s a n dt h e i r c h a r a ct e r i st i c s l e s t we s h o u ld m i s s o u r a i m a n d m a k e m i s t a ke s . We a s k Al l a h,t h e E x a l te d , t o p ro t e c t u s f r o m mi s t a ke s .

2 . T h e M u ' t az i l a :

We h a ve n o d o ub t t h at a l - I ' ti z al ( i s ol a ti o n) w a s b o rn a t t h e t i me o f a l -S a di q , p e ac ebe on him, and at that time it spread. That was when 'Amru b. Ubaid, Wasil b. 'Atta',a n d t h e l i k e i s o l at e d t h em s e l v es f r o m t h e t h e ol o g i ca l s c h o ol o f a l - Ha s a n a l - B a s ry,s o th ey ca ll ed th em w it h t hi s n am e ( i. e. th e M u' ta zi la o r th e i so la te d. ) It is n otc o r r e ct t h a t a l - I ' t iz a l ( i s o la t i o n) wa s b o r n d u r i ng t h e t i m e o f Ami r a l - M u ' m i ni n ( t h eCommander of the Faithful) when Sa'ad b. Abu Waqas, b. 'Amr, and Usam b. Zaydi s o l at e d th e m s el v e s f r o m th e b a t t le s o f Am i r al - Mu ' m i ni n , be c a u se t h a t i s o l at i o nw a s n o t d u e t o a n id e a o r su s pi c io n in r el a ti o n, r at h er i t w a s d e vi a ti o n f r om ( th eright leadership) of Amir al- Mu'minin, peace be on him. Moreover, al- I'tizal was


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n o t k n o w a t t ha t t im e , th e y we r e n o t c a l l ed a l- M u 't a z i la ( t h e i s o l at e d ) o n t h a t d a y,a n d t he M u ' ta z i l a d i d n o t be l o ng t o t h e i r s ch o o l.Af t e r t h e M u ' t az i l a h a d a g r e e d wit h e a c h o t h er o n a l - I ' t i z al , t h e y d i vi d e d i nt o m a n ys ec ts , a nd i n o ur pr es en t t im e, t he re i s n o o ne , a s I th in k, b el on gi ng to th is s ch oo l.T h e a u th o r o f th e b o ok ' Al - F ar q b ay n a A l - Fi r aq ' , p . 94 , ha s r e po r te d fr o m th eEssays of al- Ka'by.

" I n d ee d , t h e M u ' t az i l a h a d u n a n im o u s l y a g r e ed t h a t Al l a h , t h e Gr e a t a nd Al m i gh t y,i s a t h in g n ot l i ke t h in g s, H e i s t h e C r ea t or o f b od i es a n d sp i ri t s, H e h a s c r ea t ed w h atH e c r ea t ed o u t o f no t hi n g, a n d m e n d o th e ir a c t s w i th t h e f a te , w hi c h A l la h , th eGl o r if i e d a n d Ex a l t ed , h a s c r e a t ed i n t h e m. " He s a i d : "An d t h e y ha d u n a ni m o u sl ya gr ee d t ha t A ll ah do es n ot fo rg iv e h im wh o c om mi ts g re at si ns w it ho utrepentance."T h i s i s wh a t a l - Ka ' b y h a s r e p o r te d ab o u t t h e c o m m o n t h o u gh t of t h e M u ' ta z i l a. Wea r e s a ti s fi e d wi t h th e a b ov e - me n ti o ne d t ex t a bo u t th e ir b e li e fs , a nd w e a r e n o tc o nc e rn i ng a t h or o ug h e xa m in a ti o n t o p ut t h e se w o rd s i n t h e s c al e s o f c r it i ci s m t ok no w t he c or re ct ne ss o f w ha t t he a ut ho r o f t he a bo ve - m en ti on ed b oo k h as

r e ga r de d a s r i gh t t o w ar d s t h is c l ai m . A l s o t hi s r e as o n h a s s u mm o ne d u s t o p a s s o v er what b. Hazm, al-Shahristany, and the author of 'Al- Farq bayan al- Firaq' haveattributed to them. Worth mentioning, they have said many ideas about them.Af t e r t h i s , we d o n o t wa n t t o tr e a t e x h a us t i v el y th e s e c t s o f t ha t gr o u p in g a n d t h e i r peculiar beliefs, because the enlargement in such a matter will take us out of thel i m i te d p l a n a n d we m a y m a k e m i s t ak e s .A r e t h e f a ta l is t s t h e M u 't a zi l a? O r a r e t h ey t h e A s h ' r is t h em s el v es ? T h is i s a n o b je c to f do ub t, b ec au se i f we r eg ar d th e f a ta li st s a s t ho se w ho s ay : "t he a ct s o f me n ar ec r ea t ed f or t he m , an d th e y ( t he a c ts ) a re d o ne a n d e s ti m at e d b y th e m, a nd A l la ho n ly cr e at e s p o we r an d a b il i ty w it h w h ic h m e n d o t h ei r a c ts , " t h en th e y a r e t h eM u ' t az i l a a c c o r di n g to t h e e a r l ie r c om m o n t h o u gh t whi c h ha s b e e n r e p o r te d f r omt he m. A nd a cc or di ng t o th is , t he y ar e n ot t he A sh 'a ri s t he ms el ve s, b e ca us e t heAs h ' a ri s a r e c o n t ra r y t o th i s ; t h e y t h i n k t h a t a l l a c t s a r e c r e a t ed a nd e st i m a te d byAl l a h , t h e E x a l te d , n ot b y m a n.I f w e m e an th e f a ta l is t s a r e t h os e w h o s a y t h at t he g o od an d t h e e v il of f at e a r e f r o mAl l a h , t he E x a l te d , t h e n t he y a r e s u r e l y t he As h ' ar i s .F r o m t h e P r op h et , m ay A l la h bl e ss h i m a n d h i s f a m il y, a l- S h ah r ys t an y ha sr eported: "The f atalists are the Magians of this nation." "The fatalists are theo p p o ne n t s o f Al l a h in f a t e . " 3 3

3 . T he S hi 'a :Al - Ta s h a yy ' ' ( s h ii s m ) wa s a t t h e t i m e o f th e Ho l d e r o f t h e Ho n o ra b l e M i s s io n , a n ds om e o f th e c om pa ni on s h ad b ee n c al le d Sh i' a s in ce t ha t da y. S om e o f th em w er eS a l m a n, Ab u Dh a r r, ' Am m a r, Hu d h ay f a , Kh u z a y m a, J a b i r, Ab u S a ' i d a l - Kh i d r y,Ab u Ay y u b, Kh a l i d b . S a ' i d b . a l- ' As , Qa y s b . S a ' a d, a n d t h e l i k e . 3 4I n Ar a b i c , th e wo r d ' S h i 'a ' m e a n s a l - a t b a' ( f o l l owe r s ) , a l- Ans a r ( s u p po r t e r s) , a n da l - A ' w an ( h el p er s ) . It w a s d e ri v ed f r om t h e w o r d 'a l -M u sh a ya ' a w h ic h m ea n s a l -M u t a wa' a ( o b e di e n c e) , an d a l - M u t ab a ' a ( a g r e em e n t ) . B u t t h i s wo r d i s r e l a te d t o


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t h o s e wh o f o ll o w ' Al i a nd h i s f a m i l y, m a y Al l a h bl e s s h i m a nd h i s f a m i l y. 3 5T h e f i rs t t o u tt e r t he w o r d 'S h i' e a' , m e an i ng t h os e w h o f ol l ow ' A li a n d t he I m am s ,w a s t h e O w ne r o f t h e I s la m ic l a w, t he m a s te r o f t h e p r op h et s , ma y A l la h bl e ss h i ma n d hi s f a m i l y, i n t hi s c o n n ec t i on , m a ny t r a d it i o n s h a v e b e e n me n t i on e d f r om h i m .36T he s ec ts of t he S hi 'a w er e m an y. Th e bo ok s o n t he r el igi ous s ch oo ls an d se ct s

. h a v e m e n t io n e d m o r e t h a n we k n o w a b o u t t h e m . T h e y h a v e m e n t io n e d m a n y s e c t sa n d m a n y m e n t o who m t ho s e s e c t s we r e r e l a t ed , f or e xa m p l e, a l- Ha s hm i y a ( t h eHa s h ym i s ) a t t ri b u te d t o Hi s ha m b a l - Ha k am , a l - Z a r ar i y a ( t h e Z a r a r is ) a s c r i be d t oZ a r a r a b A' yu n ,A l - S ha y ta n iy a ( t he S h ay t an i s) r e la t ed t o M u' m in a l - Ta q , Mo h am m ed b a l -

Nu'man b al- Ahwal, al- Yunisiy a (the Yunisis) attributed to Yunis b Abd al-R a hm a n, a nd s o on I n fa c t, w e f o ll o w t h e m e m be r s o f t he H o us e ( a hl a l Ba y t ) A n da h l a l B ay t kn e w w h o we r e i n th e H o us e . We k n ow n e it h er k i nd s n o r tr a ce s o f t ho s es e c t s, n o r t he h e r e s ie s wh i c h h a v e b e e n a s c r i be d t o th e a b o v e- m e n t io n e d m en .W h oe v er s e e s t h e b o ok s o f t ra d it i on s a n d th e b o ok s o f m e n by t h e S h i' a , w il l k no w

t ha t th es e m en w er e a mo ng t he c ho se n co mp an io ns o f th e I ma ms , na me ly t heI m am s d e pe n de d on t he m a nd t he S h i' a r e f er t o th e m. S o if t h ey h ad i de a s a n ds ch oo ls c on tr ar y t o t ho se o f t he I m am s, th en th e I m am s w ou ld ha ve b ee n a ng rywi t h t h em a n d d i s m is s e d t h e m. Wh o e ve r u n d e rs t a n ds t h o r ou g h ly t h e s e wr i t i ng sa bo ut t he m en w ho c re at ed h er e si es , w il l kn ow t ha t th e f or eg oi ng m en w e reinnocent of what they have attributed to them. They disowned b. Saba', cursed him,a n d wa r n e d m e n a g a i ns t h i s h e r e si e s .T h ey d is o w ne d al - Ba q ir , p e ac e b e o n h i m, a nd c la i me d th e f a ls e ho o d. A l so a l -S a di q , pe a ce b e o n h i m, d i so w ne d A b u a l -K h at t ab a n d h is c o mp a ny, a n d A b u al -J a r u dy. C o n c e r n in g b a n u F u d a l , h e s a i d : " Ta k e wh a t t h e y h a v e r e p o rt e d , a n d l e a v ewh a t t he y h a ve s e e n " , a n d s o o n . 3 7 I f s u c h a c h o ic e h a d f ol l o wed t h is m i s g u id a n c ew h ic h h as b e en r e la t ed t o t he m , th e I m am s w o ul d h av e t r ea t ed t h em a s t h ey t r ea t edt h o s e wh o we n t a s t r ay, na m e l y t h e y wo u l d h a v e d i s o wne d , d i s p ra i s e d, an d c u r s edthem.Ye s , th e S h i' a h a d se c ts b e fo r e a n d af t er t h e t i me o f a l- S a d iq , p ea c e b e o n h im T he yh a ve b e co m e b y go n e b u t t h re e s e ct s . T h ey a r e:1 . T h e I m a mi s - t h ey be l ie v e i n t h e I m am a te o f t h e t w el v e ( I ma m s ), th e b i rt h o f t h et we l v e ( I m a ms ) . T h e y b e l i ev e t h a t t h e t we l f th I m am i s s t i l l l i v in g n ow, a nd t he yl o o k f o r war d t o h i s c o m i ng .

2 . T he Z a yd i s- t h ey b e li e ve i n t he I m a ma t e o f Z ay d a nd o f t he s o ns o f F at i ma , w hor o s e wi t h t h e s wo r d a n d h a d o u ts t a n di n g m e r i ts .3 . Th e I s m a ' il i s - t h e y b e l ie v e t h a t t h e I m a m a ft e r al - S a di q , pe a c e b e o n h im , wa s h i ss o n I sm a 'i l , no t M us a a n d hi s s o ns , p ea c e b e o n t h em .T h e a b ov e - m e nt i on e d s e ct s a r e t h e o n ly s ec t s t h at h av e l a st e d t i ll n ow. I n h i s b o ok ,' F i r a q a l - S h i ' a' , al - No b a k ht y h a s s t u d ie d t h o s e s e c t s wh o we r e i n t h e p a s t . T h e y a l lperished, except what we have mentioned above.H e r e, w e w a nt t o d i sc u ss t h e s e ct s w h ic h w e r e d u ri n g t h e d a ys o f a l -S a di q , p e ac e b eo n h i m, e v e n if t h e r e i s n o o n e o f t h e m at p r e s en t .


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T h e Ka y s an i s :D u ri n g t h e t i me o f a l - S a di q , p e ac e b e o n h i m, a m on g t h e s e ct s o f t h e S h i' a w e r e t h eK a ys a ni s , w h o a do p te d t he I m a ma t e o f M oh a mm e d b. a l - Ha n af i ya . T he a u th o rsd i ff e r ab o ut t h e r e as o n wh y t he y a re c a ll e d t h e K a ys a ni s . A n d t h ey ( t he K a ys a ni s )belonged to sects:

A s ect sa id: "M oh am me d is al - M ah dy. He i s t he t ru st ee ( wa si ) o f A mi r a l-M o ' m in i n ( t h e C o m m an d e r o f th e F a i t hf u l ) , a n d n o o n e o f h i s f a m i ly ha s t h e r i g h t t od is ob ey hi m. A l- H as an , p ea ce b e o n h im , ma de p ea ce w it h M u' aw iy a w i th hi spermission. Al- Husayn, peace be on him, revolted (against Yazid) with hispermissi'on. And al- Mukhtar revolted to revenge the blood (of al- Husayn) with hispermission, too."A s e c t s a i d : " He ( M o h am m e d b . al - Ha na f i y a) wa s t h e I m a m a f t e r h i s t wo br o t h er sa l -H a sa n an d al - H us a yn , pe a ce b e o n t h em . H e i s a l - M a hd y an d hi s f a th e r c a ll e dh im w it h th at ( na me ). H e n ev er d ie s a nd ( hi s d ea th ) is i mp os si bl e. B ut h e h asd is ap pe ar ed a nd n o o ne k no ws w he re h e i s. H e w il l r et ur n a nd r ul e t he e ar th . A nd

t h e r e h a s b e e n n o I m a m s i n e h i s d i s a pp e a r a nc e t i l l h i s r e t u r n. " T h e y ( t h i s s e c t ) we r et h e c o mp a ni o ns o f b. K a r b a n d t h ey a r e c a ll e d t h e K a r bi s .A s e ct sa i d: " He ( M oh a mm e d b . a l - H a na f iy a ) l i ve s a m on g R a dw a M o un t ai n sbetween Mecca and Medina. And he is the awaited Imam (al-Imam al- Muntazar)."A s ec t s ai d: " H e d ie d. T he I ma m a ft er h i m w as h is s on Ab d A ll ah . H is k un ya ( th el a t te r ) ( i. e . t h e n a m e b y whi c h a n Ar a b is u s u a ll y r ef e r r e d t o a nd wh ic h r ef e r s t o hi ma s t he f at he r o f s om eo ne , u su al ly h is e ld es t s on ) w as A bu H is ha m. He w as t hee ld es t of h is s on s. H e w as t he t ru st ee ( w as i) o f h is f a th er. " T hi s s ec t wa s c al le d th eHa s h i mi t e s a s a t t r ib u t i on t o Ab u Ha sh i m . Th i s s e c t ha s m e n t io n e d ab o u t hi m a s t h ef i r st s e c ts h a ve m e nt i on e d a bo u t h is f a th e r: " H e i s a l - M a hd y. H e i s s t il l l i vi n g. A ndh e e n l i ve n s t h e d e a d . B u t wh e n Ab u Has h i m d i e d , h i s c o m p an i o n s s u b d iv i d ed . "S o m e f a m o u s i n t e ll i g e nt m e n b e l on g e d t o t he Ka y s a ni s . Am o n g t h e m wa s Ku t h ay r ' A zz a h w h os e p o et r y i s a l wa y s r e po r te d .T h e f a m ou s s a yy i d I s m a' i l al - H ym y ar y w a s o n e o f t he m . A l so h i s p o et r y su p pl i ese v id e nc e f o r w ha t t he y a tt r ib u te d t o h im . B u t he c h an g ed h i s m i nd a n d be l ie v ed i nt h e I m am a te o f a l - S ad i q, p e ac e b e o n h im w h e n al - S a di q d eb a te d w i th h i m a ndo ve rc am e h im . H e h as f am ou s p oe tr y c on ce rn in g h is r ef ra in in g f r om h i s s ec t a ndh i s b e li e vi n g i n t h e I m am a te o f a l - S a di q .A m on g th em w as H ay ya n al - Sa rr aj . On e d ay h e c am e t o al - Sa di q, p ea ce b e o n

h i m. S o A b u A b d A l la h ( al - S a di q ) sa i d t o h im : " H ay y an , W ha t d o yo u r c o m p an i o n s s a y c on c e r ni n g M oh a m m e d b . a l - Han a f i ya ? " He s a i d : " T h e y sa y : ' Hei s s t il l li v in g ." S o , a l - Sa d iq , pe a ce b e o n hi m , s a id : "M y fa t he r, p ea c e b e o n h i m,s a i d to m e : 'I wa s a m o n g t h o s e wh o v is i t e d h i m du r i n g h i s i l l n es s , a nd a m o ng t h os ewh o s hu t h is e y e s , e n t e re d h i m hi s b i t (g r a v e) , m a r r i ed h i s wi v e s ( t o ot h e r m e n ) , a n dd i v i de d h i s h e r i ta g e ( a m o ng h i s c h i ld r e n ) . S o h e s a i d : " Ab u Ab d Al l a h , Mo h a m me di n t h is n a ti o n i s l i ke 'I sa b . M ar ya m, m en b ec am e u nc er ta in t o h im , h is f ol lo we rs o r h is e ne mi es ?" H es a i d : " R a t he r, h i s e n e m ie s . " S o h e , p e a c e b e o n h im , s a id : " Do y o u th i n k t h a t Ab u


7/18

J a ' f ar M o h am m e d b. ' Ali , p ea c e b e o n t he m i s t h e e n e m y o f h is u n c l e M o h a mm e d b.a l - H n af i ya ? " S o he s a id : "N o ." T h en a l- S a di q , p e ac e b e o n hi m , s a id : "H a yy a n ,y o u h a v e t u r n ed awa y f r o m t h e Ve r s e s o f Al l a h wh i l e He , th e B l e s s ed an d E x a l te d ,s a i d : "We wi l l r e wa r d t h os e wh o t u rn a wa y f r o m Ou r c om m u n ic a t i on s wi t h a n ev i lc h a s ti s e m en t b e c a u s e t h e y t u r n e d a wa y. " 3 9B a r i d a l - ' Aj a l i 4 0 s ai d : " I c a m e t o a l- S a d iq , p ea c e b e o n h im , a n d h e s a i d t o m e : 'I f

y o u ha d c om e a l i tt l e b i t ea r li e r, y o u wo u ld h a ve m e t Ha y ya n a l- S ar r a j' , a nd h epointed to a place in the house. Then he said: "He was sitting over here. Hem e n t io n e d Mo h a m me d b . a l- Ha n a f iy a a n d h is l i f e . An d h e p r a i s ed h i m . So I s a i d t ohim: "Hayyan, do you not claim and they claim, and you report and they report: thisn at io n ha s t he s am e t hi ng s t he c hi ld re n o f Is ra 'i l (b an u I sr a' il ) ha d? S o he s ai d:" Ye s ." T h en h e s a id : ' Ha v e y o u or t h ey s e en , y ou o r t he y h ea r d t h at a s c ho l ar d i edbefore men, his wives have been married (to others), and his properties have beend iv id ed ( am on g hi s c hi ld re n) , wh il e h e i s l iv in g an d n ev er d ie s? " S o, h e s to od u pand did not answer any thing. 41T he K ays an is a re am on g t he e xt in ct se ct s, t oda y, we d o no t k no w pe opl e w ho

belong to them.

T h e Z a y d is :T he Z ayd is a re a mo ng t he g ro up ing s w hic h a re a sc ri be d to th e S hi 'a . T heybelonged to Zaid b. 'Ali b. al- Husayn, peace be on them, because they believed inh i s I m a m a t e.Z a y d , p e a c e b e o n h i m, d i d no t c l ai m t h e I m a m a te f o r h i ms e l f , r at h e r m en c l a im e di t fo r hi m . No t h i ng s u mm o n e d h i m to r i se b u t t h a t h e wa n t ed t o s u p po r t th e t r u t ha n d w a ge w a r ag a in s t t h e f a ls e ho o d. Z a id w a s f a r ab o ve a s ki n g w h at w a s n o t f o r him.I f he h ad o ve rc om e ( hi s e ne mi es ), h e w ou ld h av e k no wn t he p la ce w he re t o pu t it .S o m e t r ad i ti o ns w e re a t tr i bu t ed t o h im s h ow i ng t h at h e r e qu e st e d th e I m am a te f o r h im se lf . B ut t h e r ea so n i n th em i s v er y c le ar, b e ca us e a l- S ad iq , p ea ce b e o n h im ,wa s a f r a i d t h e a u t ho r i t y o f t h e Om a y y ad s wo u l d r e l a t e Z a i d 's r e v o lt to hi m , s o t h e ywo u l d p u ni s h h i m , h i s f a m i l y, a n d h i s f o l l owe r s ( S h i ' a) f o r t h a t c r i m e .S o h e d r ov e a w ay t ha t da n ge r w it h t h at a tt r ib u ti o n, a nd i f Za y d h a d b e en a s t h os et r a d i ti o n s m e n t io n e d, t h e n h i s t wo g r a nd f a t h er s a l - M u s ta f a a n d a l - M u rt a d a , p ea c ebe on them and their families, would not have wept over him before he was created,a n d t he m e m o r ie s o f wh a t wo u l d ha p p e n t o h i m wo u l d no t h a ve b r o u gh t a b ou t t h at

g r ea t s a d ne s s a n d d ep r es s io n f o r t h em . S i mi l ar l y, h i s a n ce s to r s h a d s uf f er e d f r omt h e s a d m e m or i es w h en th e y r e m em b er e d h i s k i ll i ng an d w h at ha p pe n ed to hi mafter that.I t i s e n ou g h t h at h i s r e vo l t an d i n no c en c e w e r e f a r a bo v e w h at w a s a t tr i bu t ed t o h imt h at a l - Sa d iq , pe a ce b e o n hi m , w e pt o v er h im a n d di v id e d t h e p r op e rt i es a m on gt h e f a mi l ie s o f th o se w h o w e r e k i ll e d w i th h i m. A l so , h e b l am e d t h os e w h o d i d n o ts u p p or t h i m . An d h e c a l l ed t h o se wh o s t oo d b y h i m b e li e v e rs , a n d th o s e wh o wa ge dwar against him unbelievers.H o w h e r e qu e st e d t h e I m a ma t e f o r h i ms e lf w hi l e a l - S a di q , p e ac e b e o n h i m, sa i d:


8/18

"May Allah have mercy on him. Truly, he was believing, knowing, knowledgeable,a n d t r ut h fu l . Ve r il y, i f h e h a d w o n a v i ct o ry ( ov e r h i s e n em i es ) , h e w o ul d ha v ef u lf i ll e d ( h is p r om i se ) . I nd e ed , i f h e h a d ha d a ut h or i ty, h e w o ul d h av e k n ow n h o wt o p ut i t ." 4 2An d h e s a i d : " Do n o t s a y th a t Z a yd d e v i at e d . S ur e l y, Z a y d wa s k n o wle d g e ab l e a n dt r u t hf u l . He d i d n o t s u m mo n y o u f o r h i m s el f R a t h e r, h e s u m m o ne d y o u f o r a l - R i d a

f r om t he f a mi l y o f Mo h am m ed , ma y A l la h bl e ss h i m a n d h i s f a m il y. I f he h a do v e r co m e ( h i s o p p on e n t s) , h e wo u l d ha v e f u l f il l e d wha t h e h a d s um m o n e d y o u f o r.H e o n ly r e vo l te d a ga i ns t t h e s u pr e m e a u th o ri t y o f a g r ou p t o c ha n ge i t ." 4 3Al - R i d a, p e a c e b e o n h i m , s ai d t o a l - M a' m u n : " Do n o t c o m pa r e m y b r o t he r Z a y dw i th Z a yd b . ' A l i, p e a ce b e o n t h em , f o r M oh a mm e d, m a y A l la h b l es s h i m a nd h i sf a mi l y. H e b e ca m e a n gr y f o r A l la h , t he G r e at a n d A l mi g ht y. S o , h e w a ge d h o ly w a r a g ai n st H is e n em i es t i ll he w a s k i ll e d f o r H i m . I n de e d, Za y d b . ' A li , p e ac e b e o nh i m, d i d n ot r e q ue s t w ha t h e h a d n o r i gh t t o H e w a s m o re d e vo u t th a n th a t to Al l ah .H e s a id : " I s u mm o n y o u t o a l - Ri d a f r o m t h e f a mi l y o f Mo h am m e d, m a y A l la hbless him and his family." 44

A l - R i da s a id t he s e w o r ds f r a nk l y d u ri n g t h e t i me o f th e A b ba s si d s. H is s o n Ya h yas a id : "M a y A l la h ha v e m e rc y on m y fa t he r. H e w a s a m on g th e w o r sh i pe r s. H eprayed at night and fasted at day. He strove for Allah sincerely." So, Umayr b. al-Mutawakil al- Balakhy said: "So, I said: "Son (i.e. grandson) of the Prophet of A l la h, m ay A ll ah b le ss h im a nd h is f am il y, i s t hi s t he m an ne r an d qu al it y of t heI m a m ? " S o , he s a i d : " Ab u Ab d Al l a h, s u r el y, m y f a t h e r wa s n o t an I m a m . B u t hew a s a m on g t h e n o bl e m a st e r a n d t h ei r a s ce t ic s , a n d h e w a s a m on g t h e m u jh a hi d infor Allah.I s a i d : " s o n o f t h e P r o p h et o f Al l ah , m a y Al la h b l e s s h i m a n d h i s f a m i l y, s u r e l y, y o u r f a t h e r r e qu e s t ed t h e I m a m a te f o r h i m s e lf a n d wa g e d h o l y wa r f o r All a h , a n d i t h a sbeen mentioned from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and his family, thatw ho ev er c la im s t he I ma ma te i s a l ia r. " S o, h e s ai d: " S lo wl y! S lo wl y! Ab u A bdAl l a h , i nd e e d , m y f a t he r wa s m o r e i n t e ll i g e nt t h a n t o c l a i m wh a t h e h a d n o r i g h t t o .H o w ev e r, h e s a id : " I su m m on t o al - Ri d a f r om t he f a m il y o f Mo h am m ed , ma yA l la h b l es s h i m a n d h i s f a m il y. " H e m e an t m y c o us i n J a 'f a r, p e ac e b e o n h i m. H esaid: " I said: 'So, today, he has knowledge." He said: "Yes, he is the mostk n o wle d g e ab l e o f B a n u Has h i m . " 4 5T hi s t ra di ti on h as s ho wn t he h ig h p os it io n o f Z ay d i n r e li gi on a nd v ir tu e a ndd e n o te d t ha t wh at t h ey a t t ri b u t ed t o h i m i s b a s e le s s . Al s o t he t r a d it i o n h a s p r o v en

t h a t Ya h y a h a d a h i g h p o s it i o n i n p i e t y, s c i e n c e , a n d k n o wle d g e .T he re a re m an y t ra di tio ns w hi ch s ho w th at Z ay d w as m or e s ubl im e t ha n t ha ts u m m o ns . He wa s m o r e p i o us , a nd p u r e r t h a n t o c or r u p t h i m s e lf wi t h t h e s u m m o nst o th e I m am a te . Bu t af t er h is d e at h , s o me p e op l e c l ai m ed t ha t th e I m am a te w a s f o r Z a y d , s o th e y we r e c a l l ed t h e Z a y d is f o r t h a t cl a i m .T h e Z a y d is h a v e m a n y s e c t s . T h e f o l l owi n g o p i ni o n b r i n gs t h e m t o g et h e r.T he I m am at e i s e xc lu si ve f or t he s on s o f F at im a, p ea ce b e o n h er. T he y h av e n otpermitted the sureness of the Imamate in other than they. But they have permittede v er y F a ti m id , w he t he r h e i s o f t he s o ns o f a l- H as a n, p e ac e b e o n h i m, o r o f th e s o ns


9/18

o f a l - Hu s ay n , p e ac e b e o n h i m , t o b e a n I m a m wi t h ob l i ga t o r y ob e d i en c e , p ro v i d edt h at h e s h ou l d b e a s c ho l ar a sc e ti c , b r av e , g e ne r ou s , w a ge d ho l y w a r wi t h t h esword.T h en a s e ct of t he m pr o fe s se d t h e I m am a te o f Mo h am m ed an d Ib r ah i m, t he t w os o n s o f Ab d Al l a h b . al - Has a n , p e a c e b e o n hi m . 46 I t h i n k t h a t t h e y h a v e m a d e t h eI ma ma te e xc lu si ve f or t h e s on s o f F at im a f or t h os e w ho m a yb e I m am s a ft er Z a yd ,

because some sects of them professed the sureness of the Imamate for the twoS h a y kh s a s y o u wi ll k n o w.

T h e B a t a ri y a :T he B at ar iy a w er e a mo ng th e s ec ts o f t he Z ay di s. Th ey w er e t he c om pa ni on s o f Kathir al- Nawa, al- Hasan b. Salim b. Abu Hafsa, al-Hakam b. 'Ayyina, Salama b.Ku h a il , a n d a l - M i q d am T h a b i t a l Ha da d . T h ey ( t h e B a t a r iy a ) s u m m o ne d ( p e o pl e )t o t he I m a ma t e o f ' A li , p e ac e b e o n h im , t h en t h ey m i x ed ' A l i' s I m am a te w i th t h a t of Abu- Bakr and 'Umar, and proved the Imamate for them. They dispraised 'Uthman,Ta l h a , a l - Z u b a yr , a n d ' A' i s ha . It is s a i d : " T h e y we r e c a l l ed t h e B a t a r iy a wh e n t h e y

m e nt i on e d t he i r b el i ef s b e fo r e Z a yd b . ' A li , s o h e s a id t o t h em : ' Yo u h a ve c u t o ff o u r i n s t ru c t i on wh e n yo u h av e l e f t Al l a h. " An d i t i s s a i d : " T h e y we r e c a l l ed t h e B a t a ri sbecause they were attributed to Kathir al- Nawa whose hand was amputated." 47I f t hi s a tt ri bu ti on w as r ig ht , t he n t he y w ou ld b e c al le d a l- 'A bt ar iy a, n ot al -Batariya.T h e S u l a ym a n i s :Am o n g th e Z a y d is we r e t h e S u l a ym a n i s, wh o b el o n g ed t o S u la y m a n b. J a r i r. T h eybelieved in the Imamate of the two Shaykhs (Abu Bakr and 'Umar), but theydispraised 'Uthman, Talha, al- Zubar, and 'A'isha.T he y a sc ri be d t he se p er s on s t o u nb el ie f Th ey t hi nk t ha t t he I ma ma te i s m ad e w i thc o ns u lt a ti o n ( Sh u ra ) , a nd i t i s c o nc l ud e d t h ro u gh a c o nt r ac t b et w ee n t w o o f t h eg o od m e n o f t h e n a ti o n. T h ey a l lo w ed t h e I m am a te o f t h e m a f du l ( l es s e x ce l le n t)wi t h t he e x i s te n c e o f t h e a f d a l ( th e m o s t e xc e l l en t ) , a nd t h e y cl a i m e d th a t t h e n a t i onl e f t th e m o s t ex c e l le n t du r i n g t h e h o m a ge wh e n th e y re c o g ni z e d Ab u Ba k r a nd' U m ar as c a li p hs , a n d t h ey l e ft 'A l i, pe a ce b e o n h i m, th o ug h h e w a s w o rt h ie r o f I m a ma t e t h an t h ey. B u t t h e m i st a ke t h at t o ok p l ac e d u ri n g t h ei r h o ma g e d i d n o tentail unbelief nor transgression. 48C o n s eq u e n tl y, we u n d e rs t a n d t ha t t h e c l a i m a s cr i b e d t o t he Z a y d is , wh i c h s a ys t h a tt he I m am at e i s n ot p ro ve d f or o t he r t ha n t he s on s o f F at im a, o n ly c on ce rn s t ho se

w h o ca m e a f te r Z ay d an d w h o ro s e w i th t h e s w or d .A l s o we d o n ot k n ow t h e r e as o n w hy t h es e t w o s ec t s a r e r e ga r de d a s S h i' t es .

T h e J a r u d iy a :T h e J a r ud i ya w a s a s e ct o f t he Z a yd i s. T he y b el o ng e d t o Z iy a d b. a l -M u nd h ir Ab ua l - J a r ud . T h ey ma y a l so b e c a ll e d t h e S a rh u bi y ya . A n d i t i s s a id : " I nd e ed , t h eS a rh ub i s t he n am e o f a b li nd S at an , wh o li ve s i n th e s ea , so A bu al - Ja ru d wa sc a l l ed wi t h h i s n a m e . Ab u a l - J a ru d wa s a m o n g t he C o m p an i o ns o f a l - B a qi r a n d a l -S a d i q, p e a ce b e o n t he m . Wh e n Z a y d r e v o lt e d , h e c h a n ge d h is m i n d ."


10/18

I t ha s b ee n r e po rt ed th at al - Sa di q, pe ac e b e o n h im , ca ll ed hi m a l ia r an d a nu n b el i e v er. Wit h h i m we r e Ka t h i r a l- Na wa a n d S a l im b . Abu Ha f s a h . Al s o i t h a sbeen mentioned about him: "(He was called) 'Ama al- Basar (blind- sighted) and'Ama al- Qalb (blind- hearted)."49T h e J a r u di y a t h i n k t h a t m e n we r e n e g l ec t f u l wh e n t h e y d i d n o t t r y to r e se a r c h t ok n ow t h e I m am , b e ca u se t h ey w e r e a b le t o k n ow h i m, r a t he r t h ey d i s be l ie v ed w h e n

t he y p ai d h om ag e t o A bu B ak r. S o, th ey ( th e J ar ud iy a) d o n ot be li ev e i n t heI m am a te o f t h e t h re e c a li p hs , r a th e r t h ey be l ie v e i n t h ei r u n be l ie f b e ca u se t h eyr e qu e st e d t h e I m am a te a n d di d n ot p a y h o ma g e t o ' A li , p e ac e b e o n h im . 5 0T h e S a l i hi y a :I t i s s a id : S u re l y, a m on g t h em ( t h e Z a yd i s) w e r e t h e S a li h iy a . Th e y a re a s cr i be d t oa l - Ha s an b . S a li h . Yo u h av e k n ow n t ha t t he y w e r e a g r ou p o f th e B a ta r iy a , b e ca u sea l - Has a n was a m o n g t h e m e n of t h e B a t a r iy a . So , t he r e i s n o r e as o n to r e g ar d t h ema s a n i n d e pe n d e nt s e c t. Ye s , t h er e a r e s m a l l di f f er e n c es b e t wee n h i m an d Ka t hi r a l -

Nawa, the first man of the Batariya.T h us t h er e i s n o n ee d t o p ar t h is s e ct f r om t h e B a ta r iy a .

I n hi s b o ok ' Fi r aq A l - S h i' a ', a l - N o ba k ht y ha s m e nt i on e d t h e Z a yd i s i n an o th e r m a nn e r an d in c re a se d i t . B u t w e t h in k th a t w h at w e h a ve w r it t en i s n e ar e r to w ha tt h e b o o k s o f a l - M il a l a nd a l - Ni ha l h a ve m e n t io n e d. S o s e e t h e m if y o u wa nt m o r eexplanation.T h e I s m a ' il i s :A mo ng t he s ec ts o f th e S hi 'a a re t he I s ma 'i li s. Th e v ie w c on ce r ni ng t he I m am at e o f I s ma ' il s t ar t ed d u ri n g th e d a ys o f a l- S a di q , pe a ce b e o n h im . S o me o f t he I s ma ' il i st h o ug h t t h a t t h e I m a m a te s h o u ld b e f o r t he e l d e st ( s on ) a nd I s ma ' i l wa s t h e e l d e st o f h i s b r ot h er s , a n d h e h a d o u ts t an d in g m e r it . W h en h e d i ed d u ri n g t h e d a ys o f h i sf a t h er , t he y k n e w t h e i r m i st a k e .As f o r t h os e wh o i ns i s t ed o n th e I m a m a te o f I s m a 'i l , t he y d iv i d e d i n t o se c t s . S o m eo f t he m d e ni e d hi s d e at h d u ri n g th e l i fe t im e o f h is f a th e r, p e a ce b e o n h im . S o , th e ys a id : " H is f a th e r h as h i dd e n hi m f r o m m en b e c au s e h e i s w o r ri e d a bo u t h im . " T h eyc l ai m ed th a t I s m a' i l w o ul d no t d i e t i ll h e r u le s t h e e a rt h an d as s um e s t h e a ff a ir s o f m e n. ( Th ey t ho ug ht t ha t) h e w ou ld b e t he o ne w ho w il l ri se ( qa 'i m) , be ca us e h isf a th e r d es i gn a te d h im a s I m a m af t er h i s d e at h . Bu t w he n h i s d e at h a pp e ar e d, w ek n ew t h at h e ( h is f a th e r) w a s t r ut h fu l a n d t h at t h e o n e w h o w o ul d r i s e( q a' i m) w o u ldnot die.A nd so me o f t he m s ai d t ha t h e d ie d a nd th at th e I ma ma te w as g iv en to hi s s on

M o ha m m ed , be c au s e t h e I m am a te i s n o t bu t f or c h il d re n , a n d i t ( th e I m a ma t e) i sn o t f o r br o t h er s e x c e pt a l- Ha s an a nd a l- Hu s ay n , p e a c e b e o n th e m . S o , wh e nI s m a ' il d ie d , i t was o b l i ga t o r y t h a t t h e I m a m af t e r J a ' f ar , p e a c e b e o n hi m , ha d to b eM o ha m m ed b . I s m a' i l, a n d it w a s n o t pe r m is s ib l e f o r a ny o f t he b r ot h er s o f I s ma ' ilt o be t h e I m a m. A l so M o ha m m ed b . a l - H a na f iy a h a d n o ri g ht w it h 'A l i b . al -H us ay n, p ea ce b e o n t he m. T he f ol lo we rs o f t hi s v ie w w er e c al le d t he M ub ar a ka .They were named after their leader al- Mubarak (the blessed).A s f o r t h e K h at t ab i ya , th e c o mp a ni o ns o f A b u a l - K h at t ab M oh a mm e d b . A b uZ a yn a b a l - A s a dy a l- A j da ' , t h ey j o in e d t h e s e ct t ha t be l ie v ed i n th e I m am a te o f


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M o h a mm e d b . I s m a ' il a f t e r t h e k i l li n g o f Ab u a l - Kh a t ta b . T h e y wer e a m o n g t hee x t r em e g r o u ps . T he n t h e y di v i de d i n to s e c t s. T h e Qa r a m it a we r e a m o n g t h e m . 51A b u al - K ha t ta b w as a c o mp a ni o n of a l - Sa d iq ' s, p ea c e b e o n hi m . Bu t w he n a l-S a d i q k n e w t h a t h e t o l d hi m l i es , h e ( a l - S ad i q ) di s m i s se d h im , d i so wn e d h i m , a n dcursed him.T he n A bu a l - K ha tt ab c la im ed t ha t h e w as a p ro ph et a n d Mo ha mm ed b . J a' fa r,

peace be on him, was a god and that he was his messenger. Besides, he and hisgroup issued heresies, desires, and permission (for unlawful things).' I s a b . M u s a , th e g o v er n o r o f a l- M a n s ur o v e r Ku fa , h e a rd a b o ut t h e m a n n er s o f Ab ua l- Kh at ta b a nd h is g ro up , w ho we re s ev en ty me n. Wh il e t he y w er e h ol di ng am e et i ng i n t h e M o sq u e o f K u fa , h e ( t he g o ve r no r ) a t ta c ke d t h em . N o o n e w a s a b let o e sc a p e . He k i l l ed a l l bu t t wo p e r s on s , o ne o f t he m wa s b a d l y wo u n de d .H e w a s r eg ar de d as a mo ng t he k il le d, s o he w as a bl e t o es ca pe . A nd t he o th er w a sA bu a l- Kh tt ab h im se lf . H e w a s c ap tu re d a nd k il le d b y ' Is a b . M us a o n t he b an k o f t h e E u p hr a t e s . 'I s a b . M u sa c u t o ff t h e i r he a d s a n d b ur n e d t he i r b o di e s . Th e n h e s e n tt h e ir h e a ds t o a l- M a ns u r, 5 2 who h u ng t h em o n t h e g a t e o f B a gh d a d f o r t hr e e d a y s ,

t h en t h ey w e re b u rn t .

T h e I m a mi s :A mo ng t he s ec ts o f t he S hi 'a a re th e I ma mi s. A ls o t he y a re c al le d th e J a'f ar iyabecause they are ascribed to Ja'far b. Mohammed, peace be on him, who became as ch oo l. ( I n th e f ol lo wi ng p ag es y ou w il l kn ow ) h ow h e h as b ec om e a s ch oo l ou t of t h e r e st o f th e I m a ms w h il e t h ey w e re a l l a s c ho o l i n th e r u le s .T he I ma mi s h av e b el ie ve d in t he I m am at e o f th e t we lv e ( I ma m s) : 'A li , a l- H a sa n,a l - Hu sa y n , 'Al i b . al - Hu s ay n , M oh a m m e d b . ' Al i , J a ' f a r b. M o h am m e d , Mu s a b .Ja'far, 'Ali b. Musa Mohammed b. 'Ali, 'Ali b. Mohammed, al- Hasan b. 'Ali, and hiss on a l - Ma hd y, t h e h id de n, t o w ho se c om in g t he y l oo k f or w ar d t he b le ss in gs o f A l la h b e o n t he m a ll .T he I m am is b el ie ve t ha t t he P r op he t, ma y A ll ah bl es s h im an d h is f a mi ly, ha dd ec id ed th e I ma ma te o f t he a bo ve - m en ti on ed Im am s w it h t he c le ar pu bl icn o m i na t i o n f r o m Al l a h , t h e Gr e a t a n d Alm i g h ty, a n d t h a t t h e P r o p h et , m a y Al l ahbless him and his family, nominated the Imamate and Caliphate of the Commandero f t h e F a it h fu l ( A m ir al - M u 'm i ni n ) a n d h e n o mi n at e d h i m a s h i s b r ot h er an dt e s t am e n t a ry t r u s t ee . T h e t e x t ua l n o m i na t i o n ( na s s ) b y t h e P r o p he t wa s o n s e v e ra lo c c a s io n s , f o r e x a m pl e , t h e Da y o f a l - Gha d i r. Als o t h e P r o p he t , m a y Al l a h b le s s

h i m an d h i s f a m il y, t o ld ( p eo p le ) a bo u t th e C a li p hs a n d th e I m am s w h o wo u ld r u leo n e b y o n e a f te r t h e C o mm a nd e r o f t h e F a it h fu l ( A m ir al - M u 'm i ni n ) p e ac e b e o nh i m , a s we h a v e m e n t i on e d t h e i r n a m e s e a r l ie r.T h e n th e I m a m s h a n d ed d o wn t h a t t e x t ua l n om i n a t io n ( n as s ) f r o m o n e t o a no t h er.S o , ' Al i n o mi n a t ed a l - Ha s a n , a l - Ha sa n n o m i na t e d a l - Hu sa y n , a l - Hu s a ynn o mi n at e d hi s s o n 'A l i, I n t h is m a nn e r th e f a th e r no m in a te d h is s o n t i ll t h e t e xt u aln o m i na t i o n e n d ed a t b. a l - Ha s a n, ( wh o c a l l ed ) a l- M u nt a z a r ( t h e a wa i t ed o n e ) .B e si d es , t h e I m am i s b e li e ve t h at a l - M u nt a za r h a s b e en a l iv e s i nc e h e w a s b o rn o nt h e n i g ht o f 15 t h of S h a 'b a n in t h e y e a r 25 5 ( A. H. ) ( 8 69 ) , a nd t h a t h e h a s b e e n a wa y


12/18

f r om v i ew b e ca u se o f t he u n ju s t ru l er s o f h is t i me , a nd t h at h e i s a l - Ma h di ( t he m o stg u id e d o n e) , w ho w i ll f il l th e e a rt h w it h ju s ti c e a n d f a ir n es s a s i t wa s f i ll e d w i tho p p r es s i o n a n d t y r a nn y. 5 353 Many Sunnis mentioned Imam al- Mahdi b. al- Hasan al-'Askary. They havea d m i tt e d hi s e x i s te n c e a n d t h a t h e i s a l - Ma u ' u d ( t h e p r o m i se d o ne ) S e e: M a ta l i b a l -Sa'ul, Al- Hjja by b. 'Arab, Lawaqih Al- Anwar, Al- Tadhkira, Sharh Al- Da'ira, Al-

Fusul Al- Muhima, Fara'id Al- Simtayn, and the like. Rather, some of them claimedthat they had seen and met him.A ls o t he I m am is b el ie ve t ha t th es e I ma ms a re p ro te ct ed f ro m th e s in , th e m is ta ke ,f o r ge t f u ln e s s , a n d h e e d le s s n es s a s i t i s i n o ur P r o ph e t a n d al l th e p r o p he t s , p e a c e b eo n t he m , a nd t h a t t h e i r k n o wle d g e i s n o t a cq u i s it i v e , r a t h er i t i s i n s p ir a t i on a n din he rit anc e f rom th e P rop het , m ay A ll ah b le ss h im an d hi s f am il y. T he s oni n h er i t e d i t f r om h i s f a t h er a n d t h e b r o t he r f r om h i s b r o t he r a s i t i s i n a l- Ha s an a n dal- Husayn.A s t he P ro ph et , ma y A ll ah b le ss h im a nd h is f am il y, w as t he I nh er it or o f th ek n ow l ed g e o f P ro p he t s a n d A p os t le s a n d h a d t h e k n ow l ed g e o f th e p a st p eo p le a n d

o f t h e l a st p e o pl e , s o t h e C o mm a nd e r o f t he F a it h fu l ( A m ir a l - Mu ' mi n in ) h a d a llt h a t k n o wle d g e , b e c a us e t h e P r o p h et , m a y Al l a h b l e s s h i m a n d h i s f a m i ly, s a id : " Ia m t h e c i ty of kn o wl e dg e a n d ' A li i s i t s g a te . " A p ar t f r o m t h is t r ad i ti o n, th e re a r em a ny t r ad i ti o ns a n d v e rs e s o f t h e B o ok ( t h e K o ra n ). 5 4A ls o, c on ce rn in g t he I m am s , t he I ma m is b el ie ve t ha t t he y w er e t he s er va nt s o f A ll ah , t he G lo ri fi ed , cr ea te d by H im , p ro vi de d wi th t he m e an s o f su bs is te nc e b yH i m, a n d th a t th e y di d n ot d e al c o nc l us i ve l y wi t h th e a ff a ir s o f m a nk i nd , s u ch a sl i f e , d ea t h , g i vi n g , f o rb i d d in g , a n d t h e l i k e b u t wi t h th e p e r m is s i o n f r om All a h , t heE x a l te d , j us t a s t h e P r o p h et , m ay Al l a h b l e s s h i m a nd h i s f a m i l y, d i d i n c on n e ct i o nw i th m en . A b ou t ' I sa , pe a ce o n hi m , t h e B o ok ( th e K o r an ) re p or t s: " Th a t Id e te r mi n e f o r y o u o u t o f d u st li k e t h e f r o m o f a b i rd , t h en I b r ea t he i n to i t a n d i tbecomes a bird with Allah's permission." 55T he I m am is h av e c on cl ud ed t ha t w it h t he i nt el le ct ua l pr oo fs , t ra di ti on s, a n dr e po r ts . S o me o f th e se m a yb e m e nt i on e d i n t h is b o ok .A l so th e I m am is h av e c on cl ud ed t he t ex tu al no mi na ti on co nc er ni ng th e I m am swi t h t h e t r a d it i o ns o f t he P r o p he t , ma y Al l a h b l e s s h i m an d hi s f a m i l y.T he se tr adi tio ns h ave b een r ep or te d by t he t wo pa rt ie s ( i.e ., th e S unn is a nd th eS h i ' a) . Am o n g t h e m i s : "T h e I m a m s a r e f r o m Qur a y s h , t h e y a r e t we l ve , 5 6 t h e y a r ef r o m t h e s o ns o f 'A l i a n d F a ti m a, a n d t h ei r no m in a ti o n i s w i th t he i r n a me s o n e b y

o n e. " 5 7M or eo ve r, t he I m am is p ro du ce d A ll ah 's f a vo r ( lu tf ) a s e vi de nc e f or t h e I ma m at ew he n h e c on fi ne d i t t o t he m ( th e I m am s) , t he n i f t he re w as a n I m am , ( pe op le )s h ou l d f o ll o w h i s I m am a te , ob e y an d k n ow h i m.T he I ma mi s r ef er t o t he se I ma ms t o k no w t he c om ma nd me nt s o f r e li gi on , s o e v er yc o m m a nd m e n t wh i c h h a s b e e n p r o v ed b y t he P r o p h et o r b y t h e m , t h e y ad o p t it . B u ti f t h e t r ad i ti o ns a r e d i ff e r a b ou t a c e rt a in c o mm a nd m en t , t h ey a p pl y t h e r u le s o f e q u i li b r i um a n d p r e f e re n c e a c c o rd i n g t o t h e e s t a bl i s h ed f u n d am e n t al s o f I s l a m ic

jurisprudence.


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C o nc e rn i ng Is l am i c c o mm a nd m en t s, ap a rt fr o m t h e B o ok (t h e K o ra n ) a n d t h eS u nn a ( t he t r ad i ti o ns a n d a c ts o f t he P r op h et o r I n fa l li b le I m a ms ) , t he I m am i s a d op tt h e u n a n im o u s r e s o lu t i o n a n d th e i r r e f ut a b le c o m m an d m e nt o f in t e l le c t .W h en t he s e f o ur s o ur c es a r e n o t ab l e t o g iv e t h em t h e I s la m ic c o mm a nd m en t , th e yr e f e r t o t h e i r p r ac t i c al f u n d a m en t a l s a c c o rd i n g t o wh a t s i t ua t i o ns r e q u ir e , wh i c h a r eg e n e ra l j u r i d i c al r u l e s p r o v en wi t h e v i d e nc e s .

T h e I m a mi s t h in k t h at t h e t r ad i ti o ns w h ic h h a ve b e en r e po r te d ( b y m e n) fr o m t h eI ma ms a re s om e o f th e s un na , be ca us e t he y kn ew t he k no wl ed ge o f th e P ro ph et ,m ay Al la h b le ss h im a n d hi s f am il y, b y h ea rt , a nd p r ot ec te d h is l aw ( Sh ar i' a) , s ow h at t h ey h a d w as f r om t h e P r o ph e t, m a y A l la h b l es s h i m a nd h i s f a m il y, n o t f ro mt h e ir o wn i n d e pe n d en t r e a s o n i ng a n d i d e a s .T he s un na i s o ne of t he f our s ou rc es w hi ch a re us ed t o ded uce pr act ica l la ws o f Islam.T he se f ou r s ou rc es , a s w e h av e m e nt io ne d ar e: T he B oo k ( Ko ra n) , t he S un na ( th et ra di ti on s a nd a ct s o f th e P r op he t or i nf al li bl e I m am s ), c on se ns us ( i jm a' ), a ndi n te l le c t ( ' aq l ). T h e e x pl a na t io n o f e v id e nc e o f t h es e s o ur c es a n d h o w t o r e f er to

them have been mentioned in the books of the f undamentals of I slam icjurisprudence.

A s f or t he ir b el ie f in A ll ah , th e m os t Ex al te d, t he I m ams b el ie ve t ha t H e, th eGl o r if i e d , i s a t h i n g b u t He i s n o t si m i l ar t o o t h e r t h i n gs . He h a s n o b od y o r p h y s ic a lf o rm , a n d c an n ot b e s e en b y e y es i n t h is w o rl d o r t h e H e re a ft e r. "Vi s i o n c o m p re h e n ds Hi m n ot , a nd He c o m p re h e n ds ( a l l ) v i s i on . Hi s At t r i bu t e s a r et he s am e a s H is s el f He , th e E xa lt ed , i s j us t, an d H e d oe s n ot op pr es s a ny on e o f Hi ss e rv a nt s , b e ca u se o p pr e s si o n i s i n de c en t b y a s a ne m i nd , a n d H e c r ea t ed a l l t h in g sout of nothing.As f o r t h e i r b el i e f i n o u r P r o ph e t M o h am m e d , m a y Al l a h b le s s h i m a n d h i s f a m i ly,t he I ma mi s b el ie ve t ha t h e w as i nf al li bl e f ro m t he e rr or, t h e s li p, f o rg et fu ln es s,heedlessness, mortal and venial sins, that he did not commit any of them before ora f te r hi s p r op h et h oo d , a n d t h at he w a s s e nt f or a ll t he w o rl d . T h is i s t h ei r be l ie f int h e i n f a ll i b i li t y o f a p o s t l e s a n d p r o p h et s .T h e I m a mi s b e li e ve t h at t h e I m am a te i s a m on g t h e f u nd a me n ta l s ( o f I s la m ), w h ic hs h o u ld b e p r o v ed wit h t h e r a t i on a l e v i d en c e i n a d d it i o n t o t h e n a r r a te d te x t s , a n d o f t h e r a t i on a l e vi d e n ce . i s t h e r u l e o f Al l a h' s f a v o r ( qa ' i d at a l - L ut f ) .C o nc e rn i ng m a 'a d ( t he R e tu r n) , t h e I m a mi s b e li e ve t h at A l la h , t h e G l or i f ie d , w i llr e t u r n m e n f or r e s ur r e c t io n wit h t ho s e b o d i es wh i c h we r e i n t he wo r l d , a n d th e y ar e

( t he b o di e s) w hi c h w i ll b e r e wa r de d an d w i ll l iv e e t er n al l y i n Pa r ad i se ( j an a n) o r wi l l b e p u n i sh e d a n d l i v e e t e r na l l y i n h e l l ( n i r a n) .A s f or the a ct s o f m en, t he I ma mi s b el ie ve th at th ey ar e a m at ter bet wee n t womatters; neither compulsion nor authorization. Namely, Allah, the Glorified, doesn o t fo r c e m e n to a c hi e v e t h e ir a c ti o n s o a s n o t t o o p p r es s t h e m wh e n He wi l l p u n is ht h em f or t he i r s i ns , ra t he r th e y h a ve t h e a b il i ty a n d o p ti o n i n wh a t t h ey d o . N o r A l la h h as a u th o ri z ed t h em t o a c t f re e ly w i t h th e c r ea t io n o f t he i r a ct i on s , t he n H eh a s n o a bi l it y t o c on t ro l H i s s e r va n ts , r a th e r H e h a s t h e d e ci s io n a nd t h e o r de r, a n dH e i s a b le t o d o e v er y th i ng a n d e n co m pa s se s H i s s e rv a nt s .


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A l so , H e m a y h ol d b a ck h i m f r om t h e f a ct o rs o f d i so b ed i en c e a n d m is g ui d an c e a s af a vo r f r om H i m f o r H i s s e rv a nt , a n d t h is i s w h at w e c a ll t a w fi q ( A ll a h' s b l es s in g o nsomeone for doing good actions).T he se a re s om e b el ie fs o f t h e I m am is a bo ut t h e e xi st en ce a nd t h e o ne ne ss o f Al la h,t h e a t tr i bu t es o f A l la h , p ro p he t ho o d, t h e I m am a te , t h e h e re a ft e r, a n d t he a c ti o ns o f men.

We h a v e b r i e f ly m e nt i o ne d t he b e l i ef s o f t he I m a m i s . B u t th e y ha v e b e e n e x p l ai n e di n d e ta i l i n t h e b o o k s o f t h e ol o g y an d b e l ie f s .To da y, t he I m am is c on st it ut e t he g re at m aj or it y of t he S hi 'a a ll o ve r th e I s la mi cc o un t ri e s. S i nc e t h e f i r st d a y o f t he b e gi n ni n g o f w ri t in g , th e ir b o ok s a b ou t a lls ci en ce s h av e b ee n s pr ea d a mo ng n at io ns . T he u rb an , t he B ed ou in , t he i gn or an t,a n d t h e s c h o la r r e a d t h e i r b o o ks .At t h e p r e s e nt t i m e, t h ei r i s n o o bv i o us we l l kn o wn s e c t ex c e p t t h a t we r e d u r i ng t h et im e o f a l- S ad iq , p ea ce o n h im , s o w e h av e n eg le ct ed t ho se s ec ts t ha t t oo k p la cea f t e r h im , p e a c e o n h i m , s uc h a s t h e F a t a hi y a , t he Na wu s iy a , a n d th e Wa q i f iy a .

T h e Kh a r i ji t e s :T h is s e ct a pp e ar e d o n t h e d a y o f (t h e B a tt l e o f ) S i ff i n d u e t o th e t r ic k of b . a l -' A sw h en h e a d vi s ed M u 'a w iy a , w h o w a s f e eb l e, t o c o nt i nu e f i gh t in g t o r a is e c o pi e s o f t h e Ko r a n an d t o s u m m o n ( I m a m 'Al i ' s Ar m y ) to r e s or t t o th e m . Wh e n th e y( M a' a wi y ya ' s A r m y) r ai s ed th e c o pi e s o f th e K o r an , a g r ou p o f t h e c o mp a ni o ns o f t h e C o mm a nd e r of t h e F a it h fu l ( A mi r a l -M u 'm i ni n ), p e ac e b e o n h im , m u ti n ie da g ai n st h i m s a yi n g th a t t he y ( M u' a wi y a' s A r m y) w e r e s u mm o ni n g t h em t o t h eB o o k o f Al l a h wh i l e h e wa s s u m m o ni n g th e m t o t h e s wo r d .S o , h e b l a m e d th e m f o r t h a t , t r ie d t o h o l d t h e m b a ck f r o m b e i n g de c e i ve d b y t h a tt r ic k , an d s a id t o t h em : " Wo e u n to Yo u ! I am t h e m o st k n ow l ed g ea b le i n t he B o ok o f Al l a h. " B u t h i s b l a m e, h i s d e t e r re n c e , a n d hi s e v i d en c e we r e a l l us e l e ss .Moreover; they said to him: "Prevent Malik from fighting the Muslims; otherwisew e w i ll do a ga i ns t yo u a s w e h a d d o ne a g ai n st 'U t hm a n. " S o , h e w a s f o r ce d t o o r de r M al ik t o co me b ac k wh il e h e w as a bo ut t o d ef ea t Mu 'a wi ya 's A r my a nd t he l at te r wa s a b o ut t o e sc a p e . T h e n th e y ( t h e Kh a r i ji t e s ) fo r c e d hi m ( I m a m ' Al i ) to a c c e ptt h e a r b i tr a t i on .T h u s , he wa n t e d t o s e nd Ab d Al l a h b. Ab b a s , b u t t he y o r d e r ed h i m t o s e n d Ab uM u s a a l - As h ' a ry. Wh e n t h e a r b i tr a t i on t oo k p l a c e, t he Kh r i j it i e s s a i d : " Wh y d i dy ou a p po in t t he m en a s a rb it ra to rs i n t he r e li gi on o f Al la h? T he r e i s n o r ul e b ut f o r

Al l a h ." F r o m h e r e, t h e y we re c a l l ed a l - M u h ak i m a . T h e C o m m a nd e r o f t h e f a i t hf u lc a me b a ck f r o m ( th e B a tt l e o f ) S if f in w h i le t h ey w e r e i n si s ti n g on t h ei r d e vi a ti o na n d d i s o be d i en c e . T h en t h e y g a t h er e d a t Ha r a wr a ' n e ar Ku f a , s o t h e y we r e c a l l edt h e Ha r a wr iy y a .T h e C o m m a nd e r o f t h e F a i t hf u l ( Am i r a l - M u' m i n in ) o p p os e d wi t h a rg u m e nt a l lt h e i r c l a i ms , b u t t h e y c a u s ed m i s ch i e f in t h e l a n d , k i l l ed Kh a ba b - o ne o f t h e g o o dC o m p an i o n s- a n d c ut o p e n th e b e l l ie s o f t h e p r e g na n t wo me n . S o , th e C o m m an d e r o f th e F a i t hf u l wa s f o r c e d t o ki l l t h o s e wh o i n s i s te d on t h e ir d e vi a t i on at ( th e B a t t leo f ) Na hr wa n . B u t th a t ba t t l e wa s n o t ab l e t o d es t r o y t h e ir o p i ni o n s , r a t h er t h e re


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we r e s t i l l p e o pl e wh o a do p t ed t h e ir i d e as a n d d ev i a ti o n . Su c h p eo p l e a n n oy e d t hek i n gs a n d t h e g o v er n o r s d u r i ng t h o s e t i m e s.Wh e n ev e r a g r o u p o f t h e m p e r i s he d , a no t h er g r o u p a p p ea r e d . P eo p l e we r e i n a s t a t eof terror because they suffered from their quick assassination, ugly actions, cruelty,a n d v io l a t io n o f t h e f o r b i dd e n . T h e y wag e d wa r a ga i n s t th e k i n g s a n d t he g o v er n o r so u t of b e l i ef a n d t r a n qu i l l it y. T h ey f o u gh t b r a ve l y, s o m e n we r e n o t ab l e t o s t an d

before them even if they were more than they because the men had no belief tor e s i s t t h a t b e l i ef B u t i f t he y ( th e f o l l owe r s o f t he Kh a r i ji t e s ) f e l t t h a t t h e y we r ewe a k , t h e y a t t a ck e d p e o pl e a t ni g h t a n d r a n a wa y. F or t h is r e a s o n, n o p l a c e wa s s a f efrom their evil actions.They (the Kharijites) had external devotion and worship, they were still attractingt h e r a bb l e w i th t h os e r i gh t eo u s a s pe c ts , t h e p r op a ga t io n f o r d i so b ey i ng t h e f a ls es u p r em e r u l e r, a n d t h e p r o p ag a t i on f o r a c t i ng a c c o r di n g t o t h e B o o k a n d t h e S u n n a,e v e n i f t h ey c o n t ra d i c te d t ho s e a s p e ct s a n d pr o p a ga t i o n t h r o ug h u si n g o p p r es s i o na nd ca us in g m is ch ie f B ut th e s im pl e o f m en mi gh t b e d ec ei ve d b y t ha tphenomenon of devotion and righteousness.

A ls o s om e o f t he f ol lo we rs o f t he D iv in e B oo ks ( th e J ew s , th e C hr is ti an s, a nd t heM a gi a ns ) , an d th o se w h o d i d n o t be l ie v e i n t h e c o rr e ct n es s o f t he r e li g io n of I s la mwe r e d e c e iv e d b y t h os e a t t r a ct i v e p h e no m e n a, s o t h e y a d d ed t h e m t o t h ei r f i g h t er sand boasted of them.A f te r t h at t h e s t re n gt h o f t h e K h ar i ji t es b e ca m e w e ak a n d t h ei r e v il a c ts b e ca m ec a l m , an d p e o pl e l i v e d in p e a c e f o r a p e r i od o f t i m e, b u t t h ei r i m p or t a n c e a p p ea r e da g ai n d u ri n g t h e d a ys o f a l - S a di q , p e ac e b e o n h i m, w he n o n e o f th e ir l ea d er s A b dAl l a h b . Ya h y a a l - Ki n d y c al l e d Ta l i b a l -Ha q r o s e i n Ha d r a mo u t a f t er h e h a d a s k edt h e a d vi c e o f A b ad i ya - w h o w e r e i n B a sr a h. T h ey m a d e t h e r i se i n cu m be n t o n h im .Among them were Abu Hamza al- Mukhtar b. 'Auf al- Azdy and Balakh b. 'Aqabaal- Mas'udy. Then two thousand men paid him homage. So, with their support, heappeared.W hen his army becam e big, he w rote letter s to the Kharijites in S ana, t hen heh e ad e d f o r it . S o , ba t tl e s t o ok p l ac e b e tw e en h im a n d th e g o ve r no r o f Sa n a. A b dA l la h de f ea t ed t he g o ve r no r a nd c on t ro l le d t h e t r ea s ur i es o f pr o pe r ti e s. T he n h ed o m i na t e d Ye m e n . Wh e n t h e t i m e o f h a j j ( p il g r i ma g e ) c a m e, h e f o r m e d a n a rm y o f a t h ou s an d f i gh t er s u n de r t h e l e ad e rs h ip o f A b u H a m za . A m o ng t h e m w e r e B a la k ha nd Ab ra ha b . a l- S a bb ag h. H e o rd er ed h im t o s ta y at M ec ca w he n pe op le c am eback from it and send Balakh to Sham (Syria). So, they entered Mecca on the 8th

d a y o f Dh u - Al- Hi j j a. At t h a t t i me ' Ab d a l - Wa h i d b . S u l a ym a n b . Abd a l - M a l i k wa st h e g o v er n o r o f M a r wa n a l - Hi m a r o v er M e c c a a n d M e d in a .S o , Ab d a l - Wa h i d h a te d t o f i g h t t he m s o a s n o t t o m a k e p e o p le a f r a i d o f t he m . F o r t h is r e as o n he w r o te t h em s o me l e tt e rs . H e a s ke d t he m n ot t o pr e ve n t pe o pl e f r omperforming their hajj. Besides he assured them that they would be safe till peoplefinished the third day of immolation. When that day was over, Abd al- Wahid leftM e c c a a n d a ll o we d Ab u Ha m z a t o e n te r i t wi th o u t fi g h t in g .E n t e r in g M e di n a , Ab d a l- Wa h i d p r e p ar e d a n a r m y t o f i gh t Ab u Ha mz a . Th e t woa r m i e s m e t a t Qa d i d . Ab u Ha m z a d e f e a te d Ab d a l - Wa h i d . He k i l l ed 2 2 3 0 m e n f r o m


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t h e p e op l e o f M e di n a. T h en Ba l ak h e n te r ed M e di n a w i th o ut fi g ht i ng . A b d a l -Wahid left for Sham. So, Marwan formed an army of four thousand men, who weret h e h o rs e me n a n d t h e g r ea t fi g ur e s o f hi s c a mp . He p r ov i de d th e m w i th w ha t ev e r t h ey n ee d ed . Th e a r my w a s u n de r t he l e ad e rs h ip o f A b d al - M al i k b . ' At i ya a l -Sa'idy.Wh e n t h e Kh a r i ji t e s h e a r d a b o ut t h e m o v e me n t of t h e Ar m y of S h a m , t h e y q u i ck l y

c o ns t it u te d an a rm y of s ix h un d re d fi g ht e rs h e ad e d b y Ba l ak h b. ' Aq a ba a l -M a s' u dy. T h e t w o a r m ie s m e t a t Wa d y a l - Q u ra o n so m e d a ys o f Ja m ad i al - 'u l a i nt he y ea r 13 0 ( A .H .) . T he A rm y of S ha m de fe at ed t he A rm y of t he K ha r ij it es A llwe r e k i l l ed e x c e p t t hi r t y p e o pl e . T h e y e s c ap e d t o M e d i na . Al- M u f a d d al a l - Az dyw a s t h e g o ve r no r o f M ed i na . S o , ' Am r b . A b d a l - R ah m an b . Z a yd b . a l - K ha t ta bs u mm o ne d p e op l e t o f i gh t t h e K h ar i ji t es i n M e di n a b u t n o on e a n sw e r ed h i m . A n yh o w, t h e B e rb e rs , t he n g ro e s, a n d co m mo n p eo p le s u pp o rt e d hi m t o f ig h t th eK h ar i ji t es . S o , h e k i ll e d al - M u fa d da l a nd m o st o f h i s c o mp a ni o ns a n d th e r e st r a na w ay. T h en b . ' A ti y a c a me t o M e di n a a n d s ta y ed t h e re f o r a m o nt h .T he n h e w en t t o M ec ca . T he re a f ie rc e b at tl e t oo k p la ce b et we en hi m an d A bu

H a mz a . Ma n y o f th e K h ar i ji t es w e r e k i ll e d. F o ur h u nd r ed o f th e m we r e c a pt u re da n d k il l e d . An d b . ' At i ya h a n g ed Ab u Ha m z a, I b r a h im a n d ' Al i b. a l - Hu s ay n o n t h eM o un t ai n s o f a l- K h if . W he n t he A b ba s id s t o ok t h e r e in s o f a ut h or i ty, t h ey w e r ebrought down during the days of al- Saffah. Then b. 'Atiya went to Ta'if When AbdA l la h b . Ya h ya Ta l ib a l - H a q, w h o w a s i n S a na , h e ar d a b ou t t he k i ll i ng o f Ab uHa m z a a n d h i s g r o u p, h e h e a de d f or b . ' At i ya t o wag e wa r ag a i n st h im . S o, b . ' At i yaa d va n ce d to w ar d s h i m. W he n th e y m e t, a l a rg e g r ou p of t he t w o p a rt i es w a s k i ll e d.Ab d Al l a h a nd a t h o u sa n d f i g ht e r s d i s m ou n t e d.T h e y f o u g ht u n t i l t h e y we r e a l l k i l l ed . Abd Al la h wa s k i l l ed , t o o . B i n ' At i ya s e n t h i sh ea d t o M ar wa n. A f te r h e h ad d ef e at ed th e K ha ri ji te s, b. 'A ti ya s ta ye d a tH a dr a m ou t . A l e tt e r fr o m Ma r w an c a me t o h im t o go q u ic k ly t o M e cc a t o l ea dpeople during the hajj. B. 'Atiya with nineteen horsemen went there quickly. ButM a r wa n r e g r et t e d a n d s a i d : " I h a ve k i l le d b . ' Ati y a . He wi l l le a v e Ye m e n qu i c k ly t or e ac h Me c ca a t th e t i me o f H aj j . S o , t h e K h ar i ji t es w i ll k il l hi m ." I t w as a s h e s a id . Ad i sg u is e d gr o up o f t he K h ar i ji t es a n d ot h er s m e t hi m b y ch a nc e . T h e K h ar i ji t esk n e w h i m a n d t h e y a t t a ck e d a n d k i l l ed h i m . 5 8Af t e r th a t , t h e Kh a r i ji t e s we r e n o t hi n g b u t b e l i ef a n d i d e a . T h e y h a d n o s tr e n g th t ow a ge w a r a ga in st t he k in gs . Ti ll t od ay, s om e o f th em h av e i ns is te d on t ha td e vi a ti o n. An d s o me o f t he m a re i n U ma n . Bu t t he y h av e n e it h er i m p or t an c e n o r

strength.T h e Kh a r i ji t e s a r e d e v ia t e d p e o pl e . Ab o u t t h e m , t h e P r o p h et , m ay Al l a h b l e s s h i ma n d hi s f a mi l y, t o ld t h e C o mm a nd e r o f th e F a it h fu l t ha t h e w o ul d w a ge w a r a ga i ns tt h e m a n d d e f e at t h e m .T h e Kh a r i ji t e s we r e m a n y s e c t s . T h e y a g r e ed o n t h e b e l i ef t h at ' Ali , ' Ut h m a n, t h et w o a r bi t ra t or s , t h e C o mp a ni o ns o f t h e C a me l , a n d a l l t h os e w h o w e r e s a ti s f ie dwi t h t h e a r b i tr a t i on o f t h e t wo ar b i t r at o r s we r e a l l un b e l ie v e r s . T h e y a c c u se d t ho s ewh o c om m i t si n s o f u nb e l i ef T he y m a de i t o bl i g a to r y t o d i s o be y t he o p p r es s i v eI m am , a s i t h as b ee n m en ti on ed f r om al - K a 'b i i n t he ( bo ok ) A l- F ar q b ay na A l-


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F i r a q , p . 5 5. )B u t i t h a s b e e n r e p o r te d o n t h e a u t h or i t y of Ab u a l- Ha s a n a l - As h ' ar y t h at t h e yd e n ie d t h e i r a g r ee m e n t o n a c c us i n g t h o s e wh o c o m m i t s i ns o f u n b e l ie f .Ab o u t t ha t , m a n y d e t ai l s h a v e b e e n m e nt i o n ed o n t h e i r a u th o r i ty. M a n y s e c t s o f t h eK h ar i ji t es h a ve b e co m e b y go n e. M o re o ve r, t h o se w h o a re i n U m a n to d ay b e lo n g t ot h e Ab a d iy y a a c c o rd i n g t o t h e i r b e l i e f s .

T h e E x t r em i s t s a n d T h o s e wh o ha v e d i s a gr e e d wi t h I sl a m o n s o m e B e l i ef s :I n t h e b e gi n ni n g o f t h is c h ap t er, we h a ve m e nt i on e d t h at t h e o r ig i ns o f t h e I s l am i cs e c t s we r e f o u r g r o u pi n g s .F r o m t h e m , a l l s e c t s b r a n c he d . T h e s e c t s o f t h e e x t r e mi s t s b e l o ng e d t o t h e b r a n c he so f t ho s e o r i g in s . S o , ev e r y o r i g in h a d e x t r e me b r a n ch e s .S uc h a m at te r i s a pp li ed t o t ho se w ho a do pt c er ta in b el ie fs , f or e xa mp le ,t r an s mi g ra t io n o f s o ul s , i n ca r na t io n , a n d a s si m il a ti o n- w h ic h a r e r e ga r de d a su n b el i e f b y M u s li m s e c t s . B ut i t i s n o t e a s y t o a tt a c k t h em wi t h u n b e li e f b e c au s e o f t he b el ie f w hi ch i s a sc ri be d t o th em . W ho ev er h a s l it tl e k no wl ed ge o f r el ig io ns ho ul d n ot ac cu se t ho se w h o c on fe ss t he S ha ha da ta yn ( th e t w o t es ti mo ni es b y a

Mu sl im - A sh had u a n l a I la ha il lal la h an d A sh - h add u a nn a M oha mm ed ar Rasulullah) of unbelief.S o , h e s h ou l d d e pe n d o n a s t ro n g i d ea . A s l o ng as w e a r e i n n o n e ed of th a t, we w i lln o t d i sc u ss t h is m a tt e r a n d t h ro w o u rs e lv e s d o wn a t r em e nd o us h e ig h t, t he n l o ok f o r a s a fe e s ca p e, e s pe c ia l ly t h os e s e ct s w h ic h a r e a c cu s ed o f d i sa g re e me n t w i thI s l a m b e c a us e o f t h e ir f a l s e b e l i ef s h a v e b e c o me b y g o ne .

Nothing has remained of them except small ones of no importance among thechildren of Islam, and no one is afraid of their corrupt beliefs. In the meantime, theyh a ve k e pt t h ei r b el i ef s s e cr e t be c au s e t h ey k n ow t h at t h e c h il d re n o f r e li g io n h av et he a bi li ty t o ov er co me s uc h be li ef s w it h ar gu me nt s a nd p ro of s a nd c ha rg e t he mwith disbelief and deviation from Islam.T h e c a r e f ul n e s s o f s p r e a di n g t h e s e c o r r u pt b e l i ef s t o t h e i g n or a n t i s m o r e i m p o rt a n tt h a n th a t o f th e p a s t pe o p l e wh o r e si s t e d th o s e h e r e si e s a n d m is g u i da n c e wi t h e ve r ym e a n s . B u t , t o d a y, we a r e s a f e f r o m t he m i s l e ad i n g i d e a s o f t h ei r p r es e n t se c t s . J u s ti m ag i ne h o w m u ch l e ss h e re s ie s o f t h os e d e ad s e ct s a r e!References:2 9 S u n a n b . M a j a h : 2 / 1 32 1 .3 0 T h e s e ct s o f Sh i 'a b y A b u M o ha m me d a l - H a sa n a l - N o ba k ht y : 1 7 . I n al - Fa s l:2 /8 8, b . H az m h as m en ti on ed t ha t t he y a re f iv e b ec au se h e r eg ar ds t he S un ni s a s a

g r o u pi n g e q u iv a l e nt t o t h e M u r j ei a a n d t h e M u ' ta z i l a.3 1 a l - M i l aI Wa a l - Ni h al , 1 / 1 4 7.3 2 Al - F a r q B a y na a l - F i r a q : p . 1 9 0 .33 SeeAl- Milal waAl- Nihal: 1/50-51.34 Ibin Abu al- Haddeed, Sharih Nahj al- Balagha, 4, 225. Mohammed Kurd 'Ali,Khutat al- Sham, 5, 251-256.3 5 A l - Q am u s, L i sa n a l- ' A r a b, Al - N a ha y ya b y b . a l- At h ir , A l - M uq a da m a b y b .Khaldun: p.138, and many others.3 6 Se e a l- S a wa 'i q af te r ve r se e ig ht a nd v er se t en o f th e v er s es c on ce rn in g th e


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o u ts t an d in g m e r it s o f t he m e mb e rs o f t he H o us e ( a hl a l B ay t ). A l so S e e a l - N ah a yaby bin al- Athir in Qamh, and Al- Durr Al- Manthur by al- Syyuty about the Wordso f A l la h , th e E x al t ed : " (A s f o r) t h o se w h o b el i ev e a n d do g o od , s u re l y th e y ar e t h ebest of men."37 see al- Ghayba by al- Shaykh al- Tusy, may Allah be pleased with him.3 8 c on c er n in g t h e i n fo r ma t io n a bo u t th e K a ys a ni s , w e h a ve v e ry m u c h de p en d ed

o n t h e b o o ks : F i r a q a l - S h i ' a, Al - M i la l wa Al - Ni h a l , a n d Al - F a r q B a y n a a l - F i r a q .39 Al- Saduq, Ikmal Al- Din, 22. Al- Kashy, Al- Rijal, 203. Koran, al- An'am, 157.4 0 O n e o f t he f a mo u s r e li a bl e c o mp a ni o ns o f a l- S a di q .41 Al- Kashy, Al- Rijal, Hayyan, 202.42 Al- Kashy, al- Rijal, 184.43 Al- Wafi, 1,141.44 Ibid.45 Kifayat Al- Athar, 304.4 6 Al - M i l a l wa Al - Ni ha l , 1 , 1 59 .47 Al- Shaykh Abu 'Ali al- Ha'ry, Manhaj al- Maqal Fi al- Alqab.

4 8 Al - F a r q B a y n a Al - F i r a q , 2 3 . Al - M i l a l ' al a Al - F a s l , 1 ,1 6 4 .4 9 S ee h is l if e i n th e b oo ks o f al - Ri ja l.50 Al- Farq Bayna al- Firaq, 22. Al- Milal 'ala Hamish Al- Fasl, 1,163.51 Firaq Al- Shi'a, 67 and 76.52 Firaq Al- Shi'a, 69.5 3 M a n y S u n n is m e n t io n e d I m am a l - M a h d i b . a l- Ha s a n a l - 'As k a r y. T h e y h a vea d m i tt e d h i s e x i s te n c e a n d t h a t h e i s a l - M au ' u d ( t h e p r o m is e d on e ) S ee : M at a l i b a l -S a ' u l, Al - Hj j a b y b . ' Ar a b , L a wa q ih Al - An wa r, Al - Ta d h k ir a , S h a r h Al - Da ' i r a , Al -Fusul Al- Muhima, Fara'id Al- Simtayn, and the like. Rather, some of them claimedthat they had seen and met him.5 4 I h a v e wr i t t en a s t u d y ab o u t 'h a d it h Al - T h aq a l ay n ' , whi c h p r ov e s t h a t th e I m a m sa r e I n fa l li b le a n d t h ey k n ow e v er y t h in g . T h is s t ud y h a s b e en pr i nt e d. A l s o I ha v e as t u d y ab o u t th e Kn o wl ed g e o f t h e I m a m a n d it s q u a li t y. M a y Al l a h gr a n t u s s u c c e ssto print it.55 Al 'Umran, 48.5 6 M u s l im , a p a r t o f t he a u t h en t i c t r a d it i o n ( r ep o r t ed b y ) J a b ir. Ahm a d , M u sn a d ,5/89, 2/29 and 129. Bin Hajar, Al- Sawa'iq, chapter 1, Part I, Al- Syyuty, Tarikh Al-Kh u l a fa ' , a n d t h e l i k e .57 Al- Qinduzy, Yanabi' Al- Mawada, 427 and 430 and 442.

Kifayat Al- Athar, Al- Muqtadab, Al- Kanz, and the like.5 8 S e e S h a r h Al - Na h j: 1 / 4 55 - 4 6 3. I n t h i s b o o k, y o u wil l f i n d th e d e t a il s o f wh a t weh a v e b r i e fl y m e n t io n e d .

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